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Lee SM, Lee SW, Kang M, Choi JK, Park K, Byun JS, Kim DY. FoxO1 as a Regulator of Aquaporin 5 Expression in the Salivary Gland. J Dent Res 2021; 100:1281-1288. [PMID: 33840298 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211003490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) is a multifunctional initiator, mediator, and repressor of autoimmune diseases in an organ- or disease-specific manner. However, the role of FoxO1 in the salivary gland has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we discovered that FoxO1 and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) are both significantly downregulated in the patients with primary Sjögren syndrome, an autoimmune disease accompanying salivary gland dysfunction. Pharmacologic or genetic perturbation of FoxO1 in the rat salivary gland acinar cell line, SMG-C6, induced a significant downregulation of AQP5 expression, as observed in clinical specimens. There was a strong correlation between FoxO1 and AQP5 expression because FoxO1 is a direct regulator of AQP5 expression in salivary gland acinar cells through its interaction with the promoter region of AQP5. Serial injection of a FoxO1 inhibitor into mice induced a reduction of AQP5 expression in submandibular glands and, consequently, hyposalivation, which is one of the major clinical symptoms of primary Sjögren syndrome. However, there was no sign of inflammation or cell damage in the submandibular glands harvested from mice treated with the FoxO1 inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings indicate that FoxO1 in salivary gland tissue acts as a direct regulator of AQP5 expression. Thus, downregulation of FoxO1 observed in primary Sjögren syndrome is a putative mechanism for hyposalivation without the involvement of previously reported soluble factors in primary Sjögren syndrome patient sera.
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Tiao J, Feng R, Bird S, Choi JK, Dunham J, George M, Gonzalez-Rivera TC, Kaufman JL, Khan N, Luo JJ, Micheletti R, Payne AS, Price R, Quinn C, Rubin AI, Sreih AG, Thomas P, Okawa J, Werth VP. The reliability of the Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index (CDASI) among dermatologists, rheumatologists and neurologists. Br J Dermatol 2016; 176:423-430. [PMID: 28004387 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that skin disease in dermatomyositis (DM) is best assessed using the Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area and Severity Index (CDASI). Although the CDASI has been validated for use by dermatologists, it has not been validated for use by other physicians such as rheumatologists and neurologists, who also manage patients with DM and assess skin activity in clinical trials. OBJECTIVES To assess the reliability of the CDASI among dermatologists, rheumatologists and neurologists. METHODS Fifteen patients with cutaneous DM were assessed using the CDASI and the Physician Global Assessment (PGA) by five dermatologists, five rheumatologists and five neurologists. RESULTS The mean CDASI activity scores for dermatologists, rheumatologists and neurologists were 21·0, 21·8 and 20·8, respectively. These mean scores were not different among the specialists. The CDASI damage score means for dermatologists, rheumatologists and neurologists were 5·3, 7·0 and 4·8, respectively. The mean scores between dermatologists and rheumatologists were significantly different, but the means between dermatologists and neurologists were not. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for interrater reliability for CDASI activity and damage were good to excellent for dermatologists and rheumatologists, and moderate to excellent for neurologists. The ICCs for intrarater reliability for CDASI activity and damage were excellent for dermatologists and rheumatologists and moderate to excellent for neurologists. The PGA displayed lower interrater and intrarater reliability relative to the CDASI. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the reliability of the CDASI when used by dermatologists and rheumatologists. The data for its use by neurologists were not as robust.
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Kim CJ, Choi WS, Jung Y, Kiem S, Seol HY, Woo HJ, Choi YH, Son JS, Kim KH, Kim YS, Kim ES, Park SH, Yoon JH, Choi SM, Lee H, Oh WS, Choi SY, Kim NJ, Choi JP, Park SY, Kim J, Jeong SJ, Lee KS, Jang HC, Rhee JY, Kim BN, Bang JH, Lee JH, Park S, Kim HY, Choi JK, Wi YM, Choi HJ. Surveillance of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) infection in healthcare workers after contact with confirmed MERS patients: incidence and risk factors of MERS-CoV seropositivity. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:880-886. [PMID: 27475739 PMCID: PMC7128923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Given the mode of transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), healthcare workers (HCWs) in contact with MERS patients are expected to be at risk of MERS infections. We evaluated the prevalence of MERS coronavirus (CoV) immunoglobulin (Ig) G in HCWs exposed to MERS patients and calculated the incidence of MERS-affected cases in HCWs. We enrolled HCWs from hospitals where confirmed MERS patients had visited. Serum was collected 4 to 6 weeks after the last contact with a confirmed MERS patient. We performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to screen for the presence of MERS-CoV IgG and an indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) to confirm MERS-CoV IgG. We used a questionnaire to collect information regarding the exposure. We calculated the incidence of MERS-affected cases by dividing the sum of PCR-confirmed and serology-confirmed cases by the number of exposed HCWs in participating hospitals. In total, 1169 HCWs in 31 hospitals had contact with 114 MERS patients, and among the HCWs, 15 were PCR-confirmed MERS cases in study hospitals. Serologic analysis was performed for 737 participants. ELISA was positive in five participants and borderline for seven. IIFT was positive for two (0.3%) of these 12 participants. Among the participants who did not use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), seropositivity was 0.7% (2/294) compared to 0% (0/443) in cases with appropriate PPE use. The incidence of MERS infection in HCWs was 1.5% (17/1169). The seroprevalence of MERS-CoV IgG among HCWs was higher among participants who did not use appropriate PPE.
