Burn-out and employability rates are impacted by the level of job autonomy and workload among Dutch gastroenterologists

Background

Increasing burn‐out rates among gastroenterologists make it necessary to find ways to prevent burn‐out and to stimulate their ability and willingness to continue working (i.e., their employability). Understanding their antecedents might help organizations to prevent burn‐out and to enhance employability among this occupational group.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to provide insight in the relationship between job characteristics and job crafting behavior on the one hand and job outcomes (burn‐out symptoms and employability) on the other hand.

Methods

Data from two surveys in 2020 and 2021 were collected in a longitudinal study among 238 Dutch gastroenterologists. The data were analyzed with multiple linear regression analyses and paired‐samples t‐tests.

Results

Job characteristics, specifically job aspects that require sustained physical and/or psychological effort or skills (i.e., job demands), are important predictors of burn‐out symptoms among gastroenterologists. Specifically, high quantitative and emotional workload are significantly related to more burn‐out symptoms. No strong relationship was found between job crafting and burn‐out symptoms. Furthermore, job aspects that reduce the negative impact of these demanding aspects and that help to achieve work goals (i.e., job resources), and job demands to some extent, significantly predict employability. In particular, high job autonomy is related to higher employability, and high quantitative workload is associated with lower employability. Job crafting does not significantly affect employability. Furthermore, levels of burn‐out symptoms and employability differed only little across time.

Conclusion

In gastroenterologists, a high quantitative workload and emotional workload are associated with a higher burn‐out risk, while low job autonomy and high quantitative workload are associated with more negative perceptions of employability. To prevent burn‐out and to create positive perceptions of employability, it is important to take these aspects into account.

Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Head and Neck Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Immunosuppressed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at increased risk to develop extra-intestinal malignancies. Immunosuppressed transplant patients show increased incidence of head and neck cancer with impaired survival. This study aims to identify risk factors for oral cavity (OCC) and pharyngeal carcinoma (PC) development in IBD, to compare clinical characteristics in IBD with the general population, and to assess the influence of immunosuppressive medication on survival.

METHODS

We retrospectively searched the Dutch Pathology Database to identify all IBD patients with OCC and PC between 1993 and 2011. Two case-control studies were performed: We compared cases with the general IBD population to identify risk factors, and we compared cases with non-IBD cancer patients for outcome analyses.

RESULTS

We included 66 IBD patients and 2141 controls with OCC, 31 IBD patients and 1552 controls with PC, and 1800 IBD controls. Age at IBD diagnosis was a risk factor for OCC development, Crohn's disease (CD; odds ratio [OR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.07), and ulcerative colitis (UC; OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06). For PC, this applied to UC (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06). IBD OCC cases showed impaired survival (P = 0.018); in PC, survival was similar. There was no effect of immunosuppression on survival. Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing of IBD cases revealed 52.2% (12/23) HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPCs).

CONCLUSION

This study shows that IBD is associated with impaired OCC survival. Higher age at IBD diagnosis is a risk factor for OCC development. We found no influence of immunosuppression on survival; 52.2% of OPC in IBD contained HPV.

Randomised clinical trial: once- vs. twice-daily prolonged-release mesalazine for active ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Aminosalicylates are first-choice treatment for mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis (UC); however, multi-dosing regimens are inconvenient.

AIM

To compare the efficacy and safety of once- (OD) vs. twice- (BD) daily prolonged-release mesalazine (Pentasa, Ferring, Saint-Prex, Switzerland) for active mild-to-moderate UC in a non-inferiority study.

METHODS

Eligible patients (n = 206) were randomised to 8 weeks of mesalazine (4 g/day), either OD with two sachets of 2 g mesalazine granules in the morning (n = 102) or BD with one 2 g sachet in the morning and one in the evening (n = 104). Patients also received 4 weeks of mesalazine enema 1 g/day. Disease activity was assessed at randomisation, weeks 4, 8 and 12 using the UC Disease Activity Index (UC-DAI). Clinical and endoscopic remission (primary endpoint) was assessed after 8 weeks. Patients recorded stool frequency and rectal bleeding in a daily diary.

