Association Between HIV Infection and the Risk of Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Preserved Ejection Fraction in the Antiretroviral Therapy Era: Results From the Veterans Aging Cohort Study

Importance

With improved survival, heart failure (HF) has become a major complication for individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is unclear if this risk extends to different types of HF in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Determining whether HIV infection is associated with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), or both is critical because HF types differ with respect to underlying mechanism, treatment, and prognosis.

Objectives

To investigate whether HIV infection increases the risk of future HFrEF and HFpEF and to assess if this risk varies by sociodemographic and HIV-specific factors.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This study evaluated 98 015 participants without baseline cardiovascular disease from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, an observational cohort of HIV-infected veterans and uninfected veterans matched by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and clinical site, enrolled on or after April 1, 2003, and followed up through September 30, 2012. The dates of the analysis were October 2015 to November 2016.

Exposure

Human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Outcomes included HFpEF (EF≥50%), borderline HFpEF (EF 40%-49%), HFrEF (EF<40%), and HF of unknown type (EF missing).

Results

Among 98 015 participants, the mean (SD) age at enrollment in the study was 48.3 (9.8) years, 97.0% were male, and 32.2% had HIV infection. During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, there were 2636 total HF events (34.6% were HFpEF, 15.5% were borderline HFpEF, 37.1% were HFrEF, and 12.8% were HF of unknown type). Compared with uninfected veterans, HIV-infected veterans had an increased risk of HFpEF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.03-1.41), borderline HFpEF (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.09-1.72), and HFrEF (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.40-1.86). The risk of HFrEF was pronounced in veterans younger than 40 years at baseline (HR, 3.59; 95% CI, 1.95-6.58). Among HIV-infected veterans, time-updated HIV-1 RNA viral load of at least 500 copies/mL compared with less than 500 copies/mL was associated with an increased risk of HFrEF, and time-updated CD4 cell count less than 200 cells/mm3 compared with at least 500 cells/mm3 was associated with an increased risk of HFrEF and HFpEF.

Conclusions and Relevance

Individuals who are infected with HIV have an increased risk of HFpEF, borderline HFpEF, and HFrEF compared with uninfected individuals. The increased risk of HFrEF can manifest decades earlier than would be expected in a typical uninfected population. Future research should focus on prevention, risk stratification, and identification of the mechanisms for HFrEF and HFpEF in the HIV-infected population.

Association between family history and coronary heart disease death across long-term follow-up in men: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

BACKGROUND

Family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) has been well studied as an independent risk factor for CHD events in the short term (<10 years). However, data are sparse on the association between family history and risk for CHD across long-term follow-up.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We included 49 255 men from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. Premature family history of CHD was defined as the presence of angina, myocardial infarction, angioplasty, or bypass surgery in a relative <50 years of age. Cause-specific mortality was obtained from the National Death Index. The association between premature family history and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or CHD death was compared across 3 unique follow-up periods (0-10, >10-20, and >20 years). Lifetime risk was estimated by use of a modified survival analytic technique adjusted for competing risk with non-CVD death as the competing event. After 811 708 person-years of follow-up, there were 919 CHD deaths and 1456 CVD deaths. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, premature family history was associated with CHD mortality >10 to 20 years (1.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.22) and >20 years (1.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.95) with wider confidence intervals at 0 to 10 years (1.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.76-2.31). Similar findings were observed for CVD mortality. Compared with men without a family history of coronary artery disease, premature family history was associated with an ≈50% higher lifetime risk for both CHD and CVD mortality (13.7% versus 8.9% and 21% versus 14.1%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Premature family history was associated with a persistent increase in both CHD and CVD mortality risk across long-term follow-up, resulting in significantly higher lifetime risk estimates.

Geographic Variation in Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation in Medicare and Veterans Affairs Populations: Opportunity for Improvement

BACKGROUND

Cardiac rehabilitation is strongly recommended after myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass surgery, but it is historically underused. We sought to evaluate variation in cardiac rehabilitation participation across the United States.

METHODS

From administrative data from the Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system and a 5% Medicare sample, we used International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision codes to identify patients hospitalized for myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass surgery from 2007 to 2011. After excluding patients who died in ≤30 days of hospitalization, we calculated the percentage of patients who participated in ≥1 outpatient visits for cardiac rehabilitation during the 12 months after hospitalization. We estimated adjusted and standardized rates of participation in cardiac rehabilitation by state using hierarchical logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Overall, participation in cardiac rehabilitation was 16.3% (23 403/143 756) in Medicare and 10.3% (9123/88 826) in VA. However, participation rates varied widely across states, ranging from 3.2% to 41.8% in Medicare and 1.2% to 47.6% in VA. Similar regional variation was observed in both populations. Patients in the West North Central region (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota) had the highest participation, whereas those in the Pacific region (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington) had the lowest participation in both Medicare (33.7% versus 10.6%) and VA (16.6% versus 5.1%) populations. Significant hospital-level variation was also present, with participation ranging from 3% to 75% in Medicare and 1% to 43% in VA.

CONCLUSIONS

Cardiac rehabilitation participation remains low overall in both Medicare and VA populations. However, remarkably similar regional variation exists, with some regions and hospitals achieving high rates of participation in both populations. This provides an opportunity to identify best practices from higher performing hospitals and regions that could be used to improve cardiac rehabilitation participation in lower performing hospitals and regions.

Neighborhood Deprivation Predicts Heart Failure Risk in a Low-Income Population of Blacks and Whites in the Southeastern United States

BACKGROUND

Recent data suggest that neighborhood socioeconomic environment predicts heart failure (HF) hospital readmissions. We investigated whether neighborhood deprivation predicts risk of incident HF beyond individual socioeconomic status in a low-income population.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Participants were 27 078 whites and blacks recruited during 2002 to 2009 in the SCCS (Southern Community Cohort Study), who had no history of HF and were using Centers for Medicare or Medicaid Services. Incident HF diagnoses through December 31, 2010, were ascertained using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes 428.x via linkage with Centers for Medicare or Medicaid Services research files. Participant residential information was geocoded and census tract determined by a spatial join to the US Census Bureau TIGER/Line Shapefiles. The neighborhood deprivation index was constructed using principal components analysis based on census tract-level socioeconomic variables. Cox models with Huber-White cluster sandwich estimator of variance were used to investigate the association between neighborhood deprivation index and HF risk. The study sample was predominantly middle aged (mean, 55.5 years), black (69%), female (63%), low income (70% earned <$15 000/y), and >50% of participants lived in the most deprived neighborhoods (third neighborhood deprivation index tertile). Over median follow-up of 5.2 years, 4300 participants were diagnosed with HF. After adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors, a 1 interquartile increase in neighborhood deprivation index was associated with a 12% increase in risk of HF (hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.18), and 4.8% of the variance in HF risk (intraclass correlation coefficient, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.6-6.4) was explained by neighborhood deprivation.

CONCLUSIONS

In this low-income population, scant neighborhood resources compound the risk of HF above and beyond individual socioeconomic status and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Improvements in community resources may be a significant axis for curbing the burden of HF.

Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation With Decreased Hospitalization and Mortality Risk After Cardiac Valve Surgery

Importance

National guidelines recommend cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after cardiac valve surgery, and CR is covered by Medicare for this indication. However, few data exist regarding current CR enrollment after valve surgery.

Objective

To characterize CR enrollment after cardiac valve surgery and its association with outcomes, including hospitalizations and mortality.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study of patients undergoing valve surgery was conducted in calendar year 2014, with follow-up through 2015. The study included all fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries undergoing open cardiac valve surgery in 2014. Patients identified by inpatient diagnosis codes for open aortic, mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary valve surgery were included. Data analysis occurred from January 2018 to March 2019.

Exposures

Logistic regression was used to evaluate sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with CR enrollment.

Main Outcomes and Measures

We used Andersen-Gill models to evaluate the association of CR enrollment with 1-year hospitalization risk and Cox regression models to evaluate the association of CR enrollment with 1-year mortality risk.