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Ahn JI, Lee ST, Park JH, Kim JY, Park JH, Choi JK, Lee G, Lee ES, Lim JM. In vitro-growth and Gene Expression of Porcine Preantral Follicles Retrieved by Different Protocols. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:950-5. [PMID: 25049649 PMCID: PMC4092981 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2010.10355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine how the isolation method of the porcine preantral follicles influenced the following follicular growth in vitro. Mechanical and enzymatical isolations were used for retrieving the follicles from prepubertal porcine ovaries, and in vitro-growth of the follicles and the expression of folliculogenesis-related genes were subsequently monitored. The enzymatic retrieval with collagenase treatment returned more follicles than the mechanical retrieval, while the percentage of morphologically normal follicles was higher with mechanical retrieval than with enzymatic retrieval. After 4 days of culture, mechanically retrieved, preantral follicles yielded more follicles with normal morphology than enzymatically retrieved follicles, which resulted in improved follicular growth. The mRNA expression of FSHR, LHR Cx43, DNMT1 and FGFR2 genes was significantly higher after culture of the follicles retrieved mechanically. These results suggest that mechanical isolation is a better method of isolating porcine preantral follicles that will develop into competent oocytes in in vitro culture.
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Choi JK, Kim BS, Choi IY, Cho SE, Shin HD. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces artemisiae on Artemisia annua in Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1010. [PMID: 30708899 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-14-0055-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua L., known as sweet wormwood or sweet annie, is native to temperate Asia, but is naturalized throughout the world. It produces artemisinin, a potent antimalarial drug that is also effective in treating other parasitic diseases (4). In August 2013, hundreds of plants showing typical symptoms of powdery mildew were found in Seoul (37°36'29.4″ N 127°02'38.3″ E), Korea. Powdery mildew colonies first appeared as thin white patches, which progressed to abundant hyphal growth on both sides of the leaves, stems, and inflorescence. As symptoms continued to develop, the leaves became distorted and turned purplish-gray. Severe infections caused leaf withering and premature senescence. The same symptoms were found on sweet wormwoods in Nonsan (36°09'55.3″ N 127°01'07.1″ E) and Chuncheon (37°52'27.4″ N 127°43'10.0″ E), Korea. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Appressoria on the mycelium were nipple-shaped or occasionally lobed. Conidiophores were cylindrical, measured 120 to 230 × 10 to 12.5 μm, and produced 2 to 4 immature conidia in chains with a sinuate outline, followed by 2 to 3 cells. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight, cylindrical, and 54 to 100 μm long. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid to barrel-shaped, measured 30 to 40 × 15 to 20 μm (length/width ratio of 1.5 to 2.1), lacked distinct fibrosin bodies, and showed reticulate wrinkling of the outer walls. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. Primary conidia were apically rounded, basally subtruncate, and generally smaller than the secondary conidia. No chasmothecia were observed. The structures described above were typical of the powdery mildew Euoidium anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces, and the fungus measurements were similar to those of G. artemisiae (Grev.) V.P. Heluta (3). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from KUS-F27763 was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 624 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KJ136112). The obtained ITS sequence shared >99% similarity with G. artemisiae on A. princeps and A. montana from Japan (AB077659 and AB077649) and A. argyi from China (KF056818). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently dusting conidia onto leaves of five healthy potted plants. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated plants developed symptoms after 5 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was identical morphologically to that originally observed on diseased plants. Powdery mildews of A. annua caused by G. artemisiae have been reported in Japan, China, the Russian Far East, and Romania (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by G. artemisiae on A. annua in Korea. Since sweet wormwood production was only recently started on a commercial scale in Korea, powdery mildew infections pose a serious threat to the production of this plant, especially in organic farming where chemical control options are limited. References: (1) K. Amano. Host Range and Geographical Distribution of the Powdery Mildew Fungi. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 1986. (2) U. Braun. The Powdery Mildews (Erysiphales) of Europe. G. Fischer Verlag, Jena, 1995. (3) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (4) P. J. Weathers et al. Phytochem. Rev. 10:173, 2011.