RESULTS

The primary endpoint, non-inferiority in clinical and endoscopic remission with OD vs. BD mesalazine at 8 weeks, was met (intent-to-treat population: 52.1% vs. 41.8%, respectively, 95% confidence interval -3.4, 24.1; P = 0.14). Improvement of UC-DAI score (92% vs. 79%; P = 0.01) and mucosal healing (87.5% vs. 71.1%; P = 0.007) were significantly better, time to remission significantly shorter (26 vs. 28 days; P = 0.04) and safety similar with OD vs. BD dosing.

CONCLUSIONS

When combined with mesalazine enema, prolonged-release mesalazine once-daily 4 g is as effective and well tolerated as 2 g twice-daily for inducing remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00737789).

Plasma MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 during human orthotopic liver transplantation. The effect of aprotinin and the relation to ischemia/reperfusion injury

Uncontrolled activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can result in tissue injury and inflammation, yet little is known about the activation of MMPs during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). OLT is associated with increased fibrinolytic activity due to elevated plasmin generation. The serine-protease plasmin not only causes degradation of fibrin clots but is also thought, amongst others, to play a role in the activation of some matrix metalloproteinases. We therefore studied the evolution of MMP-2 and -9 plasma concentrations during OLT and the effect of serine-protease inhibition by aprotinin on the level and activation of these MMPs. In a group of 24 patients who participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study we determined serial MMP-2 and MMP-9 plasma levels during transplantation using ELISA (total MMP), activity assays (activatable MMP) and zymography. In addition, the MMP-inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were assessed by ELISA. The putative regulating factors tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) were assessed as well. Patients were administered high-dose aprotinin, regular-dose aprotinin or placebo during surgery. Plasma TIMP-1, TIMP-2 and MMP-2 level gradually decreased during transplantation. Approximately two-thirds of total MMP-2 appeared to be in its activatable proMMP form. No release of MMP-2 from the graft could be detected. In contrast, plasma levels of MMP-9 increased sharply during the anhepatic and postreperfusion periods. Peak MMP-9 levels of about eight times above baseline were found at 30 minutes after reperfusion. Most MMP-9 appeared to be in its active/inhibitor-complexed form. No significant differences were observed between the three treatment groups. However, in patients with more severe ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury the MMP-9 concentration, particularly of the active/inhibitor-complexed form, remained high at 120 minutes postreperfusion compared to patients with no or mild I/R injury. The decrease in plasma levels of MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 during OLT occurred irrespective of the severity of the I/R injury. There was a significant correlation between MMP-9 and t-PA levels, but not with TNF-alpha. In conclusion, OLT is associated with a sharp increase of MMP-9 during the anhepatic and postreperfusion periods, which coincided with the changes in t-PA. MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 gradually decreased during OLT. The composition of these MMPs was not altered by the use of aprotinin, suggesting that serine-protease/plasmin-independent pathways are responsible for MMP regulation during OLT. In addition, only MMP-9 seems to be involved in I/R injury during human liver transplantation.

Assessment of serum matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 after human liver transplantation: increased serum MMP-9 level in acute rejection

BACKGROUND

Alterations in synthesis and breakdown of extracellular matrix components play a role in acute rejection after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are capable of degrading basement membranes and are involved in the process of tissue remodelling in inflammation and liver fibrosis.

METHODS

We examined MMP-2 and MMP-9 in serum of 33 patients before and during 1 year after OLT, in 60 controls as well as in some specimens of cirrhotic liver and control liver tissue.

RESULTS

Serum MMP-2 levels before OLT were significantly higher compared with controls and decreased approximately 50% after OLT. Also, the MMP-2 content of cirrhotic liver specimens was significantly higher compared with normal liver. MMP-9 in serum and liver tissue of patients were similar to controls, but serum levels showed a peak at 1 week after OLT. At this time-point, total and active/inhibitor-complexed MMP-9 was significantly higher in patients with rejection (n=13) compared with those without rejection (n=20). The relative amount of MMP-9 in the active/inhibitor-complexed form did not differ between each group over time. Immunohistochemical staining at 1 week after OLT showed increased numbers of MMP-9-positive inflammatory cells in the portal triads of patients with rejection.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with acute allograft rejection have elevated serum levels of MMP-9 1 week after OLT, which was most likely derived from inflammatory cells. An increased MMP-2 serum level and liver tissue content was found in patients with cirrhosis, which decreased after OLT. These observations indicate active involvement of MMP-2 and -9 in end-stage liver disease and OLT.