Results

A total of 41 369 Medicare beneficiaries (median [interquartile range] age, 73 [68-79] years; 16 935 [40.9%] female) underwent open valve surgery in the United States in 2014. Fewer than half of patients (17 855 [43.2%]) who had valve surgery enrolled in CR programs. Several racial/ethnic groups had lower odds of enrolling in CR programs after valve surgery compared with white patients, including Asian patients (odds ratio [OR], 0.36 [95% CI, 0.28-0.47]), black patients (OR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.54-0.67]), and Hispanic patients (OR, 0.36 [95% CI, 0.28-0.46]). Patients undergoing concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting had higher odds of CR enrollment (OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.20-1.31]) than those without the concomitant coronary artery bypass graft procedure, as did patients in the Midwest census region (OR, 2.40 [95% CI, 2.28-2.54]) compared with those in the South (reference). Cardiac rehabilitation enrollment was associated with fewer hospitalizations within 1 year of discharge (hazard ratio, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.63-0.69] after multivariable adjustment). Enrollment was also associated with a 4.2% absolute decrease in 1-year mortality risk (hazard ratio, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.35-0.44] after multivariable adjustment).

Conclusions and Relevance

Fewer than half of Medicare beneficiaries undergoing cardiac valve surgery enroll in CR programs, and there are marked racial/ethnic disparities among those that do. Cardiac rehabilitation is associated with decreased 1-year cumulative hospitalization and mortality risk after valve surgery. These results invite further study on barriers to CR enrollment in this population.

Cardiac rehabilitation and readmissions after heart transplantation

BACKGROUND

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is under-utilized. CR is indicated after heart transplantation, but there are no data regarding CR participation in transplant recipients. We characterized current CR utilization among heart transplant recipients in the United States and the association of CR with 1-year readmissions using the 2013-2014 Medicare files.

METHODS

The study population included Medicare beneficiaries enrolled due to disability (patients on the transplant list are eligible for disability benefits under Medicare regulations) or age ≥65 years. We identified heart transplant patients by diagnosis codes and cumulative CR sessions occurring within 1 year after the transplant hospitalization.

RESULTS

There were 2,531 heart transplant patients in the USA in 2013, of whom 595 (24%) received Medicare coverage and were included in the study. CR utilization was low, with 326 patients (55%) participating in CR programs. The Midwest had the highest proportion of transplant recipients initiating CR (68%, p = 0.001). Patients initiating CR attended a mean of 26.7 (standard deviation 13.3) sessions, less than the generally prescribed program of 36 sessions. Transplant recipients age 35 to 49 years were less likely to initiate CR (odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23 to 0.66, p < 0.001) and attended 8.2 fewer sessions (95% CI 3.5 to 12.9, p < 0.001) than patients age ≥65 years. CR participation was associated with a 29% lower 1-year readmission risk (95% CI 13% to 42%, p = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Only half of cardiac transplant recipients participate in CR, and those who do have a lower 1-year readmission risk. These data invite further study on barriers to CR in this population.

Association of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Context With Participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation

BACKGROUND

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is underutilized in the United States, with fewer than 20% of eligible patients participating in CR programs. Individual socioeconomic status is associated with CR utilization, but data regarding neighborhood characteristics and CR are sparse. We investigated the association of neighborhood socioeconomic context with CR participation in the SCCS (Southern Community Cohort Study).

METHODS AND RESULTS

The SCCS is a prospective cohort study of 84 569 adults in the southeastern United States from 2002 to 2009, 52 117 of whom have Medicare or Medicaid claims. Using these data, we identified participants with hospitalizations for myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass surgery and ascertained their CR utilization. Neighborhood socioeconomic context was assessed using a neighborhood deprivation index derived from 11 census-tract level variables. We analyzed the association of CR utilization with neighborhood deprivation after adjusting for individual socioeconomic status. A total of 4096 SCCS participants (55% female, 57% black) with claims data were eligible for CR. CR utilization was low, with 340 subjects (8%) participating in CR programs. Study participants residing in the most deprived communities (highest quintile of neighborhood deprivation) were less than half as likely to initiate CR (odds ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.66, P<0.001) as those in the lowest quintile. CR participation was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.996, P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Lower neighborhood socioeconomic context was associated with decreased CR participation independent of individual socioeconomic status. These data invite research on interventions to increase CR access in deprived communities.

Association of Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Long-term Healthcare Costs

INTRODUCTION

The American Heart Association's (AHA's) 2020 Strategic Impact Goals introduced the concept of ideal cardiovascular (CV) health based on seven health factors and behaviors associated with lower CV disease (CVD) risk. The association between CV health and healthcare costs has not been reported; therefore, we evaluated the association between CV health profile and later-life healthcare costs.

METHODS

Cooper Center Longitudinal Study participants (N=4,906; mean age, 56 years) receiving Medicare coverage from 1999 to 2009 were included. CV health behaviors (diet, physical activity, BMI, smoking) and CV health factors (blood pressure, total cholesterol, blood glucose) were categorized as unfavorable (zero to two ideal components); intermediate (two to four); and favorable (five to seven). Healthcare costs were cumulated from Medicare claims data, adjusted for inflation. Associations between midlife CV health status and non-CVD and CVD-related costs were estimated using multivariable quantile regression. Analyses were conducted in 2013 and 2014.

RESULTS

Favorable CV health was prevalent in 14.8% of men and 30.1% of women, with <1% having ideal levels of all health metrics. After 31,945 person-years of Medicare follow-up, individuals with favorable CV health exhibited 24.9% (95% CI=11.7%, 36.0%) lower median annual non-CVD costs and 74.5% (57.5%, 84.7%) lower median CVD costs than those with unfavorable CV health. Annualized differences were greater for non-CVD costs than for CVD costs ($1,175 vs $566).

CONCLUSIONS

Having more ideal CV health components in middle age, as outlined by the AHA 2020 Goals, is associated with lower non-CVD and CVD healthcare costs in later life.

Perceived health competence predicts health behavior and health-related quality of life in patients with cardiovascular disease

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate the effect of perceived health competence, a patient's belief in his or her ability to achieve health-related goals, on health behavior and health-related quality of life.

METHODS

We analyzed 2063 patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome and/or congestive heart failure at a large academic hospital in the United States. Multivariable linear regression models investigated associations between the two-item perceived health competence scale (PHCS-2) and positive health behaviors such as medication adherence and exercise (Health Behavior Index) as well as health-related quality of life (5-item Patient Reported Outcome Information Measurement System Global Health Scale).

RESULTS

After multivariable adjustment, perceived health competence was highly associated with health behaviors (p<0.001) and health-related quality of life (p<0.001). Low perceived health competence was associated with a decrease in health-related quality of life between hospitalization and 90days after discharge (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Perceived health competence predicts health behavior and health-related quality of life in patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disease as well as change in health-related quality of life after discharge.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Patients with low perceived health competence may be at risk for a decline in health-related quality of life after hospitalization and thus a potential target for counseling and other behavioral interventions.

Geographic Variation in Access to Cardiac Rehabilitation

BACKGROUND

There is marked geographic variation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) initiation, ranging from 10% to 40% of eligible patients at the state level. The potential causes of this variation, such as patient access to CR centers, are not well studied.

OBJECTIVES

The authors sought to determine how access to CR centers affects CR initiation in Medicare beneficiaries.

METHODS

The authors used Medicare files to identify CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries and calculate CR initiation rates at the hospital referral region (HRR) level. We used linear regression to evaluate the percent variation in CR initiation accounted for by CR access across HRRs. We then employed geospatial hotspot analysis to identify CR deserts, or counties in which patient load per CR center is disproportionately high.

RESULTS

A total of 1,133,657 Medicare beneficiaries were eligible for CR from 2014 to 2017, of whom 263,310 (23%) initiated CR. The West North Central Census Division had the highest adjusted CR initiation rate (35.4%) and the highest density of CR programs (6.58 per 1,000 CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries). Density of CR programs accounted for 21.2% of geographic variation in CR initiation at the HRR level. A total of 40 largely urban counties comprising 14% of the United States population age ≥65 years had disproportionately low CR access and were identified as CR deserts.

CONCLUSIONS

A substantial proportion of geographic variation in CR initiation was related to access to CR programs, with a significant amount of the U.S. population living in CR deserts. These data invite further study on interventions to increase CR access.

Depressed Mood, Perceived Health Competence and Health Behaviors: aCross-Sectional Mediation Study in Outpatients with Coronary Heart Disease

BACKGROUND

Identifying potential mechanisms that link depressed mood with worse health behaviors is important given the prevalence of depressed mood in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and its relationship with subsequent mortality. Perceived health competence is an individual's confidence in his/her ability to successfully engineer solutions to achieve health goals and may explain how depressed mood affects multiple health behaviors.

