1
|
Perrigo AL, Vadell EM, Cavender JC, Landolt JC, Liu P, Stephenson SL. Additional new species suggest high dictyostelid diversity on Madagascar. Mycologia 2020; 112:1026-1042. [PMID: 33006910 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1802641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dictyostelids are a monophyletic group of sorocarp-forming social amoebae in the major eukaryotic division Amoebozoa. Members of this taxon, which is made up of almost 200 described species, are common in terrestrial soils globally. Still, the alpha diversity is not well known in many areas, and new species are frequently recovered. The highest species richness is found in the tropics. Here, five new species are described from soil samples collected in Madagascar. These species-Cavenderia basinodulosa, C. canoespora, Heterostelium radiatum, H. versatile, and Raperostelium stabile-are described based on both morphological characteristics and molecular data, with sequence data from the rDNA small subunit (SSU). The five new species are morphologically disparate, ranging from relatively small, robust taxa such as R. stabile to taxa with variable morphologies such as the larger H. radiatum and H. versatile and the yellow-tinted and irregularly branched species C. canoespora and C. basinulosa. These new species, together with earlier work where 13 other species were described from the island, suggest that there is a range of genetically diverse and highly morphologically variable dictyostelid taxa occurring on Madagascar, suggesting biogeographic patterns even within these very small organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Perrigo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eduardo M Vadell
- Escuela de Farmacia and Bioquímica, J. F. Kennedy University Sarmiento 4564 / Museo de Historia Nat. R.S.V. Viamonte 1716 , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - James C Cavender
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University , Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - John C Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University , Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | - Pu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven L Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville , Arkansas 72701
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vadell E, Cavender JC, Landolt JC, Perrigo AL, Liu P, Stephenson SL. Five new species of dictyostelid social amoebae (Amoebozoa) from Thailand. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:198. [PMID: 30577752 PMCID: PMC6303869 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dictyostelid cellular slime molds (dictyostelids) are common inhabitants of the soil and leaf litter layer of fields and forests, along with animal dung, where they feed mostly on bacteria. However, reports on the species diversity of dictyostelids in South Asia, particularly Thailand, are limited. The research reported in this paper was carried out to increase our knowledge of the species diversity of this group of organisms in northern Thailand. RESULTS Forty soil samples were collected at four localities in northern Thailand to assess the species richness of dictyostelids. These samples yielded five dictyostelid isolates that were not morphologically consistent with any described species. Based on molecular signatures, all five of these isolates were assigned to the family Cavenderiaceae, genus Cavenderia. All five share a number of morphological similarities with other known species from this family. The new taxa differ from previously described species primarily in the size and complexity of their fruiting bodies (sorocarps). This paper describes these new species (Cavenderia aureostabilis, C. bhumiboliana, C. protodigitata, C. pseudoaureostipes, and C. subdiscoidea) based on a combination of morphological characteristics and their phylogenetic positions. CONCLUSIONS At least 15 taxa of dictyostelids were obtained from the four localities in northern Thailand, which indicates the high level of species diversity in this region. Five species were found to be new to science. These belong to the family Cavenderiaceae, genus Cavenderia, and were described based on both morphology and phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vadell
- Escuela de Bioquimica, Departamento de Biologia, J. F. Kennedy University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - James C. Cavender
- Departmental of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - John C. Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443 USA
| | - Allison L. Perrigo
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Landolt
- Division of Science and Mathematics, Shepherd College, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Landolt
- Division of Science and Mathematics, Shepherd College, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Clark
- T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - John C. Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd College, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary A. Laursen
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775
| | - John C. Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd College, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | - Rodney D. Seppelt
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sheikh S, Thulin M, Cavender JC, Escalante R, Kawakami SI, Lado C, Landolt JC, Nanjundiah V, Queller DC, Strassmann JE, Spiegel FW, Stephenson SL, Vadell EM, Baldauf SL. A New Classification of the Dictyostelids. Protist 2017; 169:1-28. [PMID: 29367151 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional morphology-based taxonomy of dictyostelids is rejected by molecular phylogeny. A new classification is presented based on monophyletic entities with consistent and strong molecular phylogenetic support and that are, as far as possible, morphologically recognizable. All newly named clades are diagnosed with small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) sequence signatures plus morphological synapomorphies where possible. The two major molecular clades are given the rank of order, as Acytosteliales ord. nov. and Dictyosteliales. The two major clades within each of these orders are recognized and given the rank of family as, respectively, Acytosteliaceae and Cavenderiaceae fam. nov. in Acytosteliales, and Dictyosteliaceae and Raperosteliaceae fam. nov. in Dictyosteliales. Twelve genera are recognized: Cavenderia gen. nov. in Cavenderiaceae, Acytostelium, Rostrostelium gen. nov. and Heterostelium gen. nov. in Acytosteliaceae, Tieghemostelium gen. nov., Hagiwaraea gen. nov., Raperostelium gen. nov. and Speleostelium gen. nov. in Raperosteliaceae, and Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium in Dictyosteliaceae. The "polycephalum" complex is treated as Coremiostelium gen. nov. (not assigned to family) and the "polycarpum" complex as Synstelium gen. nov. (not assigned to order and family). Coenonia, which may not be a dictyostelid, is treated as a genus incertae sedis. Eighty-eight new combinations are made at species and variety level, and Dictyostelium ammophilum is validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanea Sheikh
