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Fehsel K, Schwanke K, Kappel BA, Fahimi E, Meisenzahl-Lechner E, Esser C, Hemmrich K, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Kojda G, Lange-Asschenfeldt C. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by clozapine induces preadipocyte differentiation and contributes to endothelial dysfunction. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:191-201. [PMID: 34979820 PMCID: PMC8847763 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211055811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The superior therapeutic benefit of clozapine is often associated with metabolic disruptions as obesity, insulin resistance, tachycardia, higher blood pressure, and even hypertension. AIMS These adverse vascular/ metabolic events under clozapine are similar to those caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and clozapine shows structural similarity to well-known ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Therefore, we speculated that the side effects caused by clozapine might rely on AhR signaling. METHODS We examined clozapine-induced AhR activation by luciferase reporter assays in hepatoma HepG2 cells and we proved upregulation of the prototypical AhR target gene Cyp1A1 by realtime-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis and enzyme activity. Next we studied the physiological role of AhR in clozapine's effects on human preadipocyte differentiation and on vasodilatation by myography in wild-type and AhR-/- mice. RESULTS In contrast to other antipsychotic drugs (APDs), clozapine triggered AhR activation and Cyp1A1 expression in HepG2 cells and adipocytes. Clozapine induced adipogenesis via AhR signaling. After PGF2α-induced constriction of mouse aortic rings, clozapine strongly reduced the maximal vasorelaxation under acetylcholine in rings from wild-type mice, but only slightly in rings from AhR-/- mice. The reduction was also prevented by pretreatment with the AhR antagonist CH-223191. CONCLUSION Identification of clozapine as a ligand for the AhR opens new perspectives to explain common clozapine therapy-associated adverse effects at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fehsel
- Neurobiochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,K Fehsel, Neurobiochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Bergische Landstrasse 2, 40629 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - K Schwanke
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - BA Kappel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - E Fahimi
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - E Meisenzahl-Lechner
- Neurobiochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Hemmrich
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital of the Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
| | - T Haarmann-Stemmann
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - G Kojda
- Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Lange-Asschenfeldt
- Neurobiochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bader A, Brodarac A, Hetzer R, Kurtz A, Stamm C, Baraki H, Kensah G, Asch S, Rojas S, Martens A, Gruh I, Haverich A, Kutschka I, Cortes-Dericks L, Froment L, Kocher G, Schmid RA, Delyagina E, Schade A, Scharfenberg D, Skorska A, Lux C, Li W, Steinhoff G, Drey F, Lepperhof V, Neef K, Fatima A, Wittwer T, Wahlers T, Saric T, Choi YH, Fehrenbach D, Lehner A, Herrmann F, Hollweck T, Pfeifer S, Wintermantel E, Kozlik-Feldmann R, Hagl C, Akra B, Gyongyosi M, Zimmermann M, Pavo N, Mildner M, Lichtenauer M, Maurer G, Ankersmit J, Hacker S, Mittermayr R, Mildner M, Haider T, Nickl S, Zimmermann M, Beer L, Lebherz-Eichinger D, Schweiger T, Mitterbauer A, Keibl C, Werba G, Frey M, Ankersmit HJ, Herrmann S, Lux CA, Steinhoff G, Holfeld J, Tepekoylu C, Wang FS, Kozaryn R, Schaden W, Grimm M, Wang CJ, Holfeld J, Tepekoylu C, Kozaryn R, Urbschat A, Zacharowski K, Grimm M, Paulus P, Avaca MJ, Kempf H, Malan D, Sasse P, Fleischmann B, Palecek J, Drager G, Kirschning A, Zweigerdt R, Martin U, Katsirntaki K, Haller R, Ulrich S, Sgodda M, Puppe V, Duerr J, Schmiedl A, Ochs M, Cantz T, Mall M, Martin U, Mauritz C, