1
|
Otsuka S, Miura Y, Saiki J. Consciousness influences the enhancement of visual statistical learning in Zipfian distributions. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2024; 50:889-901. [PMID: 37883051 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that visual statistical learning (VSL) is facilitated in skewed distributions. However, it remains unclear whether enhancement of VSL in Zipfian distributions is due to consciousness of the regularities presented at high frequency. This study addressed this issue. We measured participants' subjective confidence in regularities and awareness of regularities during familiarization by combining a previously reported procedure for VSL with a postdecision wagering task and posttest questionnaire. The results demonstrated that Zipfian distribution enhanced not only VSL but also metacognitive sensitivity, particularly for high-frequency regularities, as the effects of consciousness on VSL were limited to high-frequency regularities. Moreover, the results indicated that awareness during familiarization mediated VSL enhancement in the Zipfian distribution. These results suggest that VSL for events with high-frequency regularities plays an important role in the cognition of events with low-frequency regularities via awareness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
2
|
Takebayashi H, Saiki J. Mean orientation discrimination based on proximal stimuli. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:1287-1302. [PMID: 38514597 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Ensemble perception refers to the ability to accurately and rapidly perceive summary statistical representations of specific features from a group of similar objects. However, the specific type of representation involved in this perception within a three-dimensional (3-D) environment remains unclear. In the context of perspective viewing with stereopsis, distal stimuli can be projected onto the retina as different forms of proximal stimuli based on their distances, despite sharing similar properties, such as object size and spatial frequency. This study aimed to investigate the effects of distal and proximal stimuli on the perception of summary statistical information related to orientation. In our experiment, we presented multiple Gabor patches in a stereoscopic environment, allowing us to measure the discrimination threshold of the mean orientation. The object size and spatial frequency were fixed for all patches regardless of depth. However, the physical angular size and absolute spatial frequency covaried with the depth. The results revealed the threshold elevation with depth expansion, especially when the patches formed two clusters at near and far distances, leading to large variations in their retinotopic representations. This finding indicates a minor contribution of similarity of the distal stimuli. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the variability in physical angular size of the patches significantly influenced the threshold elevation in contrast to that of binocular disparity and absolute spatial frequency. These findings highlight the critical role of physical angular size variability in perceiving mean orientations within the 3-D space.
Collapse
|
3
|
Yamazaki Y, Saiki J. Self-relevance effect in shape-label matching task does not transfer to attentional task. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
4
|
Takebayashi H, Saiki J. Effects of retinal size variability of objects on mean orientation estimation in a three-dimensional space. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
5
|
Mizuno J, Ueda Y, Hagura N, de Brecht M, Saiki J. The effect of contextual-cueing induced attentional guidance on context-free trials. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
6
|
Yu Y, Tsuda H, Yamamoto H, Saiki J. Systematic bias in visual working memory for image style. J Vis 2022. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.14.3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
7
|
Takebayashi H, Saiki J. Restriction of orientation variability and spatial frequency on the perception of average orientation. Perception 2022; 51:464-476. [PMID: 35578551 DOI: 10.1177/03010066221099356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the observation of a single object, orientation and spatial frequency are jointly coded in an early stage of visual processing, as is evident from studies on the aftereffects of specific combinations of both these features. However, they become independent in the decision-making stage because observers can identify one feature while ignoring the other. Does this separability expand into the perception of ensemble representations? This study investigated the effect of the spatial frequencies of Gabor patches on orientation averaging. In the experiment, the average orientations of all eight patches composed of either homogeneous (i.e., eight 3 cycles/degree or 0.8 cycles/degree patches) or heterogeneous (i.e., four 3 cycles/degree and four 0.8 cycles/degree patches) spatial frequencies were stably estimated if the orientation varied within the range of ±7.7° around the true mean. However, when the range was extended to ±14°, we found that the averaging performance was better in the homogeneous lower spatial frequency than in the homogeneous higher spatial frequency and heterogeneous spatial frequency conditions. These results suggest that an ensemble perception of orientation is modulated by spatial frequency components.
Collapse
|
8
|
Otsuka S, Ueda Y, Saiki J. Diversity in Psychological Research Activities: Quantitative Approach With Topic Modeling. Front Psychol 2021; 12:773916. [PMID: 34975665 PMCID: PMC8716499 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.773916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent cultural studies have discussed universality and diversity in human behavior using numerous samples investigated worldwide. We aimed to quantitatively extend this discussion to various research activities in psychology in terms of geographic regions and time trends. Most psychology departments have specialists in various fields of psychology. Further, research institutions in all regions typically aim to provide systematic and balanced research education. Nevertheless, most researchers recognize universal features and patterns of diversity in research activities in psychology in terms of regional differences and time trends. However, these arguments remain intuitive and vague, and no studies have conducted quantitative analyses. To this end, we conducted topic modeling for the abstracts of psychological articles with the regions of author affiliations and publication periods as covariates. The results showed that the topic proportions related to basic research were high in North-Central America, whereas those related to clinical research were high in Europe. Interestingly, the regional differences shown by topic modeling were not observed in the frequency analysis of keywords, indicating that topic modeling revealed implicit characteristics. Moreover, we observed an increasing trend of neuroscience topics across publication periods. However, this trend was not valid for the psychology journal Psychological Science. Taken together, our results suggest diversity of geographic regions and periods in research activities in psychology. More importantly, our findings indicate that universality holds neither for human behavior nor research activities on human mental processes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Simonson T, Hutson J, Yu Y, Kumakiri S, Ueda Y, Saiki J, Loschky L. The Price of Breaking the Tyranny of Film: The cognitive demand of top-down processes. J Vis 2021. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.9.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
10
|
Tsai CC, Chien SE, Ueda Y, Saiki J, Yeh SL. Search Asymmetry Revisited: Search for Target with More Features than Distractors is Not Necessarily More Efficient. J Vis 2021. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.9.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
11
|
Takebayashi H, Saiki J. Averaging performances of orientations decrease in proportion to depth increase. J Vis 2021. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.9.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
12
|
Takebayashi H, Saiki J. Orientation variance and spatial frequency modulate ensemble perception of orientation. J Vis 2020. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.11.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
13
|
Yu Y, Takeda Y, Tsuda H, Saiki J. Visual long-term memory for image style. J Vis 2020. [DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.11.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
14
|
Hamada D, Nakayama M, Saiki J. Wisdom of crowds and collective decision-making in a survival situation with complex information integration. COGNITIVE RESEARCH-PRINCIPLES AND IMPLICATIONS 2020; 5:48. [PMID: 33057843 PMCID: PMC7561655 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-020-00248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The wisdom of crowds and collective decision-making are important tools for integrating information between individuals, which can exceed the capacity of individual judgments. They are based on different forms of information integration. The wisdom of crowds refers to the aggregation of many independent judgments without deliberation and consensus, while collective decision-making is aggregation with deliberation and consensus. Recent research has shown that collective decision-making outperforms the wisdom of crowds. Additionally, many studies have shown that metacognitive knowledge of subjective confidence is useful for improving aggregation performance. However, because most of these studies have employed relatively simple problems; for example, involving general knowledge and estimating values and quantities of objects, it remains unclear whether their findings can be generalized to real-life situations involving complex information integration. This study explores the performance and process of the wisdom of crowds and collective decision-making by applying the wisdom of crowds with weighted confidence to a survival situation task commonly used in studies of collective decision-making. Results The wisdom of crowds and collective decision-making outperformed individual judgment. However, collective decision-making did not outperform the wisdom of crowds. Contrary to previous studies, weighted confidence showed no advantage from comparison between confidence-weighted and non-weighted aggregations; a simulation analysis varying in group size and sensitivity of confidence weighting revealed interaction between group size and sensitivity of confidence weighting. This reveals that it is because of small group size and not the peculiarity of the survival task that results in no advantage of weighted confidence. Conclusions The study’s findings suggest that the wisdom of crowds could be applicable to complex problem-solving tasks, and interaction between group size and sensitivity of confidence weighting is important for confidence-weighted aggregation effects.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
