Longitudinal associations between adolescent catch-up sleep, white-matter maturation and internalizing problems

Sleep is an important contributor for neural maturation and emotion regulation during adolescence, with long-term effects on a range of white matter tracts implicated in affective processing in at-risk populations. We investigated the effects of adolescent sleep patterns on longitudinal changes in white matter development and whether this is related to the emergence of emotional (internalizing) problems. Sleep patterns and internalizing problems were assessed using self-report questionnaires in adolescents recruited in the general population followed up from age 14-19 years (N = 111 White matter structure was measured using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and estimated using fractional anisotropy (FA). We found that longitudinal increases in time in bed (TIB) on weekends and increases in TIB-variability between weekdays to weekend, were associated with an increase in FA in various interhemispheric and cortico-striatal tracts. Extracted FA values from left superior longitudinal fasciculus mediated the relationship between increases in TIB on weekends and a decrease in internalizing problems. These results imply that while insufficient sleep might have potentially harmful effects on long-term white matter development and internalizing problems, longer sleep duration on weekends (catch-up sleep) might be a natural counteractive and protective strategy.

Effects of mibefradil, a T- and L-type calcium channel blocker, on cardiac remodeling in the UM-X7.1 cardiomyopathic hamster

Abnormalities of T-type calcium channel function reported to occur in the transition phase to heart failure in the hamster cardiomyopathy may contribute to progression of the disease. We tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to mibefradil, a selective T-type calcium channel blocker, improves the deleterious cardiac remodeling observed in this condition. In the present study, 40 normal (N) and 40 UM-X7.1 cardiomyopathic hamsters (CMH), aged 180 days, were treated daily by gavage for 21 days with mibefradil (30 mg/Kg). Eight to 10 animals from each group were sacrificed at the end of the treatment period while the remainder were followed for an additional 30 days without treatment (washout period). Hearts were harvested, fixed with 10%-buffered paraformaldehyde and then cut in half down the middle. Several slices were dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and stained with Masson Trichrome. Wall thickness and dilatation index of the left ventricle were estimated by planimetry. Myocardial capillary density was also computed. The greater heart weight/body weight ratio seen in untreated CMH (7.7 +/- 0.4 vs 5.5 +/- 0.2 in N, p < 0.05) was improved with mibefradil. The dilatation index averaged 0.504 +/- 0.04 in N was increased in untreated CMH (0.566 +/- 0.03) and ameliorated in mibefradil-treated CMH. The 1-month washout period led to further deterioration of the dilatation index in untreated and mibefradil-treated CMH. Capillary density averaged 10,000 +/- 781 per mm2 in hearts from untreated N hamsters and 8,830 +/- 795 per mm2 in untreated CMH (p = NS). Chronic exposure to mibefradil resulted in a significant reduction of capillary density in both N and CMH hearts. Following the 1-month washout period, the change in myocardial capillary density associated with mibefradil was no longer detectable. In conclusion, chronic exposure to mibefradil, a T- and L-type calcium channel blocker, exerts opposite effects during the transition phase to heart failure in CMH, improving the deleterious left ventricular remodeling in UM-X7.1 hamsters and reducting myocardial capillary density independently of the disease process.

Modulation of cyclic AMP formation and progesterone secretion by human chorionic gonadotropin, epinephrine, buserelin and prostaglandins in normal or human chorionic gonadotropin desensitized rat immature luteal cells in monolayer culture