- Programme in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala SE-75236, Sweden
| | - Mats Thulin
- Programme in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala SE-75236, Sweden
| | - James C Cavender
- Departmental of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Ricardo Escalante
- IIB, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Shin-Ichi Kawakami
- Yamagata Prefectural Museum, 1-8 Kajo-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata-ken 990-0826, Japan
| | - Carlos Lado
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
| | - John C Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV 25443, USA
| | - Vidyanand Nanjundiah
- Centre for Human Genetics, BioTech Park, Electronic City (Phase I), Bangalore 560100, India
| | - David C Queller
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joan E Strassmann
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Campus Box 1137, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Frederick W Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, SCEN 601, 850 W. Dickson 1, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Steven L Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, SCEN 601, 850 W. Dickson 1, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Eduardo M Vadell
- Escuela de Farmacia y Bioquímica, J.F. Kennedy University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra L Baldauf
- Programme in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala SE-75236, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Clark JD, Snell S, Landolt JC, Stephenson SL. The effects of dictyostelids on the formation and maturation of myxomycete plasmodia. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Snell
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - John C. Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd College, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Cavender
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Eduardo Vadell
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento Ciencias Biologicas-Pabellon II, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John C. Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| | - James C. Cavender
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cavender JC, Landolt JC, Romeralo M, Perrigo A, Vadell EM, Stephenson SL. New species of Polysphondylium from Madagascar. Mycologia 2017; 108:80-109. [DOI: 10.3852/14-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Cavender
- Departmental of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - John C. Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | | | - Allison Perrigo
- Program in Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 75236
| | - Eduardo M. Vadell
- Escuela de Farmacia and Bioquimica, J.F. Kennedy University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cavender JC, Vadell EM, Landolt JC, Winsett KE, Stephenson SL, Rollins AW, Romeralo M. New small dictyostelids from seasonal rainforests of Central America. Mycologia 2017; 105:610-35. [DOI: 10.3852/11-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Cavender
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
| | - Eduardo M. Vadell
- Escuela de Farmacia y Bioquímica, J.F. Kennedy University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John C. Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | | | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| | - Adam W. Rollins
- Department of Biology, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee 37752
| | - María Romeralo
- Systematic Biology Department, Uppsala University, Norbvagen 18D SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rollins AW, Landolt JC, Stephenson SL. Dictyostelid cellular slime molds associated with grasslands of the central and western United States. Mycologia 2010; 102:996-1003. [PMID: 20943500 DOI: 10.3852/09-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dictyostelid cellular slime molds (dictyostelids) associated with grassland ecosystems of the central and western United States were investigated at nine sites that included examples of the three major ecological types of grasslands (tall grass, mixed grass and short grass) generally recognized for the region. Samples of soil/humus collected from each site were examined with the Cavender method of isolating dictyostelids. For each of those six sites with well developed gallery forests present, an additional set of forest soil/humus samples was collected. A more intensive sampling effort was carried out at one site (Konza LTER) to assess the possible effects of burning and grazing on dictyostelid diversity and density. Twelve species of dictyostelids were recovered from grassland sites, whereas gallery forest sites yielded only nine species. Four cosmopolitan species (Dictyostelium giganteum, D. mucoroides, D. sphaerocephalum and Polysphondylium pallidum) were represented by the greatest densities of clones, with D. sphaerocephalum particularly common. The general pattern across all sites was that both species richness and density of dictyostelids decreased with decreasing precipitation. Samples collected from ungrazed grassland plots yielded higher numbers of both species and clones as compared to grazed plots, and the general pattern was for both values to increase as the interval between fires increased. For numbers of clones this correlation was statistically significant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Rollins
- Department of Math and Natural Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee 37752, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Romeralo M, Rajguru SN, Silberman JD, Landolt JC, Fiz O, Stephenson SL. Population structure of the social amoeba Dictyostelium rosarium based on rDNA. FUNGAL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
15
|
Abstract