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Choi JK, Kim BS, Hong SH, Cho SE, Shin HD. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces sonchicola on Ixeris chinensis in Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:999. [PMID: 30708886 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-13-1132-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai, known as Chinese ixeris, is distributed from Siberia to Japan, including Korea, Taiwan, and China. The whole plant has been used in folk medicine in Asia (4). In Korea, the plants of Chinese ixeris have been gathered and used as a wild root vegetable. During summer to autumn of 2011, Chinese ixeris leaves were found to be heavily infected with a powdery mildew in several locations of Korea. Symptoms first appeared as thin white colonies, which subsequently developed into abundant hyphal growth on both sides of the leaves, leading to drying of the leaves. The same symptoms on Chinese ixeris leaves were continuously observed in 2012 and 2013. Voucher specimens (n = 10) were deposited at Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Hyphal appressoria were moderately lobed or nipple-shaped. Conidiophores arose from the lateral part of the hyphae, measured 100 to 270 × 10 to 12.5 μm, and produced 2 to 6 immature conidia in chains with a sinuate outline. Basal parts of foot-cells in conidiophores were curved. Conidia were barrel-shaped to ellipsoid, measured 26 to 36 × 13 to 19 μm (length/width ratio = 1.7 to 2.4), lacked fibrosin bodies, and showed reticulate wrinkling of the outer walls. Primary conidia were ovate with conical-obtuse apex and subtruncate base. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. Chasmothecia were not observed. The morphological characteristics were typical of the Euoidium type anamorph of the genus Golovinomyces, and the fungus measurements and structures were consistent with those of G. sonchicola U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook (1). To confirm the identification, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA sequences from a representative material (KUS-F26212) was amplified using primers ITS5/P3 and sequenced (3). The resulting 416-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF819857). A GenBank BLAST search revealed that the isolate showed >99% sequence similarity with those of G. cichoracearum from Sonchus spp. (e.g., AB453762, AF011296, JQ010848, etc.). G. sonchicola is currently confined to G. cichoracearum s. lat. on Sonchus spp., based on molecular sequence analyses (1). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing a diseased leaf onto leaves of five healthy potted Chinese ixeris. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated plants developed symptoms after 6 days, whereas the controls remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was identical morphologically to that originally observed on diseased plants. Powdery mildew infections of I. chinensis associated with Golovinomyces have been known in China (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew disease caused by G. sonchicola on I. chinensis in Korea. Farming of Chinese ixeris has recently started on a commercial scale in Korea. Though no statistical data are available, we postulate the cultivation area in Korea to be approximately 200 ha, mostly growing without chemical controls. Occurrence of powdery mildews poses a potential threat to safe production of this vegetable, especially in organic farming. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) F. L. Tai. Bull. Chinese Bot. Sci. 2:16, 1936. (3) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009. (4) S. J. Zhang et al. J. Nat. Prod. 69:1425, 2006.
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Choi JK, Kim JH, Cho SE, Shin HD. First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe cruciferarum on Garden Cress in Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:998. [PMID: 30722545 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-13-0001-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.), belonging to the family Brassicaceae, is an edible herb with peppery flavor and aroma (2). This plant was recently introduced and is cultivated as an edible green under organic farming in Korea. In September 2012, seedlings showing typical symptoms of powdery mildew were found in greenhouses in Pyeongchang County, Korea. Symptoms first appeared as thin white colonies, which progressed to abundant growth on the leaves and stems. Infected herbs were unmarketable mainly due to signs of senescence and withering of leaves and mostly abandoned without becoming harvested. Two samples of diseased leaves were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS Accession Nos. F27137 and F27150). Appressoria on the mycelium were well-developed, lobed, and solitary or in opposite pairs. Conidiophores were unbranched, cylindrical, 88 to 120 × 8.5 to 10 μm, and composed of 3 to 4 cells. Foot-cells of conidiophores were straight to sub-straight, cylindric, 22 to 42 μm long, and generally equal to or shorter than the upper cells. Singly produced conidia were oblong to cylindrical or oval, 34 to 52 × 14 to 18 μm with a length/width ratio of 2.2 to 3.3, with angular/rectangular wrinkling of outer walls, and no distinct fibrosin bodies. Germ tubes were produced on the perihilar position of conidia. No chasmothecia were found. These structures are typical of the powdery mildew Pseudoidium anamorph of the genus Erysiphe. The specific measurements match with those of E. cruciferarum Opiz ex L. Junell as previously described (1). To confirm the identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from KUS-F27150 was amplified with primers ITS5 and P3 and directly sequenced (4). The resulting 554-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KC414675). The amplified ITS sequence shared >99% similarity with the sequences of E. cruciferarum on several brassicaceous hosts (EU140958, FJ548627, and GU721075). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently dusting conidia onto leaves of five healthy potted garden cress plants. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated plants were isolated from non-inoculated plants in separate rooms in a greenhouse at 18 to 24°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 8 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Previously, the disease was reported in several European countries and southeastern Asia (Lebanon, Israel, Iran, Iraq, India, and China) (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. cruciferarum on garden cress in Korea. Since garden cress production was only recently started on a commercial scale in Korea, powdery mildew infections pose a serious threat to the production of this herb, especially in organic farming where chemical control options are limited. References: (1) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (2) S. Choudhary et al. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 80:752, 2010. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication. ARS, USDA. Retrieved December 2, 2012. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.
