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Schwaha T, Winston JE, Gordon DP. Morphology of ctenostome bryozoans: 5. Sundanella, with description of a new species from the Western Atlantic and the Multiporata concept. J Morphol 2022; 283:1139-1162. [PMID: 35788975 PMCID: PMC9545146 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ctenostome bryozoans are a small group of gymnolaemates that comprise only a few hundred described species. Soft‐tissue morphology remains the most important source for analysing morphological characters and inferring relationships within this clade. The current study focuses on the genus Sundanella, for which morphological data is scarce to almost absent. We studied two species of the genus, including one new to science, using histology and three‐dimensional reconstruction techniques and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Sundanella generally has a thick, sometimes arborescent cuticle and multiporous interzooidal pore plates. The lophophore is bilateral with an oral rejection tract and generally has 30 or 31 tentacles in both species. The digestive tract shows a large cardia in S. floridensis sp. nov. and an extremely elongated intestine in Sundanella sibogae. Both terminate via a vestibular anus. Only parietodiaphragmatic muscles are present and four to six duplicature bands. Both species show a large broad frontal duplicature band further splitting into four individual bands. The collar is vestibular. Sundanella sibogae shows highly vacuolated cells at the diaphragm, whereas S. floridensis sp. nov. has unique glandular pouches at the diaphragmal area of the tentacle sheath. Such apertural glands have never been encountered in other ctenostomes. Both species of Sundanella are brooders that brood embryos either in the vestibular or cystid wall. Taken together, the current analysis shows numerous characteristics that refute an assignment of Sundanella to victorellid ctenostomes, which only show superficial resemblance, but differ substantially in most of their soft‐body morphological traits. Instead, a close relationship with other multiporate ctenostomes is evident and the families Pherusellidae, Flustrellidrae and Sundanellidae should be summarized as clade ‘Multiporata’ in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwaha
- Department of Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Dennis P. Gordon
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)WellingtonNew Zealand
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Winston JE, Jackson JBC. Coral reef-associated bryozoans of Jamaica. Zootaxa 2021; 4988:1-218. [PMID: 34186778 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4988.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
As part of a long-term ecological study of the cryptic comunity of Jamaican coral reefs carried out by Jeremy B.C. Jackson and associates during the 1970s and early 1980s, collections were made of reef bryozoans found at 14 sites around the island. Space occupied by bryozoans on undercoral surfaces is dominated by relatively few species. However, during scanning electrone microscopy study and monograph preparation a diverse assortment of relatively rare species was discovered. Of the 132 species found, 56%, 74 species (70 cheilostomes and 4 cyclostomes) are new, as are one family (Inversiscaphidae) and 5 genera (Planospinella, Caribaria, Spirocoleopora, Gemellitheca, and Palliocella).
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Winston
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL 34949 USA. .
| | - Jeremy B C Jackson
- American Museum of Natural History, Division of Paleontology, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024-5102. .
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Sigwart JD, Bennett KD, Edie SM, Mander L, Okamura B, Padian K, Wheeler Q, Winston JE, Yeung NW. Measuring Biodiversity and Extinction-Present and Past. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:1111-1117. [PMID: 30535078 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How biodiversity is changing in our time represents a major concern for all organismal biologists. Anthropogenic changes to our planet are decreasing species diversity through the negative effects of pollution, habitat destruction, direct extirpation of species, and climate change. But major biotic changes-including those that have both increased and decreased species diversity-have happened before in Earth's history. Biodiversity dynamics in past eras provide important context to understand ecological responses to current environmental change. The work of assessing biodiversity is woven into ecology, environmental science, conservation, paleontology, phylogenetics, evolutionary and developmental biology, and many other disciplines; yet, the absolute foundation of how we measure species diversity depends on taxonomy and systematics. The aspiration of this symposium, and complementary contributed talks, was to promote better understanding of our common goals and encourage future interdisciplinary discussion of biodiversity dynamics. The contributions in this collection of papers bring together a diverse group of speakers to confront several important themes. How can biologists best respond to the urgent need to identify and conserve diversity? How can we better communicate the nature of species across scientific disciplines? Where are the major gaps in knowledge about the diversity of living animal and plant groups, and what are the implications for understanding potential diversity loss? How can we effectively use the fossil record of past diversity and extinction to understand current biodiversity loss?