OBJECTIVE

Examine whether or not perceived health competence mediates the relationship between depressed mood and worse health behaviors.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study conducted by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute-funded Mid-South Clinical Data Research Network between August 2014 and September 2015. Bootstrapped mediation was used.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients with coronary heart disease (n = 2334).

MAIN MEASURES

Two items assessing perceived health competence, a single item assessing depressed mood, and a Health Behaviors Index including: the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); select items from the National Adult Tobacco Survey and the Alcohol Use Disorder Inventory Test; and single items assessing diet and medication adherence.

KEY RESULTS

Depressed mood was associated with lower perceived health competence (a = - 0.21, p < .001) and lower perceived health competence was associated with worse performance on a Health Behaviors Index(b = 0.18, p < .001). Perceived health competence mediated the influence of depressed mood on health behaviors (ab = - 0.04, 95% CI = - 0.05 to - 0.03). The ratio of the indirect effect to the total effect was used as a measure of effect size (P_M = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.39).

CONCLUSIONS

Depressed mood is associated with worse health behaviors directly and indirectly via lower perceived health competence. Interventions to increase perceived health competence may lessen the deleterious impact of depressed mood on health behaviors and cardiovascular outcomes.

Relation of Perceived Health Competence to Physical Activity in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease

Physical inactivity is highly associated with mortality, especially in patients with coronary heart disease. We evaluated the effect of perceived health competence, a patient's belief in his or her ability to achieve health-related goals, on cumulative physical activity levels in the Mid-South Coronary Heart Disease Cohort Study. The Mid-South Coronary Heart Disease Cohort Study consists of 2,587 outpatients (32% were female) with coronary heart disease at an academic medical center network in the United States. Cumulative physical activity was quantified in metabolic equivalent (MET)-minutes per week with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. We investigated associations between the 2-item Perceived Health Competence Scale (PHCS-2) and MET-minutes/week after adjusting for co-morbidities and psychosocial factors with linear regression. Nearly half of participants (47%) exhibited low physical activity levels (<600 MET-minutes/week). Perceived health competence was highly associated with physical activity after multivariable adjustment. A nonlinear relation was observed, with the strongest effect on physical activity occurring at lower levels of perceived health competence. There was effect modification by gender (p = 0.03 for interaction). The relation between perceived health competence and physical activity was stronger in women compared with men; an increase in the PHCS-2 from 3 to 4 was associated with a 73% increase in MET-minutes/week in women (95% confidence interval 43% to 109%, p <0.0001) compared with a 53% increase in men (95% confidence interval 27% to 84%, p <0.0001). In conclusion, low perceived health competence was strongly associated with less physical activity in patients with coronary heart disease and may represent a potential target for behavioral interventions.

Abstract 191: Association of Midlife Fitness with Healthcare Charges in Later Life: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

Background: The inverse association between cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality is well described. However, the association between midlife fitness in healthy adults and healthcare charges in later life has not been reported. We hypothesized that higher midlife fitness would be associated with lower healthcare charges independent of traditional risk factors.

Methods: Linking individual participant data from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study with Medicare claims files, we studied 20,489 healthy individuals (mean age 51, 21% women) free of prior myocardial infarction, stroke and cancer who survived to receive Medicare coverage through 1999-2009 for a total of 134,070 years of Medicare exposure. Traditional risk factors and fitness were measured at study entry. Fitness was estimated by Balke protocol treadmill time and categorized into age- and sex-specific quintiles, with quintile 1 as low fitness. Healthcare charges were cumulated using Medicare claims files and adjusted for inflation. Associations between midlife fitness and healthcare charges in later life were estimated using a Tobit censored regression model after adjustment for age, body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking.

Results: Compared to quintile 1 (low fitness), quintiles 4-5 (high fitness) measured at a mean age of 51 were associated with lower median annual healthcare charges at age ≥65 in both men ($3277 vs. $5134, p<0.001) and women ($2755 vs. $4565, p<0.001). The inverse associations between fitness and healthcare charges were consistent across levels of traditional risk factor burden (Figure) and persisted after multivariable adjustment in men [β = -0.34 (95% confidence interval -0.21 to -0.46), p<0.001, quintiles 4-5 vs. quintile 1] and women [β = -0.32 (95% CI -0.09 to -0.54), p<0.01]. Similar findings were observed when fitness was analyzed as a continuous variable (METs) in men [β = -0.07 (95% CI -0.049 to -0.091), p<0.001] and women [β = -0.12 (95% CI -0.076 to -0.16), p<0.001].

