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Review of MR spectroscopy analysis and artificial intelligence applications for the detection of cerebral inflammation and neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease. THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF MALAYSIA 2024; 79:102-110. [PMID: 38287765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has an emerging role as a neuroimaging tool for the detection of biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To date, MRS has been established as one of the diagnostic tools for various diseases such as breast cancer and fatty liver, as well as brain tumours. However, its utility in neurodegenerative diseases is still in the experimental stages. The potential role of the modality has not been fully explored, as there is diverse information regarding the aberrations in the brain metabolites caused by normal ageing versus neurodegenerative disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was carried out to gather eligible studies from the following widely sourced electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar using the combination of the following keywords: AD, MRS, brain metabolites, deep learning (DL), machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI); having the aim of taking the readers through the advancements in the usage of MRS analysis and related AI applications for the detection of AD. RESULTS We elaborate on the MRS data acquisition, processing, analysis, and interpretation techniques. Recommendation is made for MRS parameters that can obtain the best quality spectrum for fingerprinting the brain metabolomics composition in AD. Furthermore, we summarise ML and DL techniques that have been utilised to estimate the uncertainty in the machine-predicted metabolite content, as well as streamline the process of displaying results of metabolites derangement that occurs as part of ageing. CONCLUSION MRS has a role as a non-invasive tool for the detection of brain metabolite biomarkers that indicate brain metabolic health, which can be integral in the management of AD.
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Novel sandwich immunoassay detects a shrimp AHPND-causing binary PirAB Vp toxin produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1294801. [PMID: 38089817 PMCID: PMC10711049 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1294801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The binary PirA/PirB toxin expressed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (PirABVp) is a virulent complex that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimps, affecting the global shrimp farming industry. AHPND is currently diagnosed by detecting pirA and pirB genes by PCR; however, several V. parahaemolyticus strains do not produce the two toxins as proteins. Thus, an immunoassay using antibodies may be the most effective tool for detecting toxin molecules. In this study, we report a sandwich ELISA-based immunoassay for the detection of PirABVp. Methods We utilized a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody library to select scFvs against the PirA or PirB subunits. Phage display panning rounds were conducted to screen and identify scFv antibodies directed against each recombinant toxin subunit. Selected scFvs were converted into IgGs to develop a sandwich immunoassay to detect recombinant and bacterial PirABVp. Results Antibodies produced as IgG forms showed sub-nanomolar to nanomolar affinities (KD), and a pair of anti-PirA antibody as a capture and anti-PirB antibody as a detector showed a limit of detection of 201.7 ng/mL for recombinant PirABVp. The developed immunoassay detected PirABVp in the protein lysates of AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus (VpAHPND) and showed a significant detectability in moribund or dead shrimp infected with a VpAHPND virulent strain compared to that in non-infected shrimp. Discussion These results indicate that the developed immunoassay is a reliable method for diagnosing AHPND by detecting PirABVp at the protein level and could be further utilized to accurately determine the virulence of extant or newly identified VpAHPND in the global shrimp culture industry.
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A Sensitive Immunodetection Assay Using Antibodies Specific to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Produced by Baculovirus Expression. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100787. [PMID: 36290925 PMCID: PMC9599101 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a potent bacterial toxin that causes inflammatory stimulation and toxic shock, thus it is necessary to detect SEB in food and environmental samples. Here, we developed a sensitive immunodetection system using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Our study is the first to employ a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) to produce recombinant wild-type SEB. BEVS facilitated high-quantity and pure SEB production from suspension-cultured insect cells, and the SEB produced was characterized by mass spectrometry analysis. The SEB was stable at 4 °C for at least 2 years, maintaining its purity, and was further utilized for mouse immunization to generate mAbs. An optimal pair of mAbs non-competitive to SEB was selected for sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based immunodetection. The limit of detection of the immunodetection method was 0.38 ng/mL. Moreover, it displayed higher sensitivity in detecting SEB than commercially available immunodetection kits and retained detectability in various matrices and S. aureus culture supernatants. Thus, the results indicate that BEVS is useful for producing pure recombinant SEB with its natural immunogenic property in high yield, and that the developed immunodetection assay is reliable and sensitive for routine identification of SEB in various samples, including foods.
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KLHL3 deficiency in mice ameliorates obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating energy expenditure. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:1250-1261. [PMID: 36028759 PMCID: PMC9440235 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing global epidemic that can cause serious adverse health consequences, including insulin resistance (IR) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Obesity development can be attributed to energy imbalance and metabolic inflexibility. Here, we demonstrated that lack of Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3) mitigated the development of obesity, IR, and NAFLD by increasing energy expenditure. KLHL3 mutations in humans cause Gordon’s hypertension syndrome; however, the role of KLHL3 in obesity was previously unknown. We examined differences in obesity-related parameters between control and Klhl3−/− mice. A significant decrease in body weight concomitant with fat mass loss and improved IR and NAFLD were observed in Klhl3−/− mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet and aged. KLHL3 deficiency inhibited obesity, IR, and NAFLD by increasing energy expenditure with augmentation of O2 consumption and CO2 production. Delivering dominant-negative (DN) Klhl3 using adeno-associated virus into mice, thereby dominantly expressing DN-KLHL3 in the liver, ameliorated diet-induced obesity, IR, and NAFLD. Finally, adenoviral overexpression of DN-KLHL3, but not wild-type KLHL3, in hepatocytes revealed an energetic phenotype with an increase in the oxygen consumption rate. The present findings demonstrate a novel function of KLHL3 mutation in extrarenal tissues, such as the liver, and may provide a therapeutic target against obesity and obesity-related diseases. Mice that are genetically engineered to lack a protein involved in regulating energy expenditure are protected against the onset of obesity and the related problems of insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Jeong-Ki Min, Jong-Gil Park and colleagues at the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology in South Korea, Daejon, discovered that the beneficial effect of the lack of the protein, called KLHL3, was due to an increase in energy expenditure. Mutations in the gene for KLHL3 are known to cause a variety of metabolic diseases in humans, including a form of high blood pressure called Gordon’s hypertension syndrome, but the protein’s role in human obesity has not been studied. The results suggest that drugs able to regulate the production or activity of KLHL3 might offer a new approach to treating obesity.
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CD26-inhibition correlates with the absence of chronic lung allograft dysfunction and decreases fibroblast activity in vitro. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac176.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) limits the survival after lung transplantation (Tx). CLAD is characterized by progressive fibrosis of small airways and lung parenchyma. No effective therapy is available that reverses or prevents CLAD. CD26 is a molecule with enzymatic activity also playing a key role in the progression of fibrotic diseases. Here, we analyzed the inhibitory effect of CD26 on fibroblast activity in vitro and the role of CD26-inhibition on allograft rejection in lung transplant patients.
Methods
Profibrogenic mRNA and protein levels were analyzed in vitro on the CD26-expressing fibroblast cell line Wi-38 using RT-qPCR and Western blot. CD26 was inhibited by Vildagliptin. Migration and proliferation activity of activated fibroblasts were analyzed by Incucyte® and Celltiter-Glo®. Characteristics of patients undergoing lung Tx between 2004 and 2021 were reviewed. Lung biopsies were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD26.
