1
|
Avendaño-Herrera R, Saldivia P, Bethke J, Vargas C, Hernández M. Proteomic analysis reveals Renibacterium salmoninarum grown under iron-limited conditions induces iron uptake mechanisms and overproduction of the 57-kDa protein. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:289-300. [PMID: 34791674 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Renibacterium salmoninarum, a slow-growing facultative intracellular pathogen, is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a chronic, progressive and granulomatous infection that threatens farmed and wild salmonids worldwide. Pathogenic R. salmoninarum colonizes tissues and invades the host through cell surface-associated and secreted proteins. While correlations between iron acquisition genes and virulence have been demonstrated in vitro, these mechanisms have not undergone proteomic characterization. The present study applied a proteomic approach to elucidate the differences between the virulent Chilean R. salmoninarum H-2 strain and the type strain ATCC 33209T . Analyses were conducted under normal (control) and iron-limited conditions (DIP) emulating the host environment. Interestingly, strain H-2 apparently responded better to the iron-limited condition-for example, only this strain presented a significantly enriched iron ion homeostasis pathway. Furthermore, key virulence factors related to an iron-limited environment were more abundant in strain H-2. Importantly, the lack of iron favoured the expression of the 57-kDa protein in strain H-2, the principal virulence factor for R. salmoninarum. Our findings can be employed in the design and development of treatments targeted to iron uptake mechanisms (e.g. siderophore synthesis or haem uptake), which represents a promising therapeutic approach for treating this persistent fastidious bacterium.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bethke J, Arias-Muñoz E, Yáñez A, Avendaño-Herrera R. Renibacterium salmoninarum iron-acquisition mechanisms and ASK cell line infection: Virulence and immune response. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1283-1291. [PMID: 31241770 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Renibacterium salmoninarum is the aetiological agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in salmonid farms. This pathogen possesses at least three iron-acquisition mechanisms, but the link between these mechanisms and virulence is unclear. Therefore, this study used RT-qPCR to assess the effects of normal and iron-limited conditions on iron-uptake genes controlled by IdeR and related to iron acquisition in Chilean R. salmoninarum strain H-2 and the type strain DSM20767T . Further evaluated was the in vitro immune-related response of the Atlantic Salmon Kidney (ASK) cell line, derived from the primary organ affected by BKD. R. salmoninarum grown under iron-limited conditions overexpressed genes involved in haemin uptake and siderophore transport, with overexpression significantly higher in H-2 than DSM20767T . These overexpressed genes resulted in higher cytotoxicity and an increased immune response (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR1 and INF-γ) in the ASK cell line. This response was significantly higher against bacteria grown under iron-limited conditions, especially H-2. These observations indicate that iron-acquisition mechanisms are possibly highly related to the virulence and pathogenic capacity of R. salmoninarum. In conclusion, treatments that block iron-uptake mechanisms or siderophore synthesis are attractive therapeutic approaches for treating R. salmoninarum, which causes significant aquaculture losses.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bethke J, Yáñez AJ, Avendaño-Herrera R. Comparative Genomic Analysis of Two Chilean Renibacterium salmoninarum Isolates and the Type Strain ATCC 33209T. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:1816-1822. [PMID: 29982426 PMCID: PMC6057502 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renibacterium salmoninarum, a slow-growing facultative intracellular pathogen belonging to the high C + G content Actinobacteria phylum, is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a progressive granulomatous infection affecting salmonids worldwide. This Gram-positive bacterium has existed in the Chilean salmonid industry for >30 years, but little or no information is available regarding the virulence mechanisms and genomic characteristics of Chilean isolates. In this study, the genomes of two Chilean isolates (H-2 and DJ2R) were sequenced, and a search was conducted for genes and proteins involved in virulence and pathogenicity, and we compare with the type strain ATCC 33209 T genome. The genome sizes of H-2 and DJ2R are 3,155,332 bp and 3,155,228 bp, respectively. They genomes presented six ribosomal RNA, 46 transcription RNA, and 25 noncodingRNA, and both had the same 56.27% G + C content described for the type strain ATCC 33209 T. A total of 3,522 and 3,527 coding sequences were found for H-2 and DJ2R, respectively. Meanwhile, the ATCC 33209 T type strain had 3,519 coding sequences. The in silico genome analysis revealed a genes related to tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, iron transport and others metabolic pathway. Also, the data indicated that R salmoninarum may have a variety of possible virulence-factor and antibiotic-resistance strategies. Interestingly, many of genes had high identities with Mycobacterium species, a known pathogenic Actinobacteria bacterium. In summary, this study provides the first insights into and initial steps towards understanding the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance, virulence mechanisms and host/environment adaptation in two Chilean R. salmoninarum isolates that contain proteins of which were similar to those of Mycobacterium. Furthermore, important information is presented that could facilitate the development of preventive and treatment measures against R. salmoninarum in Chile and worldwide.
