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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly being used to treat melanoma brain metastases. One potential complication of immune checkpoint inhibitors is a phenomenon called pseudoprogression, in which a tumor transiently increases in size due to lymphocyte infiltration. This article reviews the characteristics of pseudoprogression and their clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS Pseudoprogression can be challenging to differentiate from true progression noted clinically or radiographically, thereby complicating management decisions and potentially confusing patients and their families. The transient tumor enlargement can also cause symptoms that mimic true tumor progression. Because the use of immunotherapy on melanoma brain metastases is a relatively new treatment paradigm, there is limited evidence to guide clinical decision-making and prognostication related to pseudoprogression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunandana Chandra
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1006, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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2
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Abstract
The population of adult cancer survivors is increasing over time and they are at risk of developing recurrent and secondary cancers, even years after completion of treatment. Post-treatment care of survivors is increasingly the responsibility of primary care providers. Surveillance for recurrence and screening for secondary malignancies related to treatment depend largely on the primary malignancy, treatment regimen, and presence of a hereditary cancer syndrome, such as a BRCA mutation. This article presents surveillance strategies for the most common malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Simard
- Internal Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 201 East Huron, Galter 3-150, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sheetal M Kircher
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North St. Clair, Suite 850, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Aarati Didwania
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 675 North St. Clair Street, 18-200, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mita Sanghavi Goel
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 750 North Lake Shore Drive, 10th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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3
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Carelli JD, Sethofer SG, Smith GA, Miller HR, Simard JL, Merrick WC, Jain RK, Ross NT, Taunton J. Ternatin and improved synthetic variants kill cancer cells by targeting the elongation factor-1A ternary complex. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26651998 PMCID: PMC4786417 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic peptide natural products have evolved to exploit diverse protein targets, many of which control essential cellular processes. Inspired by a series of cyclic peptides with partially elucidated structures, we designed synthetic variants of ternatin, a cytotoxic and anti-adipogenic natural product whose molecular mode of action was unknown. The new ternatin variants are cytotoxic toward cancer cells, with up to 500-fold greater potency than ternatin itself. Using a ternatin photo-affinity probe, we identify the translation elongation factor-1A ternary complex (eEF1A·GTP·aminoacyl-tRNA) as a specific target and demonstrate competitive binding by the unrelated natural products, didemnin and cytotrienin. Mutations in domain III of eEF1A prevent ternatin binding and confer resistance to its cytotoxic effects, implicating the adjacent hydrophobic surface as a functional hot spot for eEF1A modulation. We conclude that the eukaryotic elongation factor-1A and its ternary complex with GTP and aminoacyl-tRNA are common targets for the evolution of cytotoxic natural products. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10222.001 Many plants, fungi, and bacteria have evolved to produce small molecules that have powerful effects on the cells of other living organisms, and can even kill them. These naturally produced compounds are often used as starting points for developing new drugs. One such class of compounds are the cyclic peptides, which can be relatively easily produced in the laboratory and are able to penetrate cells. Some cyclic peptides have also proved to be useful for treating cancer and immune diseases, so researchers are keen to identify others that have similar effects. One promising prospect, called ternatin, is produced by several species of fungi. In high doses, ternatin can kill mammalian cells, but it was not clear how it does so. To learn more, Carelli et al. searched a chemical database for cyclic peptides related to ternatin and identified several similar compounds that were reported to kill cancer cells. Inspired by the structures of these cyclic peptides, Carelli et al. synthesized modified versions of ternatin. One of these was 500 times more potent than ternatin, which means a much lower dose of the compound is still able to kill cancer cells. Further experiments showed that ternatin blocks the production of new proteins in cells. Specifically, ternatin binds to a complex that includes a protein called elongation factor-1A (eEF1A). Mutations in a particular region of eEF1A prevent ternatin from killing cells, suggesting a potential binding site for ternatin. The next challenge is to dissect the mechanism by which compounds binding to this site on eEF1A block protein synthesis and kill cells. A related challenge is to understand why certain cancer cells are hypersensitive to ternatin and other eEF1A inhibitors, while other cancer cells are relatively resistant. These questions are relevant to the development of eEF1A inhibitors as cancer treatments. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10222.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan D Carelli
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Steven G Sethofer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Smith
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Howard R Miller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jillian L Simard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - William C Merrick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Rishi K Jain
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Nathan T Ross
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Gonzalez-Lopez de Turiso F, Shin Y, Brown M, Cardozo M, Chen Y, Fong D, Hao X, He X, Henne K, Hu YL, Johnson MG, Kohn T, Lohman J, McBride HJ, McGee LR, Medina JC, Metz D, Miner K, Mohn D, Pattaropong V, Seganish J, Simard JL, Wannberg S, Whittington DA, Yu G, Cushing TD. Discovery and in Vivo Evaluation of Dual PI3Kβ/δ Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7667-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300679u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Fong
- Department
of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | | | | | - Yi-Ling Hu
- Department