Results
In vitro, the expression of profibrogenic genes (αSMA, FAPα, IGFBP7, Collagen 3 and Fibronectin) was significantly reduced in activated lung fibroblasts by Vildagliptin treatment. Also, migration and proliferation activity were attenuated by Vildagliptin. In 221 patients analyzed, CLAD was absent in 34 patients treated with the CD26-inhibitor Sitagliptin vs. an incidence of 18% in patients without Sitagliptin intake (p=0.02). Five-year survival in patients on Sitagliptin was significantly improved vs. patients without CD26-inhibitor intake (80% vs. 58%, p=0.006). Likewise, the incidence of acute cellular rejection (ACR) was significantly reduced in patients on Sitagliptin (7% vs. 35%, p=0.01). IHC of patient lung biopsies showed expression of CD26 in perifibrotic areas of CLAD lesions. Additional clinical data from University Hospital Zurich and from University Hospital Padua confirmed the finding that Sitagliptin intake correlated with the absence of acute and chronic allograft rejection.
Conclusion
CD26-inhibition attenuates key pro-fibrotic mediators and fibroblast activity in vitro. Impressively, patients on CD26-inhibitor did not show any CLAD. Moreover, ACR was significantly reduced. Gliptins which are in routine clinical use for the treatment of type II diabetes therefore seem to have great potential to be repurposed for a novel clinical application against lung allograft rejection.
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Airway Epithelial Cells Drive Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Switching to the Proliferative and Pro-inflammatory Phenotype. Front Physiol 2021; 12:687654. [PMID: 34295265 PMCID: PMC8290262 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.687654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased mass of airway smooth muscle (ASM) in the airways of asthmatic patients may contribute to the pathology of this disease by increasing the capacity for airway narrowing. Evidence for the airway epithelium as a participant in ASM remodeling is accruing. To investigate mechanisms by which airway epithelial cells induce ASM cell (ASMC) proliferation, we have employed a co-culture model to explore markers of ASMC proliferative phenotype. Co-culture with epithelial cells led to incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into ASMCs, indicating augmented proliferation and an associated increase in mRNA of the pro-proliferative co-transcription factor Elk1. Although the mitogen heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) was augmented in the co-culture supernatant, the ASMC epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), an effector of HB-EGF induced proliferation, did not mediate epithelial-induced proliferation. The co-culture increased the expression of ASMC mRNA for the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 as well as the pro-proliferative microRNA miR-210. The transcriptional repressor Max-binding protein (Mnt), a putative target of miR-210, was transcriptionally repressed in co-cultured ASMCs. Together, these data indicate that the airway epithelium-induced proliferative phenotype of ASMCs is not driven by EGFR signaling, but rather may be dependent on miR210 targeting of tumor suppressor Mnt.
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Irisin promotes odontogenic differentiation and angiogenic potential in human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2020; 54:399-412. [PMID: 33089893 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether irisin, a newly discovered myokine that links exercise-induced and metabolic homeostasis, is able to promote odontogenic differentiation and angiogenesis in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). METHODOLOGY Cell viability in the presence of irisin was measured. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate the expression levels of irisin, odontogenic and angiogenic markers. The involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the protein kinase B (Akt) signalling pathway was evaluated by Western blot. To evaluate mineralization nodule formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red S staining were performed. Scratch wound assays were performed to evaluate the effects of irisin on cell migration. The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (anova) followed by Tukey post hoc test and Student's t-test. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. RESULTS Irisin significantly promoted odontogenic differentiation as evidenced by formation of mineralized nodules, induction of ALP activity and upregulation of odontogenic and angiogenic markers (P < 0.05). Scratch wound assays revealed that irisin significantly increased migration of HDPCs (P < 0.05). Phosphorylation of both MAPK and Akt was increased by irisin. MAPK and Akt inhibitors inhibited mineralization, cell migration and the increased expression of odontogenic and angiogenic markers. CONCLUSIONS Irisin promoted odontogenic differentiation and mineralization and has the potential for angiogenesis through activation of the MAPK and Akt signalling pathways in HDPCs.
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Long-term Follow-up of Complicated Crown Fracture With Fragment Reattachment: Two Case Reports. Oper Dent 2019; 44:574-580. [PMID: 30702408 DOI: 10.2341/18-201-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of complicated crown fracture of the maxillary incisors were restored using the fragment reattachment technique. Root canal treatment was performed, and the fractured fragment was bonded to the tooth structure using a dentin adhesive system and a flowable composite resin, followed by the insertion of a fiber post using dual-cured resin cement. Reattached fragments have shown reliable prognosis without inflammatory signs around bonded junctions after long-term follow-up.
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Ginkgetin, a biflavone from Ginkgo biloba leaves, prevents adipogenesis through STAT5-mediated PPARγ and C/EBPα regulation. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:325-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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P927Neuronal nitric oxide synthase-beta in the myofilament and maintains sarcomere structure in cardiomyocyte. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy564.p927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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DSG2 Is a Functional Cell Surface Marker for Identification and Isolation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:115-127. [PMID: 29910125 PMCID: PMC6117473 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represent the most promising clinical source for regenerative medicine. However, given the cellular heterogeneity within cultivation and safety concerns, the development of specific and efficient tools to isolate a pure population and eliminate all residual undifferentiated PSCs from differentiated derivatives is a prerequisite for clinical applications. In this study, we raised a monoclonal antibody and identified its target antigen as desmoglein-2 (DSG2). DSG2 co-localized with human PSC (hPSC)-specific cell surface markers, and its expression was rapidly downregulated upon differentiation. The depletion of DSG2 markedly decreased hPSC proliferation and pluripotency marker expression. In addition, DSG2-negative population in hPSCs exhibited a notable suppression in embryonic body and teratoma formation. The actions of DSG2 in regulating the self-renewal and pluripotency of hPSCs were predominantly exerted through the regulation of β-catenin/Slug-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Our results demonstrate that DSG2 is a valuable PSC surface marker that is essential for the maintenance of PSC self-renewal. DSG2 is a valuable cell surface marker for defining the state of pluripotency in PSCs DSG2 is essential for the maintenance of PSC self-renewal and pluripotency DSG2 regulates β-catenin-mediated EMT signaling in PSCs DSG2 is essential for the acquisition of pluripotency during reprogramming
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Quantum-mechanical analysis of effect of alloying elements on ε-martensite start temperature of steels. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17860. [PMID: 29259306 PMCID: PMC5736593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
With regard to the transformation mechanism of austenitic high manganese steel, the prediction of the ε-martensite start temperature is a critical consideration in alloy design. Evaluation of the ε-martensite start temperature makes it possible to predict the microstructure and to understand the phase transformation occurring during deformation. Here we use the quantum mechanical calculation of random alloys to understand the physics for ε-martensitic transformation in steels. We could find the linear relationship between the measured ε-martensite start temperatures and the crystal structure stability for various compositions. We also could estimate the effect of several alloying elements. It is expected that the effect of decreasing the temperatures for the same amount of alloying elements addition will be larger moving farther from Group VIII. By creating a free-energy model that reflects the temperature effect, we were able to calculate the average driving force required for the ε-martensitic transformations.