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Myung IS, Choi JK, Wu JM, Lee JY, Yoo HL, Shim HS. Bacterial Stripe of Hog Millet Caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae, a New Disease in Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1222. [PMID: 30727087 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-12-0320-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In July 2011, bacterial stripe was observed on a commercial field of hog millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Chuncheon, Korea, with a disease incidence of 37% in the field. Symptoms on leaves included reddish-brown, long, narrow stripes that varied in length and were sharply delineated by uninfected adjacent vascular bundles. Eleven bacterial isolates (BC3107, BC3214 to BC3223) were recovered on trypticase soy agar from lesions surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 1 min. The isolates, all obtained from different plants, were gram negative, oxidase positive, aerobic rods with two to four flagella. The isolates produced circular, cream-colored, nonfluorescent, butyrous colonies with entire margins on King's B medium. Using the Biolog Microbial Identification System, Version 4.2 (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA), the isolates were identified as Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae with Biolog similarity indices ranging from 0.52 to 0.72 after 24 hr. Characters for differentiating between Acidovorax spp. were tested according to Schaad et al. (2). The isolates were positive for gelatin liquefaction, nitrate reduction, lipase production, utilization of D-mannitol, sodium citrate, and alkaline in litmus milk. The isolates were negative for utilization of D-arabitol and did not amplify with PCR primer sets Aaaf5, Aaaf3/Aaar2, and Aacf2/Aacr2. Colonies were V-, V+, and V+ for utilization of D-fucose, maltose, and ethanol, respectively. Regions of the 16S rRNA (rrs) and the IGS were sequenced to aid in the identification of the isolates using reported PCR primer sets (1,4). A 1,426 bp fragment of the rrs region shared 100% similarity with all strains of A. avenae available in GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were separately performed for the 11 isolates in different greenhouses located in Suwon (National Academy of Agricultural Science), and Chuncheon (Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services) in Korea. Pathogenicity was confirmed by clip inoculation with sterilized scissors dipped into cell suspensions containing 105 CFU/ml on three 8-day-old leaves of hog millet (two plants per isolate), rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hopyeong), and sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Daehak) in a greenhouse maintained at 28 to 32°C and 90% relative humidity. The isolates induced similar symptoms as those originally observed on hog millet 5 days after inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the control plants (hog millet, rice, and sweet corn), which were clipped with scissors dipped in sterilized distilled water. The identity of bacteria reisolated from the stripes on inoculated leaves was confirmed by analyzing sequences of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (IGS) (1). On the basis of physiological, pathological, and sequence data, the isolates were identified as A. avenae subsp. avenae. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial stripe of hog millet caused by A. avenae subsp. avenae in Korea. The spread of the bacterial disease is expected to have a significant economic impact on hog millet culture in the fields of Gangwon Province in Korea. Nucleotide sequence data reported are available under accession numbers JQ743877 to JQ743887 for rrs of BC 3207 and BC3214 to BC3223, and JQ743877 to JQ743887 for IGS of BC3207 and BC3214 to BC3223. References: (1) T. Barry et al. The PCR Methods Appl. 1:51, 1991. (2) N. W. Schaad et al. Syst, Appl. Microbiol. 31: 434, 2008. (3) K. Tamura et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 28:2731, 2011. (4) W. G. Weisburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173: 697, 1991.
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Cho SE, Park JH, Choi JK, Shin HD. First Report of Zonate Leaf Spot of Glycine max Caused by Cristulariella moricola in Korea. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:906. [PMID: 30727372 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-12-0028-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is native to East Asia including Korea and is widely grown and consumed as an edible seed. In August 2011, following a prolonged period of cool and moist weather, zonate leaf spots were observed in local soybean (cultivar unknown) planted in a mountainous area of Goseong, central Korea. A voucher specimen was collected and entered at the Korea University herbarium (KUS-F26049). Initial symptoms included grayish green-to-grayish brown spots without border lines. As the lesions enlarged, they coalesced, leading to leaf blight and premature defoliation. Sporophores on the leaf lesions were dominantly hypophyllous, rarely epiphyllous, solitary, erect, easily detachable, and as long as 750 μm. The upper portion of the sporophores consisted of a pyramidal head that was ventricose, 275 to 500 μm long, and 80 to 160 μm wide. The fungus was isolated from leaf lesions and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Sclerotia were produced on PDA after 4 to 5 weeks at 18°C without light, but conidia were not observed in culture. The morphological and cultural characteristics were consistent with those of Cristulariella moricola (Hino) Redhead (2,3). An isolate was preserved in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC46401). Genomic DNA was extracted with the DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 453 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JQ036182). A BLAST search in GenBank revealed that the sequence showed an exact match with that of C. moricola from Acer negundo (JQ036181) and >99% similarity with that of Grovesinia pyramidalis, teleomorph of C. moricola from Juglans sp. (Z81433). To determine the pathogenicity of the fungus, sporophores with the pyramidal head were carefully detached from a lesion on the naturally infected leaflet with fine needles. Each sporophore was transferred individually onto four places of six detached healthy soybean leaflets. The leaflets were placed in humid chambers at 100% relative humidity and incubated at 16 to 20°C (4). Symptoms were observed after 2 days on all inoculated leaflets (one to four lesions/leaflet). The lesions enlarged rapidly and reached ~20 mm diameter in a week. A number of sporulating structures and immature sclerotia were formed on the abaxial surface of the leaf 2 weeks after inoculation. The pathogen was reisolated from lesions on the inoculated leaflets, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on the control leaflets kept in humid chambers for 2 weeks. C. moricola was known to cause zonate leaf spots and defoliation on a wide range of woody and annual plants (1), but not on G. max. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Cristulariella infection in cultivated soybeans. Since the infections may be limited to the mountainous area with low night temperature and high humidity, economic losses seem to be negligible. However, the disease could be a potential threat to the safe production of soybeans in areas with prolonged periods of cool and moist weather. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.arsgrin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , January 7, 2012. (2) H. B. Lee and C. J. Kim. Plant Dis. 86:440, 2002. (3) S. A. Redhead. Can. J. Bot. 53:700, 1975. (4) H. J. Su and S. C. Leu. Plant Dis. 67:915, 1983.
