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Ramesh VG, Peters KJH, Rodriguez SRK. Arcsine Laws of Light. Phys Rev Lett 2024; 132:133801. [PMID: 38613295 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.133801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the time-integrated light intensity transmitted by a coherently driven resonator obeys Lévy's arcsine laws-a cornerstone of extreme value statistics. We show that convergence to the arcsine distribution is algebraic, universal, and independent of nonequilibrium behavior due to nonconservative forces or nonadiabatic driving. We furthermore verify, numerically, that the arcsine laws hold in the presence of frequency noise and in Kerr-nonlinear resonators supporting non-Gaussian states. The arcsine laws imply a weak ergodicity breaking which can be leveraged to enhance the precision of resonant optical sensors with zero energy cost, as shown in our companion manuscript [V. G. Ramesh et al., companion paper, Phys. Rev. Res. (2024).PPRHAI2643-1564]. Finally, we discuss perspectives for probing the possible breakdown of the arcsine laws in systems with memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Ramesh
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K J H Peters
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Peters KJH, Rodriguez SRK. Exceptional Precision of a Nonlinear Optical Sensor at a Square-Root Singularity. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:013901. [PMID: 35841548 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.013901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exceptional points (EPs)-spectral singularities of non-Hermitian linear systems-have recently attracted interest for sensing. While initial proposals and experiments focused on enhanced sensitivities neglecting noise, subsequent studies revealed issues with EP sensors in noisy environments. Here we propose a single-mode Kerr-nonlinear resonator for exceptional sensing in noisy environments. Based on the resonator's dynamic hysteresis, we define a signal that displays a square-root singularity reminiscent of an EP. However, our sensor has crucial fundamental and practical advantages over EP sensors: the signal-to-noise ratio increases with the measurement speed, the square-root singularity is easily detected through intensity measurements, and both sensing precision and information content of the signal are enhanced around the singularity. Our sensor also overcomes the fundamental trade-off between precision and averaging time characterizing all linear sensors. All these unconventional features open up new opportunities for fast and precise sensing using hysteretic resonators.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J H Peters
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Garbin B, Giraldo A, Peters KJH, Broderick NGR, Spakman A, Raineri F, Levenson A, Rodriguez SRK, Krauskopf B, Yacomotti AM. Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in a Coherently Driven Nanophotonic Bose-Hubbard Dimer. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:053901. [PMID: 35179911 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.053901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first experimental observation of spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SSB) in coherently driven-dissipative coupled optical cavities. SSB is observed as the breaking of the spatial or mirror Z_{2} symmetry between two symmetrically pumped and evanescently coupled photonic crystal nanocavities, and manifests itself as random intensity localization in one of the two cavities. We show that, in a system featuring repulsive boson interactions (U>0), the observation of a pure pitchfork bifurcation requires negative photon hopping energies (J<0), which we have realized in our photonic crystal molecule. SSB is observed over a wide range of the two-dimensional parameter space of driving intensity and detuning, where we also find a region that exhibits bistable symmetric behavior. Our results pave the way for the experimental study of limit cycles and deterministic chaos arising from SSB, as well as the study of nonclassical photon correlations close to SSB transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Garbin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A Giraldo
- Department of Mathematics and Dodd-Walls Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Photon Factory, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - K J H Peters
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N G R Broderick
- Photon Factory, Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Physics and Dodd-Walls Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - A Spakman
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - F Raineri
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Physique de Nice, CNRS-UMR 7010, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - A Levenson
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - S R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - B Krauskopf
- Department of Mathematics and Dodd-Walls Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - A M Yacomotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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Peters KJH, Geng Z, Malmir K, Smith JM, Rodriguez SRK. Extremely Broadband Stochastic Resonance of Light and Enhanced Energy Harvesting Enabled by Memory Effects in the Nonlinear Response. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:213901. [PMID: 34114877 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of non-Markovian stochastic resonance (SR), and we discover that memory effects in the nonlinearity extremely enlarge the SR bandwidth. Our experimental system is an oil-filled microcavity which, driven by a continuous wave laser, has memory in its nonlinear optical response. Modulating the cavity length while adding noise to the driving laser, we observe a peak in the transmitted signal-to-noise ratio as a function of the noise variance. Through simulations, we reproduce our observations and extrapolate that the SR bandwidth could be ∼3000 times larger in our cavity than in a Kerr-nonlinear cavity. Experiments evidencing this memory-enhanced bandwidth across two decades are presented. As an extension of our results, we numerically demonstrate an order-of-magnitude enhancement in energy harvesting thanks to a nonlinearity with memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J H Peters
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Z Geng
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K Malmir
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - J M Smith
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - S R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Geng Z, Peters KJH, Trichet AAP, Malmir K, Kolkowski R, Smith JM, Rodriguez SRK. Universal Scaling in the Dynamic Hysteresis, and Non-Markovian Dynamics, of a Tunable Optical Cavity. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:153603. [PMID: 32357047 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.153603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate, experimentally and theoretically, the dynamics of a laser-driven cavity with noninstantaneous effective photon-photon interactions. Scanning the laser-cavity frequency detuning at different speeds across an optical bistability, we find a hysteresis area that is a nonmonotonic function of the speed. In the limit of fast scans comparable to the memory time of the interactions, we demonstrate that the hysteresis area decays following a universal power law with scaling exponent -1. We further demonstrate a regime of non-Markovian dynamics emerging from white noise. This regime is evidenced by peaked distributions of residence times in the metastable states of our system. Our results offer new perspectives for exploring the physics of scaling, universality, and metastability, in non-Markovian regimes using arrays of bistable optical cavities with low quality factors, driven by low laser powers, and at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Geng
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - K J H Peters
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A A P Trichet
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - K Malmir
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - R Kolkowski
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J M Smith
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - S R K Rodriguez
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
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