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Anterolateral femoral bowing and loss of thigh muscle are associated with occurrence of atypical femoral fracture: Effect of failed tension band mechanism in mid-thigh. J Orthop Sci 2017; 22:99-104. [PMID: 27720510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to characterize anterolateral bowing of the femur using X-rays and muscular atrophy in the mid-thigh using computed tomography (CT) in patients with atypical femoral fractures (AFFs). We then compared the results with those of an intertrochanteric fracture to understand whether these measures act as causative factors of AFFs. METHODS From January 2009 to December 2015, 37 patients with complete AFF and 12 patients with incomplete AFF were enrolled in this study. Lateral femoral bowing, anterior femoral bowing, cross-sectional area (CSA), and attenuation coefficient of thigh muscles in the AFF group are measured and compare with those in the intertrochanteric fracture group. RESULTS Lateral and anterior femoral bowing in the AFF group were significantly higher than those in the intertrochanteric fracture group. The level of fracture was found to be significantly associated with lateral and anterior femoral bowing (r = 0.569, r2 = 0.324, p < 0.001; r = -0.530, r2 = 0.281, p < 0.001, respectively). Total CSA and CSA of anterior and medial compartments were significantly lower in the AFF group (p < 0.05). The attenuation coefficient of the total thigh muscle and all three compartments in the AFF group were significantly lower than those in the intertrochanteric fracture group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that anterolateral femoral bowing and loss of thigh muscle were highly associated with the occurrence of AFFs.
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Predictors of general discomfort, limitations in activities of daily living and intention of a second donation in unrelated hematopoietic stem cell donation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 52:258-263. [PMID: 27819689 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We performed a retrospective study of 1868 consecutive unrelated donors to predict the risk factors related to general discomfort, limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) and intention of a second donation in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) donation. General discomfort and limitations in ADLs were assessed by numerical measurement (scores of 0-10) and donor's intention of a second donation by yes or no reply. The post-donation questionnaires were completed within 48 h after HSC collection and at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 4 months thereafter. Predictors of general discomfort included female sex (P<0.0001), bone marrow (BM) collection (P<0.0001) or PBSC collection through a central line (CL; P=0.0349), 2-day collection (P=0.0150) and negative or undetermined intention of a second donation on day 1 (P<0.0001). Predictors of limitations in ADLs included age group of 30-39 years (P=0.0046), female sex (P<0.0001), BM collection (P<0.0001) or PBSC collection through a CL (P<0.0001) and negative or undetermined intention of a second donation on day 1 (P<0.0001). The only predictor of positive intention of a second donation was male sex (P=0.0007). Age, sex and collection method and period should be considered risk factors when unrelated HSC donation is performed.
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CD26/DPP4-inhibition suppresses lung cancer growth via increased NK cell and macrophage recruitment. Zentralbl Chir 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1587531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sevoflurane preconditioning attenuates lung injury after mouse lung transplantation. Zentralbl Chir 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1587544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Properties of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Carbon Nanowall Counter Electrodes. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 16:5302-5304. [PMID: 27483920 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2016.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates plasma-treated and metal-coated carbon nanowalls (CNWs) for use as counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The CNWs were synthesized on a fluorine-tin-oxide (FTO) glass substrate using the microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system with methane (CH4) gas. The post-plasma treatment was performed on the CNWs with hydrogen (H2) plasma using PECVD, and the CNWs were sputter-coated with metal films using the RF magnetron sputtering system with a four-inch tungsten (W) target. Then the post-plasma-treated and metal-coated CNWs were used as counter electrodes for the fabrication of the DSSCs. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was performed to obtain cross-sectional and planar images of the grown CNWs. The energy conversion efficiencies of the DSSCs manufactured using the post-plasma-treated and metal-layer-coated CNWs as the counter electrodes were measured.
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Resection of a physeal bar with complete transverse osteotomy at the metaphysis and Ilizarov external fixation. Bone Joint J 2016; 97-B:1726-31. [PMID: 26637691 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.97b12.35548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The traditional techniques involving an oblique tunnel or triangular wedge resection to approach a central or mixed-type physeal bar are hindered by poor visualisation of the bar. This may be overcome by a complete transverse osteotomy at the metaphysis near the growth plate or a direct vertical approach to the bar. Ilizarov external fixation using small wires allows firm fixation of the short physis-bearing fragment, and can also correct an associated angular deformity and permit limb lengthening. We accurately approached and successfully excised ten central- or mixed-type bars; six in the distal femur, two in the proximal tibia and two in the distal tibia, without damaging the uninvolved physis, and corrected the associated angular deformity and leg-length discrepancy. Callus formation was slightly delayed because of periosteal elevation and stretching during resection of the bar. The resultant resection of the bar was satisfactory in seven patients and fair in three as assessed using a by a modified Williamson-Staheli classification.
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Artefacts at a glance: differentiating features of artefactual stenosis from true stenosis at the genu of the petrous internal carotid artery on TOF MRA. Clin Radiol 2015; 71:e72-8. [PMID: 26652609 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the distinguishing features of artefactual stenosis from true stenosis at the genu of the petrous internal carotid artery (ICA) on time of flight (TOF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Both TOF MRA and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were performed in 65 patients with 74 vessels who demonstrated artefactual stenosis in 43 patients with 50 vessels and true stenosis in 22 patients with 24 vessels. The following findings of the signal loss were compared between the two groups: (1) margin, (2) darkness, (3) the presence of bilaterality, (4) the presence of tandem arterial stenosis, (5) the location of the epicentre, and (6) length. RESULTS In five out of the six evaluated items, statistically significant differences were present between the two groups (p<0.00 in all five items). Artefactual stenosis more frequently showed signal loss with ill-defined margins (47/50), less darkness compared to the background darkness (46/50), the absence of tandem arterial stenosis (35/50), epicentre at the genu (34/50), and shorter length (2.57 ± 0.68 mm). No significant difference was noted in the presence of bilaterality of signal loss between the two groups (p=0.706). CONCLUSION Several MRA features can be useful for suggesting artefactual stenosis rather than true stenosis at the genu of the petrous ICA on TOF MRA.
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Modified anterograde pedicle advancement flap in fingertip injury. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2015; 40:944-51. [PMID: 25274772 DOI: 10.1177/1753193414552649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue reconstruction is needed to maintain the maximum length of the fingers in fingertip injury. The purpose of this study was to present an anterograde pedicle advancement flap technique, for the treatment of fingertip injuries, which involved a modification to the anterograde advancement flap by the dissection of the digital nerve and artery with a pedicle to advance the flap. This technique was used in 12 fingers in patients who had undergone soft tissue reconstruction of fingertip injuries between January 2012 and October 2013. The sizes of the flaps ranged from 8 × 7 mm to 14 × 10 mm. The mean length of advancement was 9.7 mm (range 7-13). The mean value of the static two-point discrimination test of the healed flaps was 5.1 mm (range 4-6) and the flaps survived in all the 12 cases. The modified anterograde pedicle advancement flap provides a reliable coverage of sensate soft tissue without bone shortening in fingertip injuries.Level II.