Conclusions: Higher fitness in healthy, middle-aged adults is strongly associated with lower healthcare charges decades later in older age, independent of other traditional risk factors.

Implementation of a Clinical Decision Support Tool to Improve Cardiac Rehabilitation Referral

PURPOSE

Inadequate referral to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a major barrier to CR participation. We investigated the implementation of a clinical decision support (CDS) tool on improving CR referral for patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at an academic medical center.

METHODS

We developed a CDS tool that identified patients admitted with AMI and reminded physicians to refer patients to CR. We used multivariable-adjusted logistic regression to evaluate predictors of CR referral prior to the CDS tool. We then conducted an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis on CR referral rates before and after intervention.

RESULTS

A total of 1985 patients admitted with acute MI from December 2014 through March 2023 were included. Prior to CDS implementation, 1218 of 1657 patients (74%) were referred to CR. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression demonstrated that ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on arrival (OR = 1.70: 95% CI, 1.29-2.23, P < .001) and percutaneous coronary intervention during the hospitalization (OR = 2.25: 95% CI, 1.60-3.15, P < .001) were associated with a higher odds of CR referral. After implementation of the CDS tool, 308 of 328 patients (94%) received CR referrals. An ITS analysis demonstrated that the increase in CR referral from 74-94% after the CDS tool was highly significant (P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of a CDS tool reminding physicians to refer patients with AMI to CR markedly improved CR referral rates at our institution. These findings are important for institutions seeking to improve outcomes in patients with AMI.

Abstract 310: Neighborhood Socioeconomic Context Predicts Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation Above and Beyond Individual Socioeconomic Status

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is underutilized in the United States, with less than 20% of eligible patients participating in CR programs. Individual socioeconomic status is associated with CR utilization, but the effect of neighborhood socioeconomic context on CR use has not been described. We investigated the association of CR participation with neighborhood socioeconomic context in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS).

Methods: The SCCS is a prospective cohort study of 84,569 largely poor adults in the southeastern United States, of which 52,117 participants have Medicare or Medicaid claims. Using these claims data, we identified SCCS participants with hospitalizations for myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass surgery or cardiac valve surgery and ascertained their CR utilization. Neighborhood socioeconomic context was assessed using a previously validated neighborhood deprivation index. This index was derived using 11 census-tract level variables including median household value and percentage of households with public assistance income. We used multivariable-adjusted logistic and Cox regression to evaluate the association of CR participation with neighborhood socioeconomic context and mortality.

Results: A total of 4456 SCCS participants (56% female, 59% Black) were eligible for CR at a mean age of 60.5 + 9.1 years and an average of 4.0 + 2.5 years after study enrollment. CR utilization was low as expected, with 308 subjects (6.9%) participating in CR programs. CR participation is inversely associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39-0.70, p=<0.0001) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.22-0.65, p=<0.001) after multivariable adjustment. Neighborhood socioeconomic context is strongly associated with CR participation after adjustment for individual socioeconomic status (educational level and household income) as well as rural status (Table).

Conclusions: Neighborhood socioeconomic context predicts CR participation in addition to individual socioeconomic status. These data invite research on interventions to increase CR access in deprived communities.

Collection and Utilization of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in a Colorectal Surgery Clinic

INTRODUCTION

The routine collection of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) promises to improve patient care. However, in colorectal surgery, PROMs are uncommonly collected outside of clinical research studies and rarely used in clinical care. We designed and implemented a quality improvement project with the goals of routinely collecting PROMs and increasing the frequency that PROMs are utilized by colorectal surgeons in clinical practice.

METHODS

This mixed-methods, quality improvement project was conducted in the colorectal surgery clinic of a tertiary academic medical center. Patients were administered up to five PROMs before each appointment. PROM completion rates were measured. Additionally, we performed two educational interventions to increase utilization of our electronic health record's PROM dashboard by colorectal surgeons. Utilization rates and attitudes toward the PROM dashboard were measured.