It is now well recognized that hCG-induced luteolysis is associated with hCG-induced desensitization, but the physiological significance of luteal cell GnRH, PGS and beta-receptors is still undefined. Therefore, we intend in this study to observe the effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha and prostaglandin E2 and the interactions between epinephrine, a potent LHRH agonist [(D-Ser-(TBu)6, des-Gly-NH2(10)) LHRH ethylamide: Buserelin] and hCG in normal and in vitro hCG-desensitized rat immature luteal cells in monolayer culture, on basal, hCG or cholera toxin stimulated intracellular and extracellular cyclic AMP and progesterone secretion. The present report shows that incubation of immature rat luteal cells in monolayer culture with Buserelin, led to 25-50% inhibition of the epinephrine--as well as PGE2--induced cyclic AMP and progesterone responses. The LHRH agonist can also reverse the stimulatory effects of cholera toxin in the presence of hCG and led with PGF2 alpha, to additive inhibitory effects on extracellular cyclic AMP accumulation induced by cholera toxin. Both Buserelin and PGF2 alpha can reverse the hCG-induced cyclic AMP and progesterone release but no effect could be observed when the incubation was carried out with either substance in the absence of hCG. Prostaglandin E2, in acute conditions of incubation, seems to share agonist properties with hCG when both were incubated with luteal cells. Buserelin reversed the stimulatory effects of PGE2, hCG, epinephrine, and cholera toxin on cyclic AMP and progesterone responses to these substances. These results suggest that Buserelin and PGF2 alpha have luteolytic-like effects and that there may be a complementary action for the two substances. Preincubation of rat luteal cells in monolayer culture with 1 nM hCG for a 24 h period led to the inhibition of cyclic AMP and progesterone responses after a subsequent exposure to hCG and epinephrine. Luteal cells were no longer responsive to hCG while the presence of epinephrine in hCG-desensitized cells led to a 40% stimulation of cAMP and progesterone production. These observations suggest that there occurred a partial alteration of the N component activity of the adenylyl cyclase system.

Modulation of gonadotropin secretion by Sertoli cell inhibin, LHRH, and sex steroids

Sertoli cell culture media (SCM) from 10-, 20-, 30-, 35-, and 40-day-old male Wistar rats were assayed to determine the inhibin activity in anterior pituitary cells in culture. In agreement with previous data, SCM did not affect the luteinizing hormone (LH) spontaneous release at all ages studied, whereas it inhibited specifically follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) spontaneous release by 40% for the 40-day-old rats. Younger animals (10-, 20-, and 30-day-old) showed a 60% inhibition of the FSH basal release. The inhibin activity was also different at all stages studied, the IC50 being markedly displaced to the right as the age increased, leading to a fivefold difference between 10- and 30- to 40-day-old rats. The same pattern was observed when the LH and FSH responses to 0.3 nM LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) were studied. SCM from 35-day-old rats did not alter total LH, whereas total FSH was markedly reduced, thus suggesting a reduced FSH synthesis in the presence of inhibin. SCM exerts an additive inhibitory effect with dihydrotestosterone on the LH response to LHRH, whereas it reverses the stimulatory effect of the androgen on spontaneous and LHRH-induced FSH release. Moreover, SCM reversed the stimulatory effect of 17 beta-estradiol on both spontaneous and LHRH-induced LH and FSH release, whereas the stimulatory effect of progesterone on FSH release was 50-80% inhibited. The present data show that inhibin activity of Sertoli cell origin can exert marked interactions with sex steroids in the control of gonadotropin secretion. These data also demonstrate that the inhibin component is an important factor in sexual maturation of the rat and that high FSH levels of 10-day-old rats could suggest a modulation by a nonandrogenic factor of gonadotropin secretion in developing rats.

Modulation of cyclic AMP formation and progesterone secretion by human chorionic gonadotropin, epinephrine, buserelin and prostaglandins in normal or human chorionic gonadotropin desensitized rat immature luteal cells in monolayer culture