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Incidence of infection according to intravenous immunoglobulin use in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with multiple myeloma. Transpl Infect Dis 2015. [PMID: 26201517 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is not routinely recommended, many centers still use IVIG during the post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) period. METHOD A total of 162 multiple myeloma (MM) patients who underwent autologous (auto-) HSCT between January 2008 and June 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Primary objective was determination of the impact of IVIG on post-transplant infection, and secondary objectives included identification of overall incidence of infection, type of infection, and risk factors for infection after auto-HSCT in MM patients. RESULTS After auto-HSCT, 53 of 162 patients (32.7%) experienced 104 infectious events. Upper respiratory infection was most common (n = 31, 29.8%) and pneumonia (n = 27, 26.0%) and herpes zoster (n = 15, 14.4%) came next. Among the identifiable organisms causing respiratory infection, influenza virus (n = 10) and Pneumococcus (n = 9) were predominant. Incidence of infection was not statistically different according to IVIG use (34.8% in IVIG (-) vs. 31.3% in IVIG (+), P = 0.631). Incidence of infection requiring hospitalization and multiple episodes of infection showed no difference between the groups (P = 0.147, P = 0.156). In a Cox proportional hazard model, none of the factors including age, gender, type of disease, stage, tandem (vs. single) transplantation,and IVIG was prognostic for infectious event after auto-HSCT (P = 0.955, hazard ratio 0.980 with 95% confidence interval 0.481-1.997 for IVIG). CONCLUSION In auto-HSCT recipients with MM, incidence of post-transplant infection was not different according to prophylactic IVIG use.
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A new HLA-A*30 allele, A*30:81, identified by sequence-based typing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:582-3. [PMID: 25302674 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The new allele, HLA-A*30:81, differs from A*30:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at codon 272 (CTG→ATG).
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Acetylation changes at lysine 5 of histone H4 associated with lytic gene promoters during reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Acta Virol 2014; 58:282-6. [PMID: 25283865 DOI: 10.4149/av_2014_03_282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a pathogenic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease in humans. Similarly to other gammaherpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), KSHV displays two alternative life cycles, latent and lytic one. The transactivation from latency to the lytic phase is the result of transcriptional changes in the KSHV genome caused by the replication and transcriptional activator (RTA). During KSHV reactivation, epigenetic modifications of histone protein on the viral genome occur, which regulate the transcriptional activation of a number of lytic genes. The reactivation of EBV from latency to lytic cycle, induced by an immediate-early Zta protein, was shown to be accompanied by acetylation of specific lysines in histone H4. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the RTA-induced transactivation of KSHV could also be accompanied by histone acetylation. To validate this hypothesis, we assayed alterations of acetyl-histone H4-lysine 5 (acH4K5) during the RTA-mediated KSHV reactivation. While the modified histone protein in a total cell lysate was not distinguished between control and RTA-expressed cells, upregulated acH4K5 was detected on several lytic gene promoter regions during KSHV reactivation. Our results clearly indicate that this epigenetic change is related to transcription of genes expressed in the lytic cycle of KSHV.
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Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes loss of the tooth-supporting apparatus, including periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. A broad range of treatment options is currently available to restore the structure and function of the periodontal tissues. A regenerative approach, among others, is now considered the most promising paradigm for this purpose, harnessing the unique properties of stem cells. How to make full use of the body's innate regenerative capacity is thus a key issue. While stem cells and bioactive factors are essential components in the regenerative processes, matrices play pivotal roles in recapitulating stem cell functions and potentiating therapeutic actions of bioactive molecules. Moreover, the positions of appropriate bioactive matrices relative to the injury site may stimulate the innate regenerative stem cell populations, removing the need to deliver cells that have been manipulated outside of the body. In this topical review, we update views on advanced designs of biomatrices-including mimicking of the native extracellular matrix, providing mechanical stimulation, activating cell-driven matrices, and delivering bioactive factors in a controllable manner-which are ultimately useful for the regenerative therapy of periodontal tissues.
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Dysphagia could be the first presenting symptom of telbivudine-induced myopathy. Intern Med J 2014; 43:1048-9. [PMID: 24004397 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Characterization and optimization of vascular endothelial growth factor(165) (rhVEGF(165)) expression in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 87:55-60. [PMID: 23108225 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors(165) (VEGF(165)) is the most potent and widely used pro-angiogenic factor. Here we determined optimal culture condition of recombinant human VEGF(165) (rhVEGF(165)) in Escherichia coli (E. coli). rhVEGF(165) expression was the highest in 0.25% of L-arabinose induction concentration, at 20 °C induction temperature, and for 5 h induction time under the control of araBAD promoter using pBADHisA vector. In biological activity test, rhVEGF(165) significantly increased the proliferative activity of CPAE cells (p<0.001) and upregulated the expressions of endothelial cell growth-related genes, such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1), endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (TEK), kinase insert domain protein receptor (KDR), and tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 1 (TIE1) in calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cells.
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Aberrant ventral striatal responses during incentive processing in unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 123:376-86. [PMID: 21175552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by the dysfunction of control and reward mechanisms. However, only few neuroimaging studies of OCD have examined the reward processing. We examined the neural responses during incentive processing in OCD. METHOD Twenty unmedicated patients with OCD and 20 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a modified monetary incentive delay task. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients with OCD showed increased ventral striatal activation in the no-loss minus loss outcome contrast and a significant positive correlation between the ventral striatal activation and compulsion symptom severity. In addition, patients with OCD showed increased activations in the frontostriatal regions in the gain minus no-gain outcomes contrast. During loss anticipation, patients with OCD showed less activations in the lateral prefrontal and inferior parietal cortices. However, during gain anticipation, patients with OCD and healthy controls did not differ in the ventral striatal activation. CONCLUSION These findings provide neural evidence for altered incentive processing in unmedicated patients with OCD, suggesting an elevated sensitivity to negatively affect stimuli as well as dysfunction of the ventral striatum.