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Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of regulatory mechanisms that are not accompanied by the action of genetic elements. Recently, a system-wide extension of epigenetics has been driven by the rapid evolution of genomics technology. This means not simply profiling multiple genes together as gene expression microarrays, but also factoring in the crosstalk among various epigenetic components and extending our focus to relatively uncharted genomic areas, including intergenic and intragenic regions. Although this exciting extension provides many interesting research topics as described in this review, the future expansion of epigenomics to cover multiple samples will offer an even more profound opportunity for systems biology research.
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Shin KM, Park JH, Kil HK, Kang SS, Kim IS, Hong SJ, Choi JK. Caudal epidural block in children: comparison of needle insertion parallel with caudal canal versus conventional two-step technique. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38:525-9. [PMID: 20514963 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1003800318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the technique of inserting the needle for caudal epidural blockade in a single pass parallel to the caudal canal versus the conventional technique of approaching the caudal canal with the needle at a steeper angle. Seventy-five patients, aged 0 to 72 months, scheduled for urological surgery were prospectively enrolled in this study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: a conventional method group (caudal block performed with conventional needle insertion, n=40) and a new method group (needle inserted into the skin at an angle of 200 and into the caudal space without redirection, n=35). Two anaesthetists (A, B) performed the caudal blocks. For anaesthetist A, the mean time required (standard deviation) to perform needle insertion in the conventional method group was 2.2 (0.8) minutes and in the new method group 1.1 (0.7) minutes (P = 0.03). For anaesthetist B the mean time (standard deviation) to perform needle insertion in the conventional method group was 2.1 (1.1) minutes and in the new method group 1.3 (0.8) minutes (P = 0.04). Successful block was considered as first pass placement of the needle in the caudal canal confirmed (after placement) by ultrasound imaging, and the absence of a bloody tap. Subcutaneous placement of the needle after the first attempt occurred in two cases in the conventional method group and three cases in the new method group. Bloody tap occurred in four cases, all in the conventional method group and none in the new method group. When required, the second pass was successful in all cases.
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Sanchez PV, Perry RL, Sarry JE, Perl AE, Murphy K, Swider CR, Bagg A, Choi JK, Biegel JA, Danet-Desnoyers G, Carroll M. A robust xenotransplantation model for acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2009; 23:2109-17. [PMID: 19626050 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2009.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in immunocompromised animals has been critical for defining leukemic stem cells. However, existing immunodeficient strains of mice have short life spans and low levels of AML cell engraftment, hindering long-term evaluation of primary human AML biology. A recent study suggested that NOD/LtSz-scid IL2Rgammac null (NSG) mice have enhanced AML cell engraftment, but this relied on technically challenging neonatal injections. Here, we performed extensive analysis of AML engraftment in adult NSG mice using tail vein injection. Of the 35 AML samples analyzed, 66% showed bone marrow engraftment over 0.1%. Further, 37% showed high levels of engraftment (>10%), with some as high as 95%. A 2-44-fold expansion of AML cells was often seen. Secondary and tertiary recipients showed consistent engraftment, with most showing further AML cell expansion. Engraftment did not correlate with French-American-British subtype or cytogenetic abnormalities. However, samples with FLT3 mutations showed a higher probability of engraftment than FLT3 wild type. Importantly, animals developed organomegaly and a wasting illness consistent with advanced leukemia. We conclude that the NSG xenotransplantation model is a robust model for human AML cell engraftment, which will allow better characterization of AML biology and testing of new therapies.
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Lee K, Lee J, Bae WK, Choi JK, Kim HJ, Cho B. Efficacy of low-calorie, partial meal replacement diet plans on weight and abdominal fat in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial of two diet plans - one high in protein and one nutritionally balanced. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63:195-201. [PMID: 19196357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the relative efficacy of high-protein vs. conventional diet plans that include partial meal replacements on body fat loss in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two low-calorie diets with partial meal replacement plans-a high-protein plan (HP) and a nutritionally balanced conventional (C) plan-on reducing obesity in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. DESIGN In a 12-week, double-blind study, we randomised 75 participants to either the HP- or the C-plan group. We recorded key metrics at 0 and 12 weeks. RESULTS The overall mean weight loss was 5 kg in the HP-plan group and 4.9 kg in the C-plan group (p = 0.72). Truncal fat mass decreased 1.6 kg in the HP-plan group (p < 0.05) and 1.5 kg in the C-plan group (p < 0.05), while whole body fat mass decreased 2.5 kg in the HP-plan group (p < 0.05) and 2.3 kg in the C-plan group (p < 0.05). Between-group losses did not differ significantly for truncal (p = 0.52) or whole body (p = 0.77) fat mass. Among subjects with > or = 70% dietary compliance, however, truncal and whole body fat mass decreased more in the HP-plan group (Delta 2.2 kg and Delta 3.5 kg respectively) than in the C-plan group (Delta 1.3 kg and Delta 2.3 [corrected] kg respectively) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The HP- and C-plans had a similar effect on weight and abdominal fat reduction, but the HP-plan was more effective in reducing body fat among compliant subjects.