In sampling soils to survey dictyostelid cellular slime molds in Alaska we encountered two groups of isolates that have morphologies that differ from any previously described species within their group. We sequenced the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) of selected isolates from the two groups and found sequences from both groups to be distinct from all previously described dictyostelid sequences. Phylogenetic analyses place one novel species in dictyostelid Group 2 and the other in Group 4 (Schaap et al. 2006). In this paper we formally describe as new these two species of cellular slime molds, Dictyostelium ammophilum sp. nov. and Dictyostelium boreale sp. nov., based on the combination of morphological and molecular characters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Romeralo
- Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stephenson SL, Landolt JC. Mycetozoans of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: An All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory Project. SOUTHEAST NAT 2009. [DOI: 10.1656/058.008.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Novozhilov YK, Stephenson SL, Overking M, Landolt JC, Laursen GA. Studies of Frostfire myxomycetes including a description of a new species of Diderma. Mycol Prog 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-007-0527-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Great Smoky Mountains National Park encompasses an area of 2080 km2 in eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina between 35 degrees 28' and 35 degrees 47' N. Elevations are 270-2000 m above sea level, and the topography and vegetation are as diverse as any region of eastern North America. In 1998-2004 soil/litter samples for isolation of dictyostelid cellular slime molds were collected throughout the park. Collecting sites included examples of all major forest types along with the more common types of nonforest vegetation. More than 2300 clones of dictyostelids were recovered from 412 samples. These clones included representatives of 20 described species together with at least 10 species new to science. This total is higher than those reported for other temperate regions of the world. In general both numbers of species and numbers of clones/g of sample material decreased with increasing elevation and several species displayed a distinct preference for either the low or high end of the elevation gradient. The relatively high number of new species recovered from samples collected at high elevations is an important new finding for dictyostelid ecology and distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Ten new species of small dictyostelids, five belonging to Acytostelium (A. anastomosans, A. longisorophorum, A. magnisorum, A. serpentarium and A. singulare) and five to Dictyostelium (D. amphisporum, D. naviculare, D. oculare, D. potamoides and D. stellatum), were isolated from forest soils in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. These species were recovered mostly from acidic soils and at higher elevations. They represent a large group of dictyostelids of small stature (<2 mm total height) on which we are beginning to accumulate more information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C Cavender
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Clark JD, Snell S, Landolt JC, Stephenson SL. The effects of dictyostelids on the formation and maturation of myxomycete plasmodia. Mycologia 2002; 94:933-938. [PMID: 21156567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dictyostelids (cellular slime molds) and myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds) are two groups of mycetozoans usually present and often abundant in the soil and litter microhabitats of terrestrial ecosystems. Because they utilize the same food resource and occur together in a spatially limited and clearly defined microhabitat, the potential for ecological interactions would seem to exist. However, relatively few previous studies have considered this aspect of mycetozoan ecology. In the present study twenty-eight isolates (8 species) of dictyostelids were co-cultured in all possible pair-wise combinations with fourteen isolates (7 species) of myxomycetes to determine if there were any effects on the production of fruiting bodies. Dictyostelids showed little or no delay in culmination and only random and inconsistent reductions in sorocarp abundance when co-cultured with myxomycetes. In contrast, myxomycetes displayed a number of specific effects. The heterothallic isolates exhibited delays in plasmodial formation and/or maturation, with some pairings showing little to no effect, while others displayed nearly complete inhibition of plasmodial formation or maturation. Apomictic isolates, in general, were much less affected, with only a few combinations displaying significant delays in both formation and maturation of plasmodia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim D Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Clark JD, Snell S, Landolt JC, Stephenson SL. The Effects of Dictyostelids on the Formation and Maturation of Myxomycete Plasmodia. Mycologia 2002. [DOI: 10.2307/3761861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
|
24
|
Stephenson SL, Landolt JC, Laursen GA. Dictyostelid Cellular Slime Molds from Western Alaska, U.S.A., and the Russian Far East. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/1552050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
|
27
|
Landolt JC, Stephenson SL, Laursen GA, Densmore R. Distribution Patterns of Cellular Slime Molds in the Kantishna Hills, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, U.S.A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/1551664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
28
|
Landolt JC, Stephenson SL, Stihler CW. Cellular Slime Molds in West Virginia Caves Including Notes on the Occurrence and Distribution of Dictyostelium Rosarium. Mycologia 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1992.12026153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Landolt
- Department of Biology, Shepherd College, Shepherdstown, West Virginia 25443
| | | | - Craig W. Stihler
- West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Elkins, West Virginia 26241
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Landolt JC, Stephenson SL, Stihler CW. Cellular Slime Molds in West Virginia Caves including Notes on the Occurrence and Distribution of Dictyostelium rosarium. Mycologia 1992. [DOI: 10.2307/3760192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
30
|
|
31
|
|
32
|
Landolt JC. Cellular Slime Molds (Dictyosteliales) of Selected Plant Communities of Southern Oklahoma and Northern Texas. SOUTHWEST NAT 1986. [DOI: 10.2307/3670579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
|