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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from a related donor infected with influenza H1N1 2009. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 13:548-50. [PMID: 21348910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract P3-10-25: The Prognosis of Metaplastic Breast Cancer Patients Compare to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs10-p3-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Metaplastic breeast cancer (MBC) is a rare, heterogenous cancer characterized by admixture of adenocarcinoma with metaplastic elements, low hormone receptor expression and poor outcome. This study was planned to assess the clinicopathological chacteristics and immunohistochemical findings of MBC compared to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) including the triple-negative subtype (TN-IDC). Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 47 MBC and 1,346 IDC patients. Two hundred eighteen TN-IDC patients were included in the 1,346 IDC patients. Between 2005 and 2009, these patients were undergone surgical treatment at the Samsung Medical Center. Patients were reviewed clinicopathologic factors, immunohistochemistry of biologic factors such as ER, PR, HER-2, p53, Ki67, cytokeratine (CK) 5/6, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and treatment modalities (type of operation, use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy). Result: The MBC patients presented with a larger tumor size (>T1, 66.0% vs. 44.3.%, P = 0.008), lower lymph node involvement (N0, 73.3% vs. 55.6%, P = 0.03), higher histologic (HG) and nuclear grade (NG) (HG3, 70.0% vs. 41.5%, P = 0.001; NG3,82.6% vs. 46.9%, P < 0.001), fewer estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 positivity (ER+, 4.3% vs. 69.2%, P < 0.001; PR+, 6.4% vs. 63.5%, P < 0.001; HER2+, 0% vs. 27.6%, P < 0.001), higher p53, CK5/6 and EGFR expression (p53+, 63.8% vs.38.8%, P < 0.001; CK5/6+, 71.9% vs.21.5%, P < 0.001; EGFR+, 93.9% vs.21.6%, P <0.001) and more TN subtypes (93.6% vs. 16.2%, P < 0.001) compared to the IDC group. There was no significant difference in clinicopathological characteristics with MBC and TN-IDC except EGFR over expression (EGFR+, 93.9% vs.69.0%, P = 0.017). In follow-up duration (median 30 months, range 2-56 months), seven (14.9%) MBC patients and 98 (7.2%) IDC patients recurred. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 78.1% in the MBC group and 91.1% in IDC group (P <0.001). The 3-year DFS rate was not significantly difference between MBC group and TN-IDC group (78.1% vs. 84.9%, P = 0.114). However, in patients with lymph node metastasis who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy, the 3-year DFS rate was 44.4% in MBC group and 72.5% in TN-IDC group (P = 0.025).
Discussion: In our result, MBC show poorer clinical outcome than IDC. It is not shown significant difference between MBC and TN-IDC. However, MBC patients with nodal metastasis have poorer prognosis than TN-IDC patients with metastasis despite adjuvant chemotherapy.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-10-25.
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Design and construction of a compact microwave proton source for a proton linac. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:02A314. [PMID: 20192335 DOI: 10.1063/1.3271170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A 100 MeV, 20 mA proton linear accelerator is being developed by the Proton Engineering Frontier Project at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. 20 MeV acceleration system using radio frequency quadrupole and drift tube linac was already developed and has been tested. To operate this acceleration system with a long time, more reliable proton source is needed. A compact microwave proton source was proposed and has been designed and constructed as a prototype ion source for the 100 MeV proton linear accelerator. The design of microwave power injection system is based on the microwave proton injector at LANL and CEA. The wave power from a 2.45 GHz, 2 kW magnetron source is introduced into a compact plasma chamber with 7 cm diameter and 5 cm length through a standard tapered, double-ridged waveguide (WRD250) and a quartz window. The microwave power supply is installed on high voltage platform. Axial magnetic fields up to 1 kG can be provided with a water-cooled solenoid coil. A single-hole three electrode extraction system is designed for an extraction current up to 30 mA at a 50 kV extraction voltage. The design and initial operations of the proton source are presented.
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Decreased phosphorylation of STAT-1, STAT-4 and cytokine release in MDR-TB patients with primary resistance. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12:1071-1076. [PMID: 18713507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING We recently showed that treatment failure rate was higher among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients without a previous history of tuberculosis (TB) treatment, or so-called 'primary resistance'. OBJECTIVE To investigate the phosphorylation levels of signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 (STAT-1) and STAT-4 and the subsequent cytokine release as a possible cause of a poor prognosis in MDR-TB patients with primary resistance. DESIGN Ten patients with successfully treated pulmonary TB without resistance, 12 MDR-TB patients with acquired resistance and 10 MDR-TB patients with primary resistance were enrolled. After 24 h stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-12 (IL-12), purified protein derivative (PPD), or lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, flow cytometric analysis of intracellular pSTAT-1 and pSTAT-4 were performed and secretion of IFN-gamma, IL-12p40 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was measured in culture supernatant. RESULTS The mean fluorescent intensities of pSTAT-1 and pSTAT-4 in PBMC of MDR-TB patients with primary resistance decreased on stimulation of IFN-gamma, PPD or lysate of M. tuberculosis when compared with patients with acquired resistance. In addition, secretion of IFN-gamma, IL-12p40 and TNF-alpha in these patients decreased on various stimuli. CONCLUSION Decreased phosphorylation of STAT-1, STAT-4, and of subsequent cytokine release, might be associated with a poor prognosis in MDR-TB patients with primary resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Phosphorylation
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT4 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/blood
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although bile duct ligation (BDL) in mice is used to study cholestasis, a detailed description of this animal model is lacking. The aim of this study was to define specific phases of acute and chronic injury and repair in the different cellular compartments of the liver. METHODS C57BL/6 mice underwent BDL or sham laparotomy, and serum and liver tissue were analysed between 8 h and 6 weeks later. RESULTS Biliary infarcts and alanine aminotransferase levels revealed acute hepatocellular injury peaking at days 2-3, paralleled by enhanced transcription of pro-proliferative mediators and followed by a distinct peak of hepatocellular proliferation at day 5. Cholangiocellular proliferation occurred in large bile ducts on days 2-3 and in small bile ducts on day 5. Neutrophil infiltration occurred within 8 h, with neutrophils remaining the predominant immune cell type until day 3. Acute injury was followed by continuous tissue repair, lymphocyte and Kupffer cell infiltration, and accumulation of collagen during the second week. Thereafter, the number of alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells and the expression of transforming growth factor beta1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 and procollagen (I) decreased, and liver fibrosis stabilized. CONCLUSION BDL elicits dynamic changes in mouse liver. The chronological dissection and quantification of these events identified specific phases of acute and chronic cholestatic liver injury.
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White matter abnormalities in drug-naïve patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a diffusion tensor study before and after citalopram treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2007; 116:211-9. [PMID: 17655563 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to investigate the white matter abnormalities of drug-naïve patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using diffusion tensor-imaging and the white matter changes in the patients after pharmacotherapy. METHOD Thirteen drug-naïve OCD patients and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy comparison subjects were examined using diffusion tensor-imaging and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Measurements were made in OCD patients before and after 12 weeks of citalopram treatment. RESULTS Compared with controls, the drug-naïve OCD patients showed significant increases in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the corpus callosum, the internal capsule and white matter in the area superolateral to the right caudate. The increases in FA were mostly no longer observed in patients after 12 weeks of treatment compared with controls. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that white matter alterations are associated with the pathophysiology of OCD, and the abnormalities may be partly reversible with pharmacotherapy.
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Characteristics of indicator microorganisms in paddy rice plots after reclaimed water irrigation. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2007; 55:267-73. [PMID: 17305149 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2007.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A study was performed to examine the effects of reclaimed-water irrigation on microorganism concentration in the ponded-water of paddy rice plots. Several treatments were used and each one was triplicated to evaluate the change of indicator microorganisms (total coliforms (TC), faecal coliforms (FC), and E. coli) concentrations in 2003 and 2004 growing seasons. Their concentrations increased significantly after irrigation, but decreased by approximately 45% in 24 h. It implies that agricultural activities such as ploughing and fertilising need to be practiced one or two days after irrigation, considering health risks. Treatments with UV-disinfected water irrigation, demonstrated significantly lower concentrations than others, including control plots where natural water was irrigated. The monitoring result from actual paddy rice fields and experimental paddy plots showed that concentrations of indicator microorganisms ranged from 10(2) to 10(5) MPN/100 mL. The field scale water reuse research project is in progress and national guidelines for reclaimed-water irrigation are under preparation in Korea. A comprehensive assessment of existing agricultural practices and a thorough monitoring in the fields as well as treatment plots are recommended to make national guidelines more representative.