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Kasprzycka M, Zhang Q, Witkiewicz A, Marzec M, Potoczek M, Liu X, Wang HY, Milone M, Basu S, Mauger J, Choi JK, Abrams T, Hou S, Rook AH, Vonderheid E, Woetmann A, Odum N, Wasik MA. Gamma c-signaling cytokines induce a regulatory T cell phenotype in malignant CD4+ T lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:2506-12. [PMID: 18684941 PMCID: PMC2586884 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that malignant mature CD4(+) T lymphocytes derived from cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) variably display some aspects of the T regulatory phenotype. Whereas seven cell lines representing a spectrum of primary cutaneous T cell lymphoproliferative disorders expressed CD25 and TGF-beta, the expression of FOXP3 and, to a lesser degree, IL-10 was restricted to two CTCL cell lines that are dependent on exogenous IL-2. IL-2, IL-15, and IL-21, all of which signals through receptors containing the common gamma chain, induced expression of IL-10 in the IL-2-dependent cell lines as well as primary leukemic CTCL cells. However, only IL-2 and IL-15, but not IL-21, induced expression of FOXP3. The IL-2-triggered induction of IL-10 and FOXP3 expression occurred by signaling through STAT3 and STAT5, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of the CTCL tissues revealed that FOXP3-expressing cells were common among the CD7-negative enlarged atypical and small lymphocytes at the early skin patch and plaque stages. Their frequency was profoundly diminished at the tumor stage and in the CTCL lymph node lesions with or without large cell transformation. These results indicate that the T regulatory cell features are induced in CTCL T cells by common gamma chain signaling cytokines such as IL-2 and do not represent a fully predetermined, constitutive phenotype independent of the local environmental stimuli to which these malignant mature CD4(+) T cells become exposed.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/physiology
- Disease Progression
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/physiology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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15
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Hong JS, Ohnishi S, Masuta C, Choi JK, Ryu KH. Infection of soybean by cucumber mosaic virus as determined by viral movement protein. Arch Virol 2007; 152:321-8. [PMID: 17006598 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the host range determinant of the soybean strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) we analyzed a series of pseudorecombinants and chimeric viruses between infectious transcripts from two soybean strains (CMV-SC and CMV-SD) and an ordinary strain (CMV-Y). CMV-Y could not infect soybeans, even locally. Systemic infection of the two soybean-adapted soybean isolates on soybean plants mapped to RNA3. Chimeric RNA3s from between CMV-SC and CMV-Y, and chimeric RNA3s from between CMV-SC and CMV-SD, were made and inoculated onto wild soybean Iwate and soybean cv. Tsurunoko. The 3a region determined the viral systemic movement in the plants. In the wild soybean ecotype Hyougo, cell-to-cell movement of two different CMV soybean strains, one of which infects systemically while the other does not, in the inoculated leaves were almost the same, suggesting that the resistance of soybean operates at the level of long-distance movement. Our results clearly suggest that movement protein is a host determinant of CMV soybean strains.
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Ahn HI, Yoon JY, Hong JS, Yoon HI, Kim MJ, Ha JH, Rhie MJ, Choi JK, Park WM, Ryu KH. The complete genome sequence of pepper severe mosaic virus and comparison with other potyviruses. Arch Virol 2006; 151:2037-45. [PMID: 16699829 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of pepper severe mosaic virus (PepSMV) was determined. The viral genome consisted of 9890 nucleotides, excluding a poly (A) tract at the 3' end of the genome. The PepSMV RNA genome encoded a single polyprotein of 3085 amino acid residues, resulting in ten functionally distinct potyviral proteins. The lengths of the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) and the 3' NTR were 164 and 468 nucleotides, respectively. The genome organization of the virus was typical for members of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae. The coat protein amino acid sequence identity between PepSMV and the other 45 potyviruses ranged from 53.4 to 79.7%. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses of the potyviral polyprotein sequences revealed that PepSMV was the closest to potato virus Y (PVY) and closely related to members of the PVY subgroup. Our genome sequence data clearly confirmed that PepSMV belongs to a separate species in the genus Potyvirus.
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Choi JK, Son HS, Kim TS, Stenstrom MK, Zoh KD. Degradation kinetics and mechanism of RDX and HMX in TiO2 photocatalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2006; 27:219-32. [PMID: 16506518 DOI: 10.1080/09593332708618636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the photocatalytic degradation of explosives hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) with a circular photocatalytic reactor, using a UV lamp as a light source and TiO2 as a photocatalyst. The effects of various parameters, such as the RDX or HMX concentration, the amount of TiO, and the initial pH, on the photocatalytic degradation rates of explosives were examined. In the presence of both UV light and TiO2 RDX and HMX were more effectively degraded than with either UV or TiO2 alone. The degradation rates were found to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics represented by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Increases in the RDX and HMX degradation rates were obtained with decreasing initial concentrations of the explosives. The RDX and HMX degradation rates were higher at pH 7 than at either pH 3 or pH 11. A dose of approximately 0.7 g l(-1) of TiO2 degraded HMX more rapidly than did higher or lower TiO2 doses. RDX (20 mg l(-1)) photocatalysis resulted in an approximately 20% decrease in TOC, and HMX (5 mg l(-1)) photocatalysis resulted in a 60%, decrease in TOC within 150 minutes. A trace amount of formate was produced as an intermediate that was further mineralized by RDX or HMX photocatalysis. The nitrogen byproducts from the photocatalysis of RDX and HMX were mainly NO3- with NO2-, and NH4+. The total nitrogen recovery was about 60% from RDX (20 mg l(-1)), and 70% from HMX (5 mg l(-1)), respectively. Finally, a mechanism for RDX/HMX photocatalysis was proposed, along with supporting qualitative and quantitative evidence.
