Comprehensive assessment of food and nutrient intake of children and adolescents in Germany: EsKiMo II - the eating study as a KiGGS module

Background

As part of the second wave of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Wave 2), food and nutrient intake of children and adolescents aged 6–17 years living in Germany is assessed in EsKiMo II – the Eating Study as a KiGGS Module.

Methods

EsKiMo II is a cross-sectional study, conducted from June 2015 until September 2017. The study population comprises 6 to 17-year-old study participants from the cross-sectional sample of KiGGS Wave 2 in 167 KiGGS sample points, which are revisited by trained nutritionists. Dietary intake is assessed by weighted food records during three consecutive days plus one randomly selected day within the following 3 months for children aged 6–11 years. Dietary intake for adolescents aged 12–17 years is assessed by computer-assisted dietary history interviews, reflecting the past four weeks, using the software DISHES. Further information, for example, about specific diets and dietary supplement intake, is reported during a standardised computer assisted interview for all participants. Food items are coded by the German Food Code and Nutrient Database (BLS 3.02).

Discussion

EsKiMo II provides actual data on the dietary behaviour of children and adolescents living in Germany and their determinants. Results of EsKiMo II will be relevant for decision-making, measures, and evaluations within nutrition, consumer and health policy.

Untersuchungen über Gamma-Makroglobuline des menschlichen Serums

Aus dem menschlichen Serum konnten die γ-Makroglobuline mit der Sedimentationskonstanten S= 19 und S=ca. 30 — 150 isoliert und in Anteile, die vorzugsweise S= 19 und solche, die in der Hauptsache S=30 — 150 enthalten, aufgetrennt werden. Diese Fraktionen wurden in ihren physikalischen, chemischen und immunchemischen Eigenschaften charakterisiert. Es wurde gefunden, daß die Fraktion mit der Sedimentationskonstanten S = ca. 30 —150 normalerweise im Serum mit etwa 0,7% vorkommt und, wie die γ-Makroglobulin-Fraktion S= 19, Antikörper vorwiegend gegen Kohlenhydrat-Antigene enthält. Zwischen der γ1-Makroglobulin-Fraktion und der höchstmolekularen γ-Globulinfraktion bestehen, wie die physikalisch-chemischen und immunchemischen Befunde zeigen, enge Beziehungen. Beide γ-Globulinfraktionen beeinflussen in besonders starkem Maße das Komplementsystem. Das Dissoziations-Verhalten der Makroglobulin-Fraktionen wurde verglichen mit dem von Makroglobulinen vom Typ Waldenström.

Zur Kenntnis der α-Globuline des menschlichen Normalserums

Die auf Grund ihres elektrophoretischen Verhaltens als a-Globuline bezeidineten lipoidarmen Proteine des mensdilichen Serums sind nach vorliegenden Untersuchungen sämtlich Glykoproteine mit einem hohen Gehalt an gebundenem Gesamtkohlenhydrat (Hexosen, Hexosamin, Neuraminsäure). Außer den bereits bekannten a1-Globulinen konnten durch noch nidit abgeschlossene Fraktionierungsarbeiten, beruhend auf der Kombination von Fällungs- und Adsorptionsverfahren unter gelegentlicher Einschaltung der Zonenelektrophorese, drei a1-Glykoproteine mit verschiedener Teilchengröße, aber entsprechender Löslichkeit in zwei Fraktionen isoliert werden. Sie zeigen verwandte Immunspezifität. An a2-Globulinen wurden zwei leichter fällbare Glykoproteine mit ebenfalls unterschiedlichen Mol.-Gew. in einer immunologisch von den a1-Globulinen differenzierbaren Fraktion abgeschieden. Die hochmolekulare Komponente S20 = 20 der bisher zu den β1-Globulinen gezählten lipoidarmen Euglobuline erwies sich nach der Isolierung in hochgereinigter Form als ein a2-Glykoprotein mit „eigener immunchemischer Spezifität und mit Asparaginsäure und Alanin als N-endständige Aminosäuren. (Bei dem gut kristallisierenden, metall-bindenden β1-Globulin wurde Valin als einzige N-endständige Aminosäure ermittelt.) Die Agar-Diffusionsmethode erwies sich als eine sehr empfindliche immunchemische Methode zur Charakterisierung des Reinheitsgrades von Plasmaproteinen.

[Assessment of AIDS risks: effects of different scale ranges and preventive knowledge]

In a sample of 552 respondents effects of different scale ranges and respondents' knowledge about AIDS for answering questions about AIDS-risks were examined. Knowledge was assessed with 12 items related to risks for HIV infections and preventive measures. AIDS hazards for different groups (prostitutes, fixers, hospital personnel, homosexuals, and haemophiliacs) had to be rated with five items, one for each group. Response variations were assessed in three parallel questionnaire versions with different ranges of risk assignments. Estimations had to be performed in comparison with the average population. Some groups were consistently rated to be at high risk, others were assigned low risks for becoming infected with the HIV-virus. The analysis of response patterns revealed that the three versions of numeric quantifiers determined the risk ratings only to some extent. The distribution patterns suggest that our subjects had an ordinal risk ordering in mind that might better be expressed in verbal terms. The knowledge about AIDS had no systematic effects on response behavior.

Treatment of akathisia with lorazepam. An open clinical trial

Sixteen patients with neuroleptic-induced akathisia were treated with lorazepam. A marked improvement in symptoms was observed in 9 of the patient and moderate improvement in 5. Symptoms remained unchanged in 2 patients. The drop in the akathisia score from a pretreatment value of 1.81 to 0.5 after 7 days and to 0.32 after 14 days was statistically significant. Symptoms did not improve significantly during observation of the spontaneous course. No severe side effects were observed. The physiologic mechanisms of action of lorazepam on the akathisia syndrome are discussed.

[Elimination of rhesus (D)-incompatible erythrocytes by (Fab')2 G-anti-D (author's transl)]

The effectiveness of (Fab')2 G-Anti-D regarding elimination of D-incompatible fetal erythrocytes, and suppression of the formation of specific antibody, was investigated in 16 probands. Using 51Cr labelled D-incompatible fetal erythrocytes and simultaneous HbF-cell counting, fast elimination of incompatible red cells, and selective accumulation in the spleen, were observed after injection of small doses of (Fab')2 G-Anti-D. None of the probands showed active formation of anti-D after 3-12 months. The doses of the (Fab')2 G-Anti-D preparation used were similar to those employed in routine use of IgG-Anti-D. The results emphasize the importance of fast immunelimination of potentially antigenic red cells and thus point to a peripheral mechanism of anti-D prophylaxis by specific anti-D.