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Integrated modelling under uncertainty in watershed-level assessment and management. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2007; 56:31-39. [PMID: 17978430 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2007.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty in water quality model predictions is inevitably high due to natural stochasticity, model uncertainty, and parameter uncertainty. An integrated modelling system (modified-BASINS) under uncertainty is described and demonstrated for use in receiving-water quality prediction and watershed management. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to investigate the effect of various uncertainty types on output prediction. Without pollution control measures in the watershed, the concentrations of total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) in the Hwaong Reservoir, considering three uncertainty types, would be less than about 4.4 and 0.23 mg L(-1), respectively, in 2012, with 90% confidence. The effects of two watershed management practices, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and constructed wetlands (WETLAND), were evaluated. The combined scenario (WWTP + WETLAND) was the most effective at improving reservoir water quality, bringing concentrations of T-N and T-P in the Hwaong Reservoir to less than 3.4 and 0.14 mg L(-1), 24 and 41% improvements, respectively, with 90% confidence. Overall, the Monte Carlo simulation in the integrated modelling system was practical for estimating uncertainty and reliable in water quality prediction. The approach described here may allow decisions to be made based on the probability and level of risk, and its application is recommended.
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Acute-phase response alters the disposition kinetics of cefepime following intravenous administration to rabbits. Vet Res Commun 2006; 31:67-75. [PMID: 17186405 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of experimentally induced fever on the pharmacokinetics of cefepime administered intravenously at a dose of 75 mg/kg bw was studied in six healthy rabbits. The study was conducted in two consecutive phases, separated by a washout period of 2 weeks. Infection was induced by the intravenous inoculation of 5 x 10(8) cfu of Escherichia coli 24 h before the pharmacokinetic investigation was carried out. Serial blood samples for cefepime concentration determination were obtained for 48 h following drug administration. The concentrations of cefepime in the plasma were determined by a quantitative microbiological assay using an agar-gel diffusion method employing Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 as the test organism, with a level of detectability of approximately 0.10 microg/ml. Cefepime plasma concentrations versus time were evaluated by non-compartmental methods using WinNonLin. Cefepime was well tolerated and no serious adverse events were observed. Rectal temperature increased 1 degree C 24 h post injection in infected animals. Highly significant differences in the blood plasma concentrations of cefepime were observed between febrile and healthy animals at all the sampling times. This could explain the greater area under the plasma level-time curve of the drug in febrile compared with healthy animals. The results from pharmacokinetic calculations showed that both the distribution volume at steady state (V (dss)) and body clearance (CL(tot)) were affected in febrile as compared to healthy animals. The mean values of V (dss) and CL(tot) of cefepime in healthy rabbits were 1.168 L/kg and 0.303 L/kg/h, respectively. As compared with healthy animals, the mean estimates of V (dss) (0.917 L/kg) and CL(tot) (0.205 L/kg per h) of cefepime were significantly lower, whereas t (1/2lambda), MRT and AUMC were significantly higher in febrile rabbits. It is concluded that, although experimental infection had an effect on the disposition kinetics of cefepime in healthy and febrile rabbits, this was not sufficiently pronounced to require alteration of the dosage during disease.
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Low loss high mesa optical waveguides based on InGaAsP/InP heterostructures. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2006; 6:3562-6. [PMID: 17252812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Low loss high mesa optical waveguides were fabricated on InGaAsP/InP heterostructures by utilizing inductively-coupled-plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) and electron beam lithography technique. The fabrication process was optimized by measuring sidewall roughness of deep-etched waveguides. Atomic force microscope loaded with carbon nanotude was used to obtain three-dimensional image of the etched sidewall of waveguides. The obtained statistical information such as rms roughness and correlation length was used to theoretically calculate scattering loss of waveguides. Several waveguides with different number of sharp bends and the length were fabricated and their propagation losses were measured by modified Fabry-Perot method. The measured propagation losses were compared with theoretically calculated losses.
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Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer: prognostic significance of low expression of bax. Neoplasma 2006; 53:450-6. [PMID: 17013542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A randomized trial has demonstrated that concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is superior to radiotherapy (RT) alone in locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Our study comprise 35 patients with locally advanced NPC (stage I: 1, II: 12, III: 7, IV: 15) with 1 cycle of induction chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil 1,000 mg/m(2)/day and cisplatin 20 mg/m(2)/day, days 1- 4) followed by concurrent CRT starting on day 22. Concurrent CRT consisted of RT (70 Gy/35 fractions for 7 weeks) with cisplatin 20 mg/m(2)/day for 4 days on weeks 1, 4, 7 of RT. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 33 patients (94%). Four-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of all patients were 57% and 65%, respectively. In analysis of prognostic factors, low expression of bax was the most significant independent predictor of poor prognosis in both PFS (p=0.002) and OS (p=0.008). In conclusion, the outcome of patients treated with this combined therapeutical modality appears to be comparable with that of Intergroup 0099 trial with high CR rate. Low expression of bax was significantly associated with poor PFS and OS.
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Effects of high concentrations of energy sources and metabolites on suspension culture of Chinese hamster ovary cells producing tissue plasminogen activator. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 91:515-21. [PMID: 16233032 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.91.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2001] [Accepted: 02/21/2001] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A high-concentration medium was developed for the high-density cultivation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to produce tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). First, the effects of the concentrations of several medium components on the growth and metabolism of CHO cells were studied particularly in relation to the serum concentration, in order to develop a suitable concentrated medium. High concentrations of serum, glucose, lactate, and glutamine and a low ammonia concentration increased the specific growth rate and decreased the specific tPA production rate. Among these components, the effect of the serum concentration was the most significant. There was an inverse correlation between the specific rates of cell growth and tPA production. Using a medium containing glutamine at twice the concentration of the original medium (F-12) allowed the medium volume to be reduced to seven-ninths that of the original, without any reduction in tPA productivity. When the F-12 medium was supplemented five-fold with amino acids and vitamins, the total amount of tPA produced, specific rate of tPA production, and yield of tPA per unit volume of medium employed were respectively enhanced 1.7, 1.5, and 3.6 times. As a consequence, the frequency of medium exchange could be reduced. The results strongly indicate that the supplementation of nutrient amino acids and vitamins to a medium with a low concentration of serum are the most critical factors for cost-effective tPA production in high-density cell cultivation.