It is now well recognized that hCG-induced luteolysis is associated with hCG-induced desensitization, but the physiological significance of luteal cell GnRH, PGs and beta-receptors is still undefined. Therefore, we intend in this study to observe the effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha and prostaglandin E2 and the interactions between epinephrine, a potent LHRH agonist [(D-Ser-(TBu)6, des-Gly-NH10(2) LHRH ethylamide: Buserelin] and hCG in normal and in vitro hCG-desensitized rat immature luteal cells in monolayer culture, on basal, hCG or cholera toxin stimulated intracellular and extracellular cAMP and progesterone secretion. The present report shows that incubation of immature rat luteal cells in monolayer culture with Buserelin, led to 25-50% inhibition of the epinephrine-as well as PGE2-induced cAMP and progesterone responses. The LHRH agonist can also reverse the stimulatory effects of cholera toxin in the presence of hCG and led with PGF2 alpha, to additive inhibitory effects on extracellular cAMP accumulation induced by cholera toxin. Both Buserelin and PGF2 alpha can reverse the hCG-induced cAMP and progesterone release but no effect could be observed when the incubation was carried out with either substance in the absence of hCG. Prostaglandin E2, in acute conditions of incubation, seems to share agonist properties with hCG when both were incubated with luteal cells. Buserelin reversed the stimulatory effects of PGE2, hCG, epinephrine and cholera toxin on cAMP and progesterone responses to these substances. These results suggest that Buserelin and PGF2 alpha have luteolytic-like effects and that there may be a complementary action for the two substances. Preincubation of rat luteal cells in monolayer culture with 1 nM hCG for a 24 h period led to the inhibition of cAMP and progesterone responses after a subsequent exposure to hCG and epinephrine. Luteal cells were no longer responsive to hCG while the presence of epinephrine in hCG-desensitized cells led to a 40% stimulation of cAMP and progesterone production. These observations suggest that occurred a partial alteration of the N component activity of the adenylyl cyclase system.

Modulation of rat pituitary gonadotrophin secretion by porcine granulosa cell 'inhibin', LH releasing hormone and sex steroids in rat anterior pituitary cells in culture

The incubation of female rat adenohypophysial cells in primary culture with porcine granulosa cell culture medium (GCM) led to the complete inhibition of responses of LH and FSH to LH releasing hormone (LHRH) as well as to the inhibition of spontaneous release of FSH. These effects of GCM suggest the specificity of the 'inhibin'-like activity of this material. Granulosa cell culture medium completely reversed the stimulatory effect of oestradiol-17 beta on the responses of LH and FSH to LHRH, as well as reversing the stimulatory effect of progesterone, oestradiol or a combination of both steroids on the spontaneous release of FSH, while not affecting the spontaneous release of LH. The antioestrogenic effects of progesterone observed on the response of LH to 0.3 nM-LHRH were amplified in the presence of GCM while the stimulatory effects of progesterone, oestradiol or both on the response of FSH to 0.3 nM-LHRH were completely reversed by the medium. Moreover, the presence of GCM led to an additive inhibitory effect with dihydrotestosterone on the response of LH to LHRH while it completely reversed the stimulatory effect of the androgen on spontaneous and LHRH-induced FSH release. The present data show that the presence of porcine granulosa cell 'inhibin' activity can exert marked interactions with sex steroids in the control of gonadotrophin secretion. This 'inhibin' activity reversed all the stimulatory effects and potentiated all the inhibitory effects of sex steroids on gonadotrophin secretion. Although the physiological role of 'inhibin' remains to be defined well, the importance of this activity is clearly demonstrated in anterior pituitary cells in culture.

Specific binding of a potent LHRH agonist in rat testis

High affinity binding sites for the potent LHRH agonist [125I][D-Ser(TBU)6, des-Gly-NH2(10)]LHRH ethylamide are present in dissociated rat testicular interstitial cells, a preparation rich in Leydig cells. The iodinated LHRH agonist binds to a single class of high affinity sites at a KD value of 0.12 nM and the number of binding sites is approx. 2500 per interstitial cell. A close correlation is observed between the potency of representative LHRH agonist to stimulate LH release in anterior pituitary cells in culture and their affinity for the testicular binding sites. The presence of specific LHRH receptors in an enriched population of Leydig cells suggests that these receptors could play a role, not only in the antifertility effects of LHRH agonists, but also in the physiological control of testicular functions.