RESULTS

Overall, patients completed 3600 of 3977 (90.9%) administered PROMs during the study period. At baseline, colorectal surgeons reviewed 6.7% of completed PROMs. After two educational interventions, this increased to 39.3% (P = 0.004). Colorectal surgeons also felt that the PROM dashboard was easier to use. Barriers to greater PROM dashboard utilization included poor user interface/user experience and a perceived lack of knowledge, time, and relevance.

CONCLUSIONS

The collection of PROMs in colorectal surgery clinics is feasible and can result in high PROM completion rates. Educational interventions can improve the utilization of PROMs by colorectal surgeons in clinical practice. Our experience collecting PROMs through this quality improvement initiative can serve as a template for other colorectal surgery clinics interested in collecting and utilizing data from PROMs.

Patient-reported predictors of post-discharge mortality after cardiac hospitalization

Background

Adults hospitalized for cardiovascular events are at high risk for post-discharge mortality. Hospital-based screening of health-related psychosocial risk factors is now prioritized by the Joint Commission and the National Quality Forum to achieve equitable, high-quality care. We tested our hypothesis that key patient-reported psychosocial and behavioral measures could predict post-hospitalization mortality in a cohort of adults hospitalized for a cardiovascular event.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort of adults hospitalized at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Validated patient-reported measures of health literacy, social support, disease self-management, and socioeconomic status were used as predictors of interest. Cox survival analyses of mortality were conducted over a median 3.5-year follow-up (range: 1.25 - 5.5 years).

Results

Among 2,977 adults, 1,874 (63%) were hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome and 1,103 (37%) were hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure; 60% were male; and the mean age was 53 years. After adjusting for demographic, clinical, and other psychosocial factors, mortality risk was greatest among patients who reported being unable to work due to disability (Hazard Ratio (HR) 2.36, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.73-3.21), who were retired (HR 2.14, 95% CI 1.60-2.87), and who reported unemployment (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.30-3.06) as compared to those who were employed. Patient-reported measures of disease self-management, perceived health competence and exercise frequency, were also associated with mortality risk after full covariate adjustment (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.73-1.00 per four-point increase), (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96 per three-day change), respectively.

Conclusions

Patient-reported measures of employment status independently predict post-discharge mortality after a cardiac hospitalization. Measure of disease self-management also have prognostic modest utility. Hospital-based screening of psychosocial risk is increasingly prioritized in legislative policy. Incorporating brief, valid measures of employment status and disease self-management factors may help target patients for psychosocial, financial, and rehabilitative resources during post-discharge transitions of care.

Association of Perceived Health Competence With Cardiac Rehabilitation Initiation

PURPOSE

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR), a program of supervised exercise and cardiovascular risk management, is widely underutilized. Psychological factors such as perceived health competence, or belief in one's ability to achieve health-related goals, may play a role in CR initiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of perceived health competence with CR initiation among patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after adjusting for demographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics.

METHODS

The Vanderbilt Inpatient Cohort Study (VICS) characterized the effect of psychosocial characteristics on post-discharge outcomes in ACS inpatients hospitalized from 2011 to 2015. The primary outcome for this analysis was participation in an outpatient CR program. The primary predictor was the two-item Perceived Health Competence Scale (PHCS-2), which yields a score from 2 to 10 (higher scores indicate greater perceived health competence). Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between the PHCS-2 and CR initiation.

RESULTS

A total of 1809 VICS participants (median age: 61 yr, 39% female) with ACS were studied, of whom 294 (16%) initiated CR. The PHCS-2 was associated with a higher odds of CR initiation (OR = 1.15/point increase: 95% CI, 1.06-1.26, P = .001) after adjusting for covariates. Participants with comorbid heart failure had a lower odds of CR initiation (OR = 0.31: 95% CI, 0.16-0.60, P < .001) as did current smokers (OR = 0.64: 95% CI, 0.43-0.96, P = .030).

CONCLUSION

Perceived health competence is associated with outpatient CR initiation in patients hospitalized with ACS. Interventions designed to support perceived health competence may be useful for improving CR participation.

Patient-reported predictors of postdischarge mortality after cardiac hospitalization

BACKGROUND

Adults hospitalized for cardiovascular events are at high risk for postdischarge mortality. Screening of psychosocial risk is prioritized by the Joint Commission. We tested whether key patient-reported psychosocial and behavioral measures could predict posthospitalization mortality in a cohort of adults hospitalized for a cardiovascular event.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective cohort study to test the prognostic utility of validated patient-reported measures, including health literacy, social support, health behaviors and disease management, and socioeconomic status. Cox survival analyses of mortality were conducted over a median of 3.5 years.