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Enhancement of styrene removal by Pseudomonas sp. SR-5 in mixed culture with a benzoic acid-degrading bacterium in biofilter. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2005; 26:941-9. [PMID: 16128393 DOI: 10.1080/09593332608618505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The growth of a styrene-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. SR-5, was inhibited by benzoic acid (BA), one of the styrene degradation intermediates, in liquid culture. A benzoic acid-degrading microorganism, Raoultella sp. strain A, was isolated from a peat biofilter inoculated with a wastewater. The styrene removal efficiencies of the two laboratory-scale biofilters inoculated with only strain SR-5 and a mixed culture of strains SR-5 and A were compared using a mixed packing material of peat and ceramic (1:1) for 45 days. The biofilter with the mixed culture showed a higher removal efficiency than that with a single culture of SR-5. The maximum elimination capacities of the biofilters with the mixed culture and the single culture were 141 g m(-3)h(-1) and 106 g m(-3)h(-1), respectively. In the biofilter with the single culture, 136 g of benzoic acid (m3 of dry packing material)(-1) was accumulated at the end of the experiment. However, no accumulation of benzoic acid was observed in the biofilter with the mixed culture.
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Peripheral glutamate receptors contribute to mechanical hyperalgesia in a neuropathic pain model of the rat. Neuroscience 2004; 128:169-76. [PMID: 15450364 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that glutamate (Glu) released from the peripheral terminals of primary afferents contributes to the generation of mechanical hyperalgesia following peripheral nerve injury. Nerve injury was performed on rats with a lumbar 5 spinal nerve lesion (L5 SNL), which was preceded by L5 dorsal rhizotomy (L5 DR) to avoid the potential central effects induced by L5 SNL through the L5 dorsal root. Mechanical hyperalgesia, as evidenced by a reduction in paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), was short-lasting (<6 days) after L5 DR, but persistent (>42 days) after L5 SNL preceded by L5 DR. When an intraplantar injection into the affected hind paw was given immediately before L5 SNL, non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 (20 nmol), group-I metabotropic Glu (mGlu) receptor antagonist DL-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (DL-AP3; 70 nmol), and selective group-II mGlu receptor agonist 4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (APDC; 20 nmol) delayed the onset of PWT reduction for 1-4 days. However, this onset was not affected by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid/kainate receptor antagonist 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX; 100 nmol). When the same injection was given after L5 SNL-induced mechanical hyperalgesia had been established, MK-801 reversed the PWT reduction for 30-75 min, whereas NBQX, DL-AP3, or APDC had no effect. These results suggest that the manipulation of the peripheral Glu receptors reduces neuropathic pain, by blocking NMDA and group-I mGlu receptors and by stimulating group-II mGlu receptor during the induction phase of neuropathic pain, but only by blocking the NMDA receptor during its maintenance phase.
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Abstract
Ion channels are important target sites of anthelmintics, but little is known about those in Fasciola hepatica. In this work, we applied a planar lipid bilayer technique to characterize the properties of single ion channels in F. hepatica. Under a 200/40 mM KCl gradient, a large conductance channel of 251 pS was observed in 18% of the membranes studied. The channel was selective to K(+) over Cl(-) with a permeability ratio of K(+) to Cl(-) (PK/PCl) of 4.9. Open state probability (Po) of the channel was less than 0.5 and dependent on voltage (-60 to approximately +40 mV) and Ca(2+) (approximately 100 microM). The other two types of single channels observed in 11 and 5% of membranes, respectively, were a K(+)-permeable channel of 80 pS (PK/PCl=4.6) and a Cl(-)-permeable channel of 64 pS (PK/PCl=0.058). Open state probability of both channels showed little voltage dependence. The results indicate that distinct single channels of 60 to approximately 251 pS are present in relative abundance and, in addition, that the planar lipid bilayer technique can be a useful tool for the study of single ion channels in F. hepatica.
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Styrene degradation by Pseudomonas sp. SR-5 in biofilters with organic and inorganic packing materials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 65:349-55. [PMID: 15138732 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. SR-5 was isolated as a styrene-degrading bacterium. In liquid culture containing 1% (v/v) styrene, more than 90% styrene was degraded in 53 h and the doubling time of SR-5 was 2 h. The removal of styrene gas was investigated in biofilters for 31 days using an organic packing material of peat and an inorganic packing material of ceramic inoculated with SR-5. The maximum-styrene-elimination capacities for peat and ceramic packing materials were 236 and 81 g m(-3) h(-1), respectively. The percentage of styrene converted to low molecular weight compounds including CO(2) in the peat and ceramic biofilters during a 10-day operation were estimated to be 90.4 and 36.7%, respectively. As the pressure drop in the peat bioflter at the end of experiment was significantly higher than that in ceramic biofilter, a biofilter using a mixture of peat and ceramic was tested. We determined that the maximum elimination capacity was 170 g m(-3) h(-1) and the production of low molecular weight compounds was 95% at a low pressure drop for this mixed packing material filter.
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Abstract
Restriction of eye movement after surgery is an unusual but troublesome complication. A patient presented with a limitation of abduction after a 5 mm resection of medial rectus muscle and an 8 mm recession of lateral rectus muscle. Since the forced duction test was positive, restrictive factors were suggested to be implicated. A reparative operation was performed at the postoperative 9 month, and the forced duction test was negative after releasing the resected medial rectus muscle. The patient showed an improved abduction after recessing the resected muscle. Even after an uneventful surgery, resection of an extraocular muscle may cause restriction of ocular rotation caused by muscle scarring to the sclera or by an increased tightness of the muscle.
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Idarubicin, cytarabine, and topotecan in patients with refractory or relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Am J Hematol 2001; 68:237-45. [PMID: 11754412 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop more effective therapy for patients with refractory or relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), we investigated the efficacy of a combination chemotherapy consisting of idarubicin, cytarabine, and topotecan. Twenty-seven patients were treated: four with primary refractory AML, nine with AML in first relapse, four with AML in second relapse, and 10 with MDS-RAEB/RAEBT. Patients received as salvage therapy a single course of idarubicin 12 mg/m(2) IV bolus on days 1-3, cytarabine 1 g/m(2) over two hours q 12 hr on days 1-5, and topotecan 1.25 mg/m(2) over 24 hr on days 1-5. Median age was 42 years (range 17-65 years). All patients were evaluable for response: 14 (51.9%) achieved complete remission, 10 with AML (59%) and four with MDS (40%), respectively. Thirteen AML patients (excluding four relapsed after autologous stem cell transplantation) were grouped into four categories to stratify the probability of achieving complete remission (CR): group 1, first CR duration > or = 2 years and receiving first salvage treatment (S1); group 2, first CR duration 1-2 years and receiving S1; group 3, first CR duration 0-1 years and receiving S1; and group 4, first CR duration 0-1 years and receiving S2, S3, or S4 after failing S1. The response rate of each group was as follows: group 1, one of two (50%); group 2, one of one (100%); group 3, four of four (100%); group 4, two of six (33.3%). The median remission duration and survival of patients with AML were six and 12 months, respectively. Median duration of survival in 10 MDS patients was 15 months, and all four MDS patients achieving a CR maintained continuous CR with a median follow-up of 11 months. Severe myelosuppression was observed in all patients, resulting in fever or documented infections in 89% of patients. Median time to recovery of neutrophils > or =0.5 x 10(9)/l was 22 days (11-34) and for platelets > 20 x 10(9)/l 35 days (11-58). Reversible grade 3-4 toxicities included diarrhea (two patients) and mucositis (seven patients). We conclude that combination chemotherapy with intermediate dose cytarabine, idarubicin, and topotecan has significant antileukemic activity and acceptable toxicity in salvage AML and high-risk MDS.