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Aravena M, Calfio C, Mercado L, Morales-Lange B, Bethke J, De Lorgeril J, Cárdenas CA. HSP70 from the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri: molecular characterization and expression in response to heat stress. Biol Res 2018; 51:8. [PMID: 29587857 PMCID: PMC5872545 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress proteins are implicated in stabilizing and refolding denatured proteins in vertebrates and invertebrates. Members of the Hsp70 gene family comprise the cognate heat shock protein (Hsc70) and inducible heat shock protein (Hsp70). However, the cDNA sequence and the expression of Hsp70 in the Antarctic sea urchin are unknown. Methods We amplified and cloned a transcript sequence of 1991 bp from the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, experimentally exposed to heat stress (5 and 10 °C for 1, 24 and 48 h). RACE-PCR and qPCR were employed to determine Hsp70 gene expression, while western blot and ELISA methods were used to determine protein expression. Results The sequence obtained from S. neumayeri showed high identity with Hsp70 members. Several Hsp70 family features were identified in the deduced amino acid sequence and they indicate that the isolated Hsp70 is related to the cognate heat shock protein type. The corresponding 70 kDa protein, called Sn-Hsp70, was immune detected in the coelomocytes and the digestive tract of S. neumayeri using a monospecific polyclonal antibody. We showed that S. neumayeri do not respond to acute heat stress by up-regulation of Sn-Hsp70 at transcript and protein level. Furthermore, the Sn-Hsp70 protein expression was not induced in the digestive tract. Conclusions Our results provide the first molecular evidence that Sn-Hsp70 is expressed constitutively and is non-induced by heat stress in S. neumayeri.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bethke J, Avendaño-Herrera R. Comparative genome analysis of two Streptococcus phocae subspecies provides novel insights into pathogenicity. Mar Genomics 2017; 31:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Bethke J, Poblete-Morales M, Irgang R, Yáñez A, Avendaño-Herrera R. Iron acquisition and siderophore production in the fish pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1275-1283. [PMID: 27696458 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Renibacterium salmoninarum is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, which significantly affects salmonid farming worldwide. Despite this impact, there is scarce data on its iron uptake ability, a factor of pathogenesis. This study investigated the iron acquisition mechanisms of R. salmoninarum and its capacity to uptake iron from different sources. Thirty-two Chilean isolates and the DSM20767T type strain grew in the presence of 2,2'-Dipyridyl at varying concentrations (250-330 μm), and all isolates positively reacted on chrome azurol S agar. Subsequently, inocula of four Chilean isolates and the type strain were prepared with or without 200 μm of 2,2'-Dipyridyl for uptake assays. Assay results revealed differences between the isolates in terms of iron acquisition. While a prior iron-limited environment was, for most isolates, not required to activate the uptake of iron (II) sulphate, ammonium iron (III) citrate or iron (III) chloride at higher concentrations (100 μm), it did facilitate growth at lower iron concentrations (10 μm and 1 μm). An exception was the H-2 isolate, which only grew with 100 μm of iron sulphide. In turn, 100 μm of haemin was toxic when isolates were grown in normal KDM-2. In silico R. salmoninarumATCC 33209T genome analysis detected various genes coding iron uptake-related proteins. This is the first study indicating two iron acquisition systems in R. salmoninarum: one involving siderophores and another involving haem group utilization. These data represent a first step towards fully elucidating this virulence factor in the pathogenic R. salmoninarum.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bethke J, Rojas V, Berendsen J, Cárdenas C, Guzmán F, Gallardo JA, Mercado L. Development of a new antibody for detecting natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF)-like protein in infected salmonids. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:379-388. [PMID: 22458735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The main cellular responses of innate immunity are phagocytic activity and the respiratory burst, which produces a high amount of reactive oxygen species. Natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF) belongs to the peroxiredoxin family that has an antioxidant function and enhances cytotoxic cell activity. This molecule may play a key role in macrophage and cytotoxic cell communication during the innate immune response of fish against pathogens. In fish, the NKEF gene has been characterized in some species as showing an up-regulation in infected fish, suggesting a trigger effect upon NK-like cells. To detect and localize this molecule in salmonids at protein level, a monospecific polyclonal antibody was generated. A probable NKEF-like protein epitope region was identified and characterized using bioinformatic tools, and the sequence was chemically synthesized using Fmoc strategy, analysed by RP-HPLC and its molecular weight confirmed by mass spectrometry. The synthetic peptide was immunized and antibodies from ascitic fluid were obtained. The resulting antibody is a versatile tool for detecting NKEF by different immune techniques such as ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Analysis of NKEF-like protein is a useful method for characterizing immune properties of this molecule in fish during response to pathogens.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sprenger A, Talamo S, Köster S, Bethke J, Gais S, Kimmig H, Helmchen C. Schlafentzug fördert visuo-motorisches Lernen. AKTUELLE NEUROLOGIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Talamo S, Sprenger A, Machner B, Köster S, Bethke J, Gais S, Kimmig H, Helmchen C. Schlafentzug fördert visuo-motorisches Lernen. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1216145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
10
|
Kimmig H, Köster S, Sprenger A, Bethke J, Talamo S, Heide W, Gais S. Sleep deprivation delays saccadic learning. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1072977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Kimmig H, Köster S, Sprenger A, Bethke J, Gais S. Schlafentzug fördert das ‘Lernen’ von Express-Sakkaden. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Kimmig H, Sprenger A, Köster S, Bethke J, Born J, Gais S. Sleep deprivation (not sleep) facilitates short latency saccades: an exceptional example of unconscious procedural learning. AKTUELLE NEUROLOGIE 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-987556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Köster S, Sprenger A, Bethke J, Born J, Heide W, Gais S, Kimmig H. Schlafentzug maskiert okulomotorisches Lernen. AKTUELLE NEUROLOGIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
14
|
Kharchenko A, Bethke J, Woitok J, Lischka K, Schmidegg K, Bonanni A, Simbrunner C, Sitter H. X-ray diffractometer for in-situand real-timemonitoring of MOCVD. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305097369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
15
|
Arnold H, Bethke J, Eckold G, Hahn T, Min-Hua J. A neutron scattering study of the incommensurate phase in AlPO4(berlinite) near the α–β transition. Acta Crystallogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767384095878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
16
|
Arnold H, Kurtz W, Richter-Zlnnius A, Bethke J, Heger G. The phase transition of K2SO4 at about 850 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1107/s0567740881006808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|