What is the frequency and nature of visual hallucinations in non-clinical participants?

OBJECTIVES

There is a paucity of psychological treatments for visual hallucinations (VH). A key aspect in the psychological treatment of hallucination-related distress is normalisation to explain that these experiences are commonplace and can be non-distressing. In order to normalise VH, it is vital that more is known about VH in non-clinical populations. This study investigated the prevalence, content, context, appraisals, distress, and behavioural reactions to VH in a non-clinical sample.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study was conducted.

METHODS

466 students completed the Multi-Modality Unusual Sensory Experiences Questionnaire-VH subscale with additional contextual follow-up questions.

RESULTS

Of the 466 participants, 395 (84.8%) reported anomalous visual experiences. 176 (37.77%) participants reported VH similar to the content seen in psychosis. Of the overall sample, 17.38% felt their experience met the VH definition. Participants mainly saw figures, when alone and in the evening. Participants endorsed normalising appraisals: 112 out of 176 (78.87%) believed their mind was playing tricks on them and 83 (58.45%) believed they were tired. However, many also believed the VH was a threat to their mental (66, 46.48%) or physical well-being (41, 28.87%). These negative appraisals were associated with distress.

CONCLUSION

VH are seemingly common in non-clinical populations and are similar in a number of ways to those of people with psychosis. Awareness that VH occur on a continuum could normalise people's experiences and reduce their negative appraisals and related distress.

Use of information technology by biological researchers

Recent studies of computer-based information-handling by scientists have tended to look at such activities across all the sciences. This is true, in particular, of the recent detailed Royal Society (RS)/British Library (BL)/Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) survey. The present study aims to complement these by concentrating on the biological sciences only. It surveys the usage of information technology and related factors by researchers at four institutions - an agricultural faculty, a university school of biology, a government research estab lishment and a pharmaceutical laboratory.

Information usage by biological researchers

Continuing change in the provision of, and access to, scien tific information has stimulated interest in the nature of current information usage by scientists. Recent studies have looked at this question in terms of science as a whole. The present study complements these by concentrating on the biological sciences only. It surveys research information usage in four institutions - a university agricultural faculty, a university school of biology, a government research estab lishment and a pharmaceutical laboratory - and comple ments a study of information technology usage by biological researchers which has already appeared. It is found that biologists have a spread of information needs which paral lels in its diversity that of all the sciences taken together. Changes in information-handling in biology are occurring, but to differing extents, depending on the institution and the biological specialism.