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Protective effects of resveratrol on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Mutat Res 2001; 496:181-90. [PMID: 11551494 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as a major cause of cellular injuries in a variety of clinical abnormalities. One of the plausible ways to prevent the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cellular injury is dietary or pharmaceutical augmentation of endogenous antioxidant defense capacity. Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), one of the major antioxidative constituents found in the skin of grapes, has been considered to be responsible in part for the protective effects of red wine consumption against coronary heart disease ('French Pardox'). In this study, we have investigated the effects of resveratrol on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic death in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. PC12 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide underwent apoptotic death as determined by characteristic morphological features, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and positive in situ end-labeling by terminal transferase (TUNEL staining). Resveratrol pretreatment attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation, and intracellular accumulation of ROS. Hydrogen peroxide transiently induced activation of NF-kappaB in PC12 cells, which was mitigated by resveratrol pretreatment. These results suggest that resveratrol has the potential to prevent oxidative stress-induced cell death.
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Abstract
AC133 is a novel 5-transmembrane antigen present on a CD34((bright)) subset of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and it is also expressed on the subset of CD34 positive (CD34(+)) leukemias. But the clinical significance of AC133 expression on leukemic blasts is not yet known. We investigated the expression of AC133 antigen on blast cells of acute leukemia. Forty-one cases of acute leukemia were examined for expression of AC133, CD34, and other antigens using multicolor flow-cytometry. Samples were considered positive if at least 20% of the cells specifically stained with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) revealed a higher fluorescence intensity compared to cells of corresponding negative control samples (=20% cut-off level). 14/36 (38.9%) acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) samples and 6/20 (30%) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) samples were positive for AC133, the difference was not significant. All AC133 positive (AC133(+)) leukemias expressed CD34, whereas 13 of 33 CD34(+) leukemias were negative for AC133, and AC133(+)/CD34(-) leukemia was not found. Expression rates of CD31, CD62L, CD62E, CD105 and CD144 were significantly higher in AC133(+) leukemia compared to those of AC133(-) leukemia (P=0.045, P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.003, respectively), but bcl-2, CXCR-1, CXCR4, VLA-4, CD106 expression rates were not significantly different between AC133(+) and AC133(-) leukemias. None of the clinical prognostic markers such as age, hemogram, lactate dehydrogenase, and chromosomal aberration were significantly different between AC133(+) and AC133(-) leukemias. CR rates of AC133(+) AML and AC133(-) AML were not significantly different, although there was a trend toward higher CR rates in AC133(-) AML (18/22[81.8%] AC133(-) AML versus 9/14[64.3%] AC133(+) AML), but the 1-year relapse rate of AC133(+) AML was significantly higher than that of AC133(-) AML (8/9 (88.9%) versus 7/19 (36.8%), P=0.016). Median disease-free survival (DFS) times of AC133(+) and AC133(-) AML were significantly different (11 and 18 months, respectively, P=0.006), although overall survival (OS) times were not significantly different (AC133(+) 15 months versus AC133(-) 20 months, respectively, P=0.06). Similar results regarding clinical outcomes were found when AC133(+)/CD34(+) and AC133(-)/CD34(+) were analyzed separately, but the difference did not attain statistical significance. In ALL, 9/11 (81.8%) AC133(-) and 2/4 (50%) AC133(+) cases achieved CR, but the difference was not significant. Four of 11 AC133(-) ALL (36.4%) and 2 of 3 AC133(+) ALL (66.7%) relapsed within 1 year. In survival analysis, median DFS time and OS time of the AC133(+) group were 7 and 18 months, respectively, and these were not significantly different from those of the AC133(-) group (median DFS 15, OS 22 months, respectively). Our results demonstrate that AC133 expression in AML blasts is associated with poor clinical outcomes in terms of higher early relapse and shorter disease-free survival, suggesting that the AC133 antigen might provide the prognostic stratification of acute leukemia. However, to verify the effect of AC133 expression on the therapeutic outcomes of adult acute leukemia, further study including more cases is needed.
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Differential cell death induced by salsolinol with and without copper: possible role of reactive oxygen species. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 60:440-9. [PMID: 11502874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salsolinol (SAL), a novel dopaminergic catechol tetrahydroisoquinoline neurotoxin, has been speculated to contribute to the etiology of Parkinson's disease and neuropathology of chronic alcoholism. Our previous studies have demonstrated that SAL induces strand scission in øX174 supercoiled DNA and oxidative base modification in calf thymus DNA in the presence of cupric ion. We now report that treatment of rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells with SAL causes reduced viability, which was exacerbated by Cu(2+). The copper chelator bathocuproinedisulfonic acid ameliorated cytotoxicity induced by SAL and Cu(2+). N-Acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced glutathione protected against SAL- plus Cu(2+)-mediated PC12 cell death. Cells exposed to SAL underwent apoptosis, as revealed by characteristic morphological and biochemical changes. SAL treatment resulted in increased levels of Bax with a concomitant decrease in expression of Bcl-x(L). Furthermore, SAL rapidly activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase, whereas the activity of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase remained unchanged. Transfection with Bcl-x(L) or Bcl-2 led to protection against SAL-mediated PC12 cell death. Although SAL alone could cause apoptotic death in PC12 cells, cells treated with SAL together with Cu(2+) became necrotic. Cells exposed to both SAL and Cu(2+) exhibited higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine than did those treated with SAL alone. These results suggest that copper accelerates redox cycling of SAL, leading to massive production of reactive oxygen species, which can divert the SAL-induced cell death to necrosis.
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Evidence that the intracellular domain of FGF receptor 2IIIb affects contact of the ectodomain with two FGF7 ligands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283:791-7. [PMID: 11350054 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Models of the oligomeric FGF signaling complex, including those derived from crystal structures, vary in stoichiometry and arrangement of the three subunits comprised of heparin/heparan sulfate chains, FGFR tyrosine kinase and activating FGF. Here, using covalent affinity crosslinking of radiolabeled FGF7 to binary complexes of FGFR2IIIb and heparin, we show that two molecules of FGF7 contact each FGFR2IIIb. This supports models that propose a dimeric complex of two units with stoichiometry 1 FGF:1 FGFR in which each FGF contacts both FGFR. The bivalent FGF7 contact was dependent on the full-length amino terminus of FGF7alpha and the intracellular domain of FGFR2IIIb extending through the juxtamembrane domain and the beta1 and beta2 strands of the kinase which is required for ATP binding. We propose that the differences in crosslinking report differences in relationships among subunits in the ectodomain of the complex that are affected by the amino terminus of FGF and the FGFR intracellular domain. From this, we suggest the corollary that conformational relationships among subunits in the ectodomain are transmitted to the intracellular and ATP binding domains during activation of the complex.
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