A key challenge for the visual system entails the extraction of constant properties of objects from sensory information that varies moment by moment due to changes in viewing conditions. Although successful performance in constancy tasks requires cooperation between perception and working memory, the function of the memory system has been under-represented in recent material perception literature. Here, we addressed the limits of material constancy by elucidating if and how working memory is involved in constancy tasks by using a variety of material stimuli, such as metals, glass, and translucent objects. We conducted experiments with a simultaneous and a successive matching-to-sample paradigm in which participants matched the perceived material properties of objects with or without a temporal delay under varying illumination contexts. The current study combined a detailed analysis of matching errors, data on the strategy use obtained via a self-report questionnaire, and the statistical image analysis of diagnostic image cues used for material discrimination. We found a comparable material constancy between simultaneous and successive matching conditions, and it was suggested that, in both matching conditions, participants used similar information processing strategies for the discrimination of materials. The study provides converging evidence on the critical role of working memory in material constancy, where working memory serves as a shared processing bottleneck that constrains both simultaneous and successive material constancy.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fujimichi M, Yamamoto H, Saiki J. The limited contribution of early visual cortex in visual working memory for surface roughness. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2189-2197. [PMID: 32683514 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05881-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Are visual representations in the human early visual cortex necessary for visual working memory (VWM)? Previous studies suggest that VWM is underpinned by distributed representations across several brain regions, including the early visual cortex. Notably, in these studies, participants had to memorize images under consistent visual conditions. However, in our daily lives, we must retain the essential visual properties of objects despite changes in illumination or viewpoint. The role of brain regions-particularly the early visual cortices-in these situations remains unclear. The present study investigated whether the early visual cortex was essential for achieving stable VWM. Focusing on VWM for object surface properties, we conducted fMRI experiments, while male and female participants performed a delayed roughness discrimination task in which sample and probe spheres were presented under varying illumination. By applying multi-voxel pattern analysis to brain activity in regions of interest, we found that the ventral visual cortex and intraparietal sulcus were involved in roughness VWM under changing illumination conditions. In contrast, VWM was not supported as robustly by the early visual cortex. These findings show that visual representations in the early visual cortex alone are insufficient for the robust roughness VWM representation required during changes in illumination.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hamada D, Yamamoto H, Saiki J. Association between synesthetic colors and sensitivity to physical colors changed by type of synesthetic experience in grapheme-color synesthesia. Conscious Cogn 2020; 83:102973. [PMID: 32570155 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Grapheme-color synesthesia is a condition in which visual perception of letters induces simultaneous perception of a specific color. Previous studies indicate that grapheme-color synesthetes are more sensitive to physical colors than non-synesthetes. Synesthetic colors are found to be concentrated in multiple regions of the color space, forming "synesthetic color clusters". The present study investigated whether color sensitivity corresponding to synesthetic color clusters (clustered colors) is higher than color sensitivity that does not correspond to synesthetic color clusters (non-clustered colors). However, we found no difference in the color sensitivity for clustered and non-clustered colors. We also investigated whether the color sensitivity is dependent on the synesthetic experience (associators and projectors). We found that the greater the tendency toward associator characteristics, the greater the sensitivity for clustered colors compared to that for non-clustered colors. Our findings suggest an association between synesthetic colors and physical color sensitivity that is modulated by synesthetic experience.
Collapse
|
18
|
Otsuka S, Saiki J. Neural Mechanisms of Memory Enhancement and Impairment Induced by Visual Statistical Learning. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1749-1763. [PMID: 32530382 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has reported that the medial temporal, parietal, and frontal brain regions are associated with visual statistical learning (VSL). However, the neural mechanisms involved in both memory enhancement and impairment induced by VSL remain unknown. In this study, we examined this issue using event-related fMRI. fMRI data from the familiarization scan showed a difference in the activation level of the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) between structured triplets, where three objects appeared in the same order, and pseudorandom triplets. More importantly, the precentral gyrus and paracentral lobule responded more strongly to Old Turkic letters inserted into the structured triplets than to those inserted into the random triplets, at the end of the familiarization scan. Furthermore, fMRI data from the recognition memory test scan, where participants were asked to decide whether the objects or letters shown were old (presented during familiarization scan) or new, indicated that the middle frontal gyrus and SFG responded more strongly to objects from the structured triplets than to those from the random triplets, which overlapped with the brain regions associated with VSL. In contrast, the response of the lingual gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and cuneus was weaker to letters inserted into the structured triplets than to those inserted into the random triplets, which did not overlap with the brain regions associated with observing the letters during the familiarization scan. These findings suggest that different brain regions are involved in memory enhancement and impairment induced by VSL.