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Abstract
Src family non-receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in signaling pathways which mediate cell growth, differentiation, transformation and tissue remodeling in various organs. In an effort to elucidate functional involvement of p60c-Src (c-Src) in spermatogenesis, the postnatal changes in c-src mRNA and c-Src protein together with kinase activity and subcellular localization were examined in mouse testes. c-src mRNA levels in testes increased during the first 2 weeks of postnatal development (PND). Following a decrease at puberty (PND 28), the c-src mRNA levels re-increased at adulthood (PND 50). Src kinase activity of testes was low at PND 7 but sharply increased prepubertally (PND 15) and highest at adulthood. Upon Western blotting, the level of c-Src protein was the highest in prepubertal testes but rather decreased in adult testes at PND 50. In adult testes, ubiquitination of c-Src proteins was apparent compared with immature one at PND 7, suggesting active turnover of c-Src by ubiquitination. In immature testes, c-Src immunoreactivity was largely found in the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells. By contrast, in pubertal and adult testes intense immunoreactivity was localized at the adluminal and basal cytoplasm of Sertoli cells bearing elongated spermatids and early germ cells, respectively. The immunoreactivity of c-Src in the Leydig cells was increased during pubertal development, suggesting the functional involvement of c-Src in differentiated adult Leydig cells. Throughout postnatal development, some spermatogonia and spermatocytes showed intensive c-Src immunoreactivity compared with other germ cells, suggesting a possible role of c-Src in germ cell death. Taken together, it is suggested that c-Src may participate in the remodeling of the seminiferous epithelia and functional differentiation of Leydig cells during the postnatal development of mouse testes.
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Gye MC, Choi JK, Ahn HS, Kim YS. Expression of p50 C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) in mouse testis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 50:287-93. [PMID: 15277007 DOI: 10.1080/01485010490448714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
C-terminal Src Kinase (Csk) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates a critical tyrosine residue in each of the Src family kinases to inhibit their activities. To investigate the possible regulation of spermatogenesis by Src-Csk loop, the postnatal changes in the expression of Csk were examined in mouse testes. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Csk mRNA increased during neonatal development and peaked at 2 weeks of age. Following the decrease during pubertal development, Csk expression re-increased in adult testes. In Western blot, immature testes showed higher expression of Csk protein than the pubertal or adult testes. In immature testis, Csk immunoreactivity was largely found in the Sertoli cell and there was no visible difference in the Csk immunoreactivity among the seminiferous tubules. In adult testis, however, a differential Csk immunoreactivity was found among the seminiferous tubules. Intense signal was found in the adluminal cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells bearing the post-meiotic differentiating germ cells, suggesting that Csk may participate in the remodeling of seminiferous tubule during late phase of spermatogenesis. Csk immunoreactivity was also found in the Leydig cells, suggesting the possible regulation of Leydig cell function. Src-Csk loop may participate in the differentiation of the seminiferous epithelia and Leydig cells in mouse testis.
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20
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Means RE, Choi JK, Nakamura H, Chung YH, Ishido S, Jung JU. Immune evasion strategies of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 269:187-201. [PMID: 12224509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-59421-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
To establish lifelong infection in the presence of an active host immune system, herpesviruses have acquired an impressive array of immune modulatory mechanisms that contribute to their success as long-term parasites. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the most recently discovered human tumor virus and is associated with the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV has acquired a battery of genes to assist in viral survival against the host immune response. These viral gene products target a variety of host immune surveillance mechanisms, including the cytokine-mediated immune response, apoptosis, natural killer (NK) cell killing and T cell-mediated responses. This review summarizes our understanding of the role of these viral proteins in the escape from host immune surveillance, which ultimately contributes to lifelong infection and pathogenesis of KSHV.
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Choi JK, Kee WC, Lee JM, Ye MK. Variable site of oropharyngeal narrowing and regional variations of oropharyngeal collapsibility among snoring patients during wakefulness and sleep. Cranio 2001; 19:252-9. [PMID: 11725849 DOI: 10.1080/08869634.2001.11746176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The oropharynx shows rhythmic caliber changes in accordance with the respiratory cycle. Dynamic imaging of the oropharynx is required to evaluate airway changes associated with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. The purpose of this study was to determine the sites of narrowing/obstruction and to measure the regional collapsibility of the oropharynx during respiration during the sleep and awake cycles in snoring patients. Seven snoring patients were included for this study. Electron Beam Tomograms of the oropharynx were taken while the patient was awake and asleep, and dynamic views were reconstructed. The site of narrowing or obstruction varied widely among patients and differed from awake to asleep. The mean of smallest minimum cross-sectional area of the oropharynx was 60.38+/-42.97 mm2 in the awake state and 16.90+/-20.43 mm2 in the asleep state. Although the collapsibility of the oropharynx showed considerable regional variations, it increased during sleep at the overall oropharynx. The low retropalatal region showed the smallest minimum cross-sectional area and the highest collapsibility; however, the most prominent changes in the minimum cross-sectional area and collapsibility during sleep were observed in the high retroglossal region.