Assessment of the clinical significance of serum matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with various chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have the ability to degrade basement membranes and may thus play an important role in extracellular matrix turnover in liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Serum levels of MMPs have been suggested as diagnostic markers in these processes. We measured serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 by ELISA in 91 patients with chronic liver disease, including 25 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and in 60 controls. MMP-2 was significantly higher in patients with chronic liver disease compared to controls, and increased with Child-Pugh class. There was a significant correlation between MMP-2 and liver function (bilirubin, albumin, and prothrombin time), and a strong opposite correlation between MMP-9 and these parameters. MMP-2 levels in patients with HCC were significantly higher than in controls, but comparable to patients with chronic liver disease without this malignancy. MMP-9 yielded no significant differences between patients with or without HCC and controls. Serum MMP-2 and to a lesser extent MMP-9 correlate with the severity of liver disease and may reflect changes in extracellular matrix remodeling. Due to a considerable overlap in patients with chronic liver disease with or without HCC, MMP-2 and MMP-9 can not be used as a diagnostic marker for HCC.

Peptic ulcer bleeding: interaction between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori infection, and the ABO blood group system

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori infection is found in almost all patients with an uncomplicated ulcer. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use is the main risk factor for bleeding peptic ulcer. In the older literature ABO blood groups were mentioned as a risk factor. There is continuing uncertainty about the interaction between these risk factors and the development of peptic ulcer bleeding. We therefore determined the separate and combined effect of NSAIDs, H. pylori infection, and the ABO blood group system in patients with a bleeding peptic ulcer.

METHODS

The prevalence of NSAID use, H. pylori infection, and blood group O was determined in 227 patients who were admitted with a bleeding gastric or duodenal ulcer between 1990 and 1997. These results were compared with the expected frequency of these risk factors in the Dutch population.

RESULTS

NSAID use was reported in 48.2% of the patients with a bleeding peptic ulcer. The H. pylori prevalence was 62.0%, whereas blood group O was present in 49.3% of the patients. NSAID use was the strongest risk factor for hemorrhage caused by a peptic ulcer (relative risk, 8.4), whereas the relative risk associated with H. pylori infection and blood group O was 1.5 and 1.2, respectively. With univariate analysis NSAID use and H. pylori infection seemed to be separate risk factors and did not really potentiate each other's effect. Moreover, blood group O did not potentiate the strong effect of NSAIDs.

CONCLUSION

H. pylori infection may add only a little to the important risk of NSAID use in the development of bleeding peptic ulcers.

Graves' dermopathy: does octreotide scintigraphy predict the response to octreotide treatment?

We report on three patients with severe Graves' dermopathy who were treated with octreotide despite a negative octreotide scintigraphy. One patient showed a complete recovery while two others had a partial response. In contrast to active Graves' ophthalmopathy, an octreotide scintigraphy appears not to be useful for pretreatment identification of patients with Graves' dermopathy who are likely to respond to octreotide treatment.

Prosthetic valve endocarditis: analysis of risk factors for mortality

Between 1975 and 1990, 70 episodes of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) were diagnosed in 65 patients at Leiden University Hospital. The overall mortality rate was 27%. Antecedent endocarditis attributable to the same micro-organism (mortality 63%, P = 0.02) and Staphylococcus aureus as the causative micro-organism (mortality 100%, P = 0.001) were significant predictors for mortality. Sex, type and position of the valve and therapy had no significant influence on the mortality. All patients infected with S. aureus died, irrespective of whether they received medical treatment alone or in combination with surgery. None of the patients with streption, endocarditis had abscesses at reoperation; the mortality rate for this group was 14%. Abscess formation, especially in aortic valves, was the most important finding at reoperation and corresponded with a mortality rate of 55%. Ring abscesses occurred equally in patients with mechanical and bioprosthetic valves. Seven of the 15 patients (47%) with significant prosthetic valve dehiscence died. In patients with mitral valve endocarditis, localized dehiscence of the valve was observed. In conclusion a previous endocarditis attributable to the same micro-organism and the causative micro-organism (S. aureus) were important risk factors for mortality due to PVE.