Collapse
|
19
|
Otsuka S, Saiki J. Neural correlates of visual short-term memory for objects with material categories. Heliyon 2019; 5:e03032. [PMID: 32083200 PMCID: PMC7019076 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and neuroscience studies have shown that we can easily identify material categories, such as metal and fabric. Not only the early visual areas but also higher-order visual areas including the fusiform gyrus are known to be engaged in material perception. However, the brain mechanisms underlying visual short-term memory (VSTM) for material categories are unknown. To address this issue, we examined the neural correlates of VSTM for objects with material categories using a change detection task. In each trial, participants viewed a sample display containing two, four, or six objects having six material categories and were required to remember the locations and types of objects. After a brief delay, participants were asked to detect an object change based on the images or material categories in the test display (image-based and material-based conditions). Neuronal activity in the brain was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Behavioral results showed that the number of objects encoded did not increase as a function of set size in either image-based or material-based conditions. By contrast, MRI data showed a difference between the image-based and material-based conditions in percent signal change observed in a priori region of interest, the fusiform face area (FFA). Thus, we failed to achieve our research aim. However, the brain activation in the FFA correlated with the activation in the precentral/postcentral gyrus, which is related to haptic processing. Our findings indicate that the FFA may be involved in VSTM for objects with material categories in terms of the difference between images and material categories and that this memory may be mediated by the tactile properties of objects.
Collapse
|
20
|
Higuchi Y, Ueda Y, Shibata K, Saiki J. Spatial variability induces generalization in contextual cueing. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2019; 46:2295-2313. [PMID: 31750725 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We can incidentally learn regularities in a visual scene, and this kind of learning facilitates subsequent processing of similar scenes. One example of incidental learning is referred to as contextual cueing, a phenomenon in which repetitive exposure to a particular spatial configuration facilitates visual search performance in the configuration. Previous studies have demonstrated that effects of contextual cueing generalize to similar, but not entirely identical configurations. Although humans may be capable of extracting regularity from variable instances and applying it to a new instance, the mechanisms underlying generalization in contextual cueing are not fully understood. We hypothesized that contextual cueing results from extraction of variance in item locations, and the variance is used to calculate the similarity between the learned and new configuration. Based on this hypothesis, we predicted that contextual cueing would generalize more widely when the variability of item locations during learning is large compared with when it is small. The results supported our hypothesis, indicating that spatial variability induced generalization in contextual cueing. This finding suggests that, in incidental learning, the similarity between a learned and new representation is computed based on the variance of inputs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
|
21
|
Saiki J, Kuo BC, Chen YP, Kawashima T. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Reviewing Feature Binding of Color and Letter in Visual Working Memory. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
22
|
Simonson TL, Hutson JP, Kumakiri S, Takamori R, Mcleod E, Treyu H, Ma Y, Cook A, Kolze K, Kriss K, Nicholas O, Uehara Y, Saiki J, Loschky LC. Investigating volitional attentional control during film viewing. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.125b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
23
|
Fujimichi M, Tsuda H, Yamamoto H, Saiki J. Decoding objects’ roughness held in visual working memory. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
24
|
Mine C, Saiki J. Reward Experience Modulates Endogenous Attentional Cueing Effects. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.283b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
25
|
Ueda Y, Tsai CC, Chien SE, Yeh SL, Saiki J. Visual Search Revisited in East Asia: Experience Matters. J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.312c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|