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22
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Zhao F, Vilardi A, Neely RJ, Choi JK. Promotion of cell cycle progression by basic helix-loop-helix E2A. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:6346-57. [PMID: 11509675 PMCID: PMC87370 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.18.6346-6357.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal B-cell development requires the E2A gene and its encoded transcription factors E12 and E47. Current models predict that E2A promotes cell differentiation and inhibits G(1) cell cycle progression. The latter raises the conundrum of how B cells proliferate while expressing high levels of E2A protein. To study the relationship between E2A and cell proliferation, we established a tissue culture-based model in which the activity of E2A can be modulated in an inducible manner using E47R, an E47-estrogen fusion construct, and E47ERT, a dominant negative E47-estrogen fusion construct. The two constructs were subcloned into retroviral vectors and expressed in the human pre-B-cell line 697, the human myeloid progenitor cell line K562, and the murine fibroblastic cell line NIH 3T3. In both B cells and non-B cells, suppression of E2A activity by E47ERT inhibited G(1) progression and was associated with decreased expression of multiple cyclins including the G(1)-phase cyclin D2 and cyclin D3. Consistent with these findings, E2A null mice expressed decreased levels of cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 transcripts. In complementary experiments, ectopic expression of E47R promoted G(1) progression and was associated with increased levels of multiple cyclins, including cyclin D2 and cyclin D3. The induction of some cyclin transcripts occurred even in the absence of protein synthesis. We conclude that, in some cells, E2A can promote cell cycle progression, contrary to the present view that E2A inhibits G(1) progression.
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Xu K, Song W, Warren A, Choi JK. Trichodinid ectoparasites (ciliphora: Peritrichida) of some marine fishes from coastal regions of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Syst Parasitol 2001; 50:69-79. [PMID: 11642224 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011865124047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Five species of marine fishes, including two of the main maricultured fishes from coastal regions of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, were examined for ectoparasitic trichodinids. A total of five species of trichodinids belonging to three genera, Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1830, Paratrichodina Lom, 1963 and Trichodinella Srámek-Husek, 1953 were reinvestigated following dry silver impregnation. These were: Trichodina rectuncinata Raabe, 1958, T. jadranica (Raabe, 1958) Haider, 1964, Paratrichodina globonuclea Lom, 1963, P. obliqua Lom, 1963 and Trichodinella lomi Xu, Song & Warren, 1999. Morphometric data and comparative descriptions of these trichodinids are provided along with details of their prevalence and intensity of infestation.
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Choi JK, Hoang N, Vilardi AM, Conrad P, Emerson SG, Gewirtz AM. Hybrid HIV/MSCV LTR enhances transgene expression of lentiviral vectors in human CD34(+) hematopoietic cells. Stem Cells 2001; 19:236-46. [PMID: 11359949 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.19-3-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-based lentiviral vectors can transduce nondividing cells, an important advantage over murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based vectors when transducing slowly dividing hematopoietic stem cells. However, we find that in human CD34(+) hematopoietic cells, the HIV-based vectors with an internal cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter express transgenes 100- to 1,000-fold less than the MLV-based retroviral vector murine stem cell virus (MSCV). To increase the expression of the integrated lentivirus, we replaced CMV promoter with that of the Rous sarcoma virus or MSCV and obtained a modest augmentation in expression. A more dramatic effect was seen when the CMV enhancer/promoter was removed and the HIV long-terminal repeat (LTR) was replaced by a novel HIV/MSCV hybrid LTR. This vector retains the ability to transduce nondividing cells but now expresses its transgene (enhanced green fluorescent protein) 10- to 100-fold greater than the original HIV-based vector. When compared under identical conditions, the HIV vector with the hybrid LTR transduced a higher percentage of CD34(+) cells than the MSCV-based retroviral vector (19.4% versus 2.4%). The number of transduced cells and level of transgene expression remain constant over 5-8 weeks as determined by long-term culture-initiating cells, fluoresence-activated cell sorting, and nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency repopulation assay.
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Bach JH, Chae HS, Rah JC, Lee MW, Park CH, Choi SH, Choi JK, Lee SH, Kim YS, Kim KY, Lee WB, Suh YH, Kim SS. C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein induces astrocytosis. J Neurochem 2001; 78:109-20. [PMID: 11432978 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the pathophysiological features of Alzheimer's disease is astrocytosis around senile plaques. Reactive astrocytes may produce proinflammatory mediators, nitric oxide, and subsequent reactive oxygen intermediates such as peroxynitrites. In the present study, we investigated the possible role of the C-terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein (CT-APP), which is another constituent of amyloid senile plaque and an abnormal product of APP metabolism, as an inducer of astrocytosis. We report that 100 nM recombinant C-terminal 105 amino acid fragment (CT105) of APP induced astrocytosis morphologically and immunologically. CT105 exposure resulted in activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways as well as transcription factor NF-kappaB. Pretreatment with PD098059 and/or SB203580 decreased nitric oxide (NO) production and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. But inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation did not affect MAPKs activation whereas they abolished NO production and attenuated astrocytosis. Furthermore, conditioned media derived from CT105-treated astrocytes enhanced neurotoxicity and pretreatment with NO and peroxynitrite scavengers attenuated its toxicity. These suggest that CT-APP may participate in Alzheimer's pathogenesis through MAPKs- and NF-kappaB-dependent astrocytosis and iNOS induction.
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