of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | | | | | - Helen J. McBride
- Department
of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | | | - Daniela Metz
- Department
of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Kent Miner
- Department
of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Deanna Mohn
- Department
of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sharon Wannberg
- Department
of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Douglas A. Whittington
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Gang Yu
- Department
of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand
Oaks, California 91320, United States
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Côté S, Sanschagrin F, Dargis M, Simard JL, Roy PH, MacDonald NE, Rabin HR, Bergeron MG, Malouin F. Molecular typing of Haemophilus influenzae using a DNA probe and multiplex PCR. Mol Cell Probes 1994; 8:23-37. [PMID: 8028605 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1994.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of new molecular typing methods for the characterization of Haemophilus influenzae strains is reported. Sixty-four isolates of H. influenzae originating from different types of infection and obtained from eight hospitals across Canada were first analysed for restriction polymorphism. Chromosomal DNA fragments generated by two different combinations of restriction endonucleases were electrophoresed and transferred to nylon membranes before hybridization with a species specific 32P-labelled DNA fragment (5 kb) used as a probe. The combinations Bg/II/PstI led to 11 typing groups (A-K) and BamHI/Bg/II/PstI to 14 sub-groups, respectively. Most of the isolates retrieved from cerebrospinal fluids (10/13; 76.9%) were classified in two groups (A and B) and two sub-groups. Isolates from respiratory tract infections were mostly found in groups C and E (24/32; 75.0%), and divided into seven sub-groups. Selected ampicillin-resistant, beta-lactamase-negative strains were also found in groups C and E (11/14; 78.6%). Isolates from conjunctivitis and acute otitis media were classified in various groups. All biotypes (I-VIII) and serotypes (none, a-f) were spread among the typing groups although biotype I prevailed in groups A, B, and G; II in group E (sub-group 6); and III in group C. A PCR approach derived from the typing system was also tested. A set of 25-mer primers was selected from the 5-kb DNA probe for the amplification of a 317-bp region. This set of primers was used concomitantly in a PCR multiplex assay with a set of primers selected from the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the H. influenzae P1 protein. This multiplex assay was also able to discriminate the clonal origin of some H. influenzae strains because size polymorphism was observed in PCR products. The PCR approach was then used to determine the genetic relatedness of H. influenzae strains found persistently in sputa of some patients with cystic fibrosis. Genetically related strains could be isolated from some patients even after antibiotherapy and months between visits, whereas other patients showed distinct strains. In summary, our typing system is able to provide new characteristics for strains having identical biotype or serotype. The rapid PCR alternative may prove useful for specific epidemiological and strain-tracking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Côté
- Laboratoire et Service d'Infectiologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Simard JL, Cossette LJ, Rong PM, Martinoli MG, Pelletier G, Vincent M. Isolation of IFAPa-400 cDNAs: evidence for a transient cytostructural gene activity common to the precursor cells of the myogenic and the neurogenic cell lineages. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1992; 70:173-80. [PMID: 1477951 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(92)90195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of neural and muscle cells is characterized by a switch in the expression of the type of intermediate filament protein subunit. In these lineages, vimentin is transiently expressed in the initial stages of development and is gradually replaced by a tissue specific protein. We have identified a giant developmentally regulated antigen (IFAPa-400) which colocalizes with vimentin in the precursor cells of the neurogenic and myogenic lineages of the chick embryo [Chabot and Vincent (1990) Dev. Brain Res. 54, 195-204; Cossette and Vincent (1991) J. Cell Sci. 98, 251-260]. Based on the expression of this protein during neurogenesis and myogenesis, we hypothesize that IFAPa-400 and vimentin define a special intermediate filament network, common to the non-differentiated cells derived from the neuroectoderm and those of the myogenic tissues. We report here the isolation and sequence of partial cDNAs encoding more than 400 amino acids of the carboxy-terminus of this protein. RNA blot analysis and in situ hybridization indicate that IFAPa-400 represents a bona fide developmentally regulated gene product. These results further confirm that IFAPa-400 mRNA transcripts are limited to the early precursor cells of both neurogenic and myogenic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Simard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Ste-Foy, Que., Canada
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Thibodeau A, Duchaine J, Simard JL, Vincent M. Localization of molecules with restricted patterns of expression in morphogenesis: an immunohistochemical approach. Histochem J 1989; 21:348-56. [PMID: 2793523 DOI: 10.1007/bf01798498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a search for molecules with restricted patterns of expression during development, monoclonal antibodies were raised against different transitory structures of the chick embryo. Mice were immunized with cell suspensions from lightly homogenized embryonic tissues explanted from morphogenetically active regions. A convenient immunohistochemical assay was used to screen the hybridoma supernatants on a large scale. It relied on the use of poly(ethylene glycol) as embedding medium. Its water miscibility allowed, in a one-step incubation with antibody-containing supernatants, the dewaxing and rehydration of the tissue sections as well as antibody binding. We report here the usefulness of this approach in selecting monoclonals with unique patterns of immunoreactivity. In this study, cephalic neural crest cells in early or late phase of migration, together with their surrounding tissues, were used as immunogens. The monoclonal antibodies obtained have been classified into regional, cell-lineage, cell-cycle or extracellular material-associated markers. The information provided by the direct visualization of the immunoreactivity of the various monoclonal antibodies on tissue sections, as early as the first round of screening, allows rapid determination of the subsequent strategy to be followed for further characterization of the individual markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Thibodeau
- Ontogénèse et Génétique moléculaires, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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