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Sigwart
- Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, N. Ireland.,University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - K D Bennett
- Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, N. Ireland.,School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, Scotland
| | - Stewart M Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Luke Mander
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes MK76AA, UK
| | | | - Kevin Padian
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Quentin Wheeler
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Winston
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA
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Vieira L, Spencer Jones ME, Winston JE. Cradoscrupocellaria, a new bryozoan genus for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin) and related species (Cheilostomata, Candidae): taxonomy, biodiversity and distribution. Zootaxa 2015; 3707:1-63. [PMID: 26146678 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3707.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A new genus, Cradoscrupocellaria n. gen., is erected for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin, 1826), reported as widespread in tropical and subtropical waters. Here we select a neotype of this species in order to establish its identity and distinguish it from morphologically similar species. We include redescriptions and figures of additional species now assigned to this new genus: Cradoscrupocellaria curacaoensis (Fransen, 1986) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria hirsuta (Jullien & Calvet, 1903) n. comb., and Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhyncha (Gautier, 1962) n. comb. Five additional species are as-signed to the genus: Cradoscrupocellaria ellisi (Vieira & Spencer Jones, 2012) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria nanshaensis (Liu, 1991) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria reptans (Linnaeus, 1758) n. comb., Cradoscrupocellaria serrata (Waters, 1909) n. comb., and Cradoscrupocellaria tenuirostris (Osburn, 1950) n. comb. Eighteen new species are described: Cra-doscrupocellaria aegyptiana n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria arisaigensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria atlantica n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria calypso n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria floridana n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria galapagensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria gautieri n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria gorgonensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria hastingsae n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria insularis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria jamaicensis n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria lagaaiji n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria macrorhynchoides n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria makua n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria marcusorum n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria normani n. sp., Cradoscrupocellaria odonoghuei n. sp., and Cradoscrupocellaria osburni n. sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Vieira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ; Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP 11600–000, Brazil
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Fehlauer-Ale KH, Winston JE, Tilbrook KJ, Nascimento KB, Vieira LM. Identifying monophyletic groups withinBugulasensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea). ZOOL SCR 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin H. Fehlauer-Ale
- Laboratório de Bentos; Centro de Estudos do Mar; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Avenida Beira-Mar, s/n, Caixa Postal 61 CEP 83255-976 Pontal do Sul Pontal do Paraná PR Brazil
- Laboratório de Sistemática e Evolução de Bryozoa; Centro de Biologia Marinha; Universidade de São Paulo; Rodovia Manoel Hypólito do Rego, km 131, 5 Praia do Cabelo Gordo CEP 05588-000 São Sebastião SP Brazil
| | - Judith E. Winston
- Smithsonian Marine Station; 701 Seaway Drive Fort Pierce FL 34949 USA
| | - Kevin J. Tilbrook
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History; Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PW UK
| | - Karine B. Nascimento
- Laboratório de Sistemática e Evolução de Bryozoa; Centro de Biologia Marinha; Universidade de São Paulo; Rodovia Manoel Hypólito do Rego, km 131, 5 Praia do Cabelo Gordo CEP 05588-000 São Sebastião SP Brazil
| | - Leandro M. Vieira
- Laboratório de Sistemática e Evolução de Bryozoa; Centro de Biologia Marinha; Universidade de São Paulo; Rodovia Manoel Hypólito do Rego, km 131, 5 Praia do Cabelo Gordo CEP 05588-000 São Sebastião SP Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária CEP 50670-901 Recife Pernambuco Brazil