RESULTS

Among 2977 adults hospitalized for either acute coronary syndrome or acute decompensated heart failure, the mean age was 53 years, and 60% were male. After adjusting for demographic, clinical, and other psychosocial factors, mortality risk was greatest among patients who reported being unemployed (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]): 1.30-3.06), retired (HR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.60-2.87), or unable to work due to disability (HR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.73-3.21), as compared to those who were employed. Patient-reported perceived health competence (PHCS-2) and exercise frequency were also associated with mortality risk after adjusting for all other variables (HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.73-1.00 per four-point increase in PHCS-2; HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77-0.96 per 3-day increase in exercise frequency, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Patient-reported measures of employment status, perceived health competence, and exercise frequency independently predict mortality after a cardiac hospitalization. Incorporating these brief, valid measures into hospital-based screening may help with prognostication and targeting patients for resources during post-discharge transitions of care.

Surgically-relevant quality of life thresholds for the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire in Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND

Despite growing interest in patient-reported outcome measures to track the progression of Crohn's disease, frameworks to apply these questionnaires in the preoperative setting are lacking. Using the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (sIBDQ), this study aimed to describe the interpretable quality of life thresholds and examine potential associations with future bowel resection in Crohn's disease.

METHODS

Adult patients with Crohn's disease completing an sIBDQ at a clinic visit between 2020 and 2022 were eligible. A stoplight framework was adopted for sIBDQ scores, including a "Resection Red" zone suggesting poor quality of life that may benefit from discussions about surgery as well as a "Nonoperative Green" zone. Thresholds were identified with both anchor- and distribution-based methods using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and subgroup percentile scores, respectively. To quantify associations between sIBDQ scores and subsequent bowel resection, multivariable logistic regression models were fit with covariates of age, sex assigned at birth, body mass index, medications, disease pattern and location, resection history, and the Harvey Bradshaw Index. The incremental discriminatory value of the sIBDQ beyond clinical factors was assessed through the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) with an internal validation through bootstrap resampling.

RESULTS

Of the 2003 included patients, 102 underwent Crohn's-related bowel resection. The sIBDQ Nonoperative Green zone threshold ranged from 61 to 64 and the Resection Red zone from 36 to 38. When adjusting for clinical covariates, a worse sIBDQ score was associated with greater odds of subsequent 90-day bowel resection when considered as a 1-point (odds ratio [OR] [95% CI], 1.05 [1.03-1.07]) or 5-point change (OR [95% CI], 1.27 [1.14-1.41]). Inclusion of the sIBDQ modestly improved discriminative performance (AUC [95% CI], 0.85 [0.85-0.86]) relative to models that included only demographics (0.57 [0.57-0.58]) or demographics with clinical covariates (0.83 [0.83-0.84]).

CONCLUSION

In the decision-making process for bowel resection, disease-specific patient-reported outcome measures may be useful to identify patients with Crohn's disease with poor quality of life and promote a shared understanding of personalized burden.

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Routine Clinical Practice: Practical Guidance for Institutional Review Boards

The use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) is increasingly common in routine clinical practice. As tools to quantify symptoms and health status, PROMs play an important role in focusing health care on outcomes that matter to patients. The uses of PROM data are myriad, ranging from clinical care to survey-based research and quality improvement. Discerning the boundaries between these use cases can be challenging for institutional review boards (IRBs). In this article, we provide a framework for classifying the three primary PROM use cases (clinical care, human subjects research, and quality improvement) and discuss the level of IRB oversight (if any) necessary for each. One of the most important considerations for IRB staff is whether PROMs are being used primarily for clinical care and thus do not constitute human subjects research. We discuss characteristics of PROMs implemented primarily for clinical care, focusing on: data platform; survey location; questionnaire length; patient interface; and clinician interface. We also discuss IRB oversight of projects involving the secondary use of PROM data that were collected during the course of clinical care, which span human subjects research and quality improvement. This framework provides practical guidance for IRB staff as well as clinicians who use PROMs as communication aids in routine clinical practice.