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Vieira LM, Migotto AE, Winston JE. Ctenostomatous Bryozoa from São Paulo, Brazil, with descriptions of twelve new species. Zootaxa 2014; 3889:485-524. [PMID: 25544281 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3889.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes 21 ctenostomatous bryozoans from the state of São Paulo, Brazil, based on specimens observed in vivo. A new family, Jebramellidae n. fam., is erected for a newly described genus and species, Jebramella angusta n. gen. et sp. Eleven other species are described as new: Alcyonidium exiguum n. sp., Alcyonidium pulvinatum n. sp., Alcyonidium torquatum n. sp., Alcyonidium vitreum n. sp., Bowerbankia ernsti n. sp., Bowerbankia evelinae n. sp., Bowerbankia mobilis n. sp., Nolella elizae n. sp., Panolicella brasiliensis n. sp., Sundanella rosea n. sp., Victorella araceae n. sp. Taxonomic and ecological notes are also included for nine previously described species: Aeverrillia setigera (Hincks, 1887), Alcyonidium hauffi Marcus, 1939, Alcyonidium polypylum Marcus, 1941, Anguinella palmata van Beneden, 1845, Arachnoidella evelinae (Marcus, 1937), Bantariella firmata (Marcus, 1938) n. comb., Nolella sawayai Marcus, 1938, Nolella stipata Gosse, 1855 and Zoobotryon verticillatum (delle Chiaje, 1822).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M Vieira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 50670-901, Brazil.;
| | - Alvaro E Migotto
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP 11600-000, Brazil.;
| | - Judith E Winston
- Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA.;
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Vieira LM, Spencer Jones ME, Winston JE, Migotto AE, Marques AC. Evidence for polyphyly of the genus Scrupocellaria (Bryozoa: Candidae) based on a phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95296. [PMID: 24747915 PMCID: PMC3991637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bryozoan genus Scrupocellaria comprises about 80 species in the family Candidae. We propose a hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships among species assigned to Scrupocellaria to serve as framework for a phylogenetic classification using 35 morphological characters. Our results suggest that the genus Scrupocellaria is polyphyletic. Scrupocellaria s. str. is redefined according to four morphological features: vibracular chamber with a curved setal groove, ooecium with a single ectooecial fenestra, two axillary vibracula, and a membranous operculum with a distinct distal rim. Thus, the genus includes only 11 species: Scrupocellaria aegeensis, Scrupocellaria delilii, Scrupocellaria harmeri, Scrupocellaria incurvata, Scrupocellaria inermis, Scrupocellaria intermedia, Scrupocellaria jullieni, Scrupocellaria minuta, Scrupocellaria puelcha, Scrupocellaria scrupea, and Scrupocellaria scruposa. The monophyly of Cradoscrupocellaria is supported and five new genera are erected: Aquiloniella n. gen., Aspiscellaria n. gen., Paralicornia n. gen., Pomocellaria n. gen. and Scrupocaberea n. gen. Two other new genera, Bathycellaria n. gen. and Sinocellaria n. gen., are erected to accommodate two poorly known species, Scrupocellaria profundis Osburn and Scrupocellaria uniseriata Liu, respectively. Scrupocellaria congesta is tentatively assigned to Tricellaria. Fifteen species are reassigned to Licornia: Licornia cookie n. comb., Licornia micheli n. comb., Licornia milneri n. comb., Licornia curvata n. comb., Licornia diegensis n. comb., Licornia drachi n. comb., Licornia mexicana n. comb., Licornia pugnax n. comb., Licornia raigadensis n. comb., Licornia regularis n. comb., Licornia resseri n. comb., Licornia securifera n. comb., Licornia spinigera n. comb., Licornia tridentata n. comb., and Licornia wasinensis n. comb. Notoplites americanus n. name is proposed as a replacement name for Scrupocellaria clausa Canu & Bassler. Three fossil species are reassigned to Canda: Canda rathbuni n. comb., Canda triangulata n. comb. and Canda williardi n. comb. A species is reassigned to Notoplites, Notoplites elegantissima n. comb. The generic assignment of eleven species of Scrupocellaria, including Scrupocellaria macandrei, remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M. Vieira
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Judith E. Winston
- Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Alvaro E. Migotto
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Marques
- Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vieira LM, Winston JE, Fehlauer-Ale KH. Nine new species of Bugula Oken (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) in Brazilian shallow waters. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40492. [PMID: 22808173 PMCID: PMC3395711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bugula is a speciose genus of marine bryozoans, represented by both endemic and cosmopolitan species distributed in tropical and temperate waters and important to marine biologists because of the occurrence of many species in harbor and fouling communities, therefore as potential invaders. The southeastern Brazilian coast in the southern Atlantic hosts the highest known diversity of the genus, a status intimately associated with the intensity of collecting efforts. Methodology Morphological data based on the examination of living specimens, scanning electron and light microscopic images, and morphometric analyses were used to assess the diversity of Bugula along the coastal areas of southern, northeastern, and southeastern Brazil. In this study, morphological species boundaries were based mainly on avicularian characters. For two morphologically very similar species, boundaries are partially supported by 16 S rDNA molecular data. Results Nine species are newly described from Brazil, as follows: Bugula bowiei n. sp. ( = Bugula turrita sensu Marcus, 1937) from the southern, northeastern, and southeastern coasts; Bugula foliolata n. sp. ( = Bugula flabellata sensu Marcus, 1938), Bugula guara n. sp., Bugula biota n. sp. and Bugula ingens n. sp from the southeastern coast; Bugula gnoma n. sp. and Bugula alba n. sp. from the northeastern coast; Bugula rochae n. sp. ( = Bugula uniserialis sensu Marcus, 1937) from the southern coast; and Bugula migottoi n. sp., from the southeastern and southern coasts. Conclusion The results contribute to the morphological characterization and the knowledge of the species richness of the genus in the southwestern Atlantic (i.e., Brazil), through the description of new species in poorly sampled areas and also on the southeastern coast of that country. Additionally, the taxonomic status of the Brazilian specimens attributed to B. flabellata, B. turrita and B. uniserialis are clarified by detailed studies on zooidal and avicularia morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M Vieira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
In contrast to marine organisms whose offspring go through an extended planktonic stage, the young of others develop directly into benthic juveniles or into yolky nonfeeding larvae that spend only a few hours in the plankton before settling. Yet, paradoxically, many such species have geographic distributions that are comparable to those with a pelagic dispersal stage. This article reviews some of the ways in which these organisms can expand their distributions: drifting, rafting, hitchhiking, creeping, and hopping. Drifting applies to species in which larvae may be short-lived, but adults can detach or be detached from their benthic substratum and be passively carried to new areas, floating at the water's surface or below it. Many encrusting species and mobile species can spread by rafting, settling on natural or artificial floating substrata which are propelled by wind and currents to new regions. Hitchhiking applies to those attaching to vessels or being carried in ballast water of ships to a distant region in which their offspring can survive. Other marine species extend their distributions by hopping from one island of hard substratum or favorable sedimentary microhabitat to another, while creeping species extend their distributions along shores or shelves where habitats remain similar for long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Winston
- Research and Collections Division, Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA.
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Winston JE, Gregory MR, Stevens LM. Encrusters, Epibionts, and Other Biota Associated with Pelagic Plastics: A Review of Biogeographical, Environmental, and Conservation Issues. Springer Series on Environmental Management 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8486-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Encrusting cheilostome bryozoans structurally resemble aggregates of small boxes, with both frontal and vertical walls capable of resisting forces generated by water-borne debris or predators. Both the skeletal strength and design of the walls are important in determining the relative ability of the colony to resist damage. Two mechanical tests, puncture and compression, performed on nine species of tropical bryozoans reveal significant differences in skeletal strength both between species and between the outer and inner regions of colonies. Puncture stresses required to break through the frontal walls of zooids range from 0.8 to 291.0 MNm-2 for edge zooids and from 1.1 to 457.4 MNm-2 for inner zooids; compressive stresses required to damage the colony range from 4.4 to 16.9 MNm-2 for edge regions and 6.5 to 27.2 MNm-2 for inner regions. Ecological implications for these differences in skeletal strength are discussed with particular reference to resisting predation. From the mechanical test results, the material properties of shear strength (2.6-90.5 MNm-2) and compressive strength (8.2-110.0 MNm-2) are estimated for the frontal and vertical walls, respectively. Bryozoan wall material appears to be comparable in strength to such biological ceramics as coral, echinoid spine, bivalve shell, and vertebrate bone, but lower in strength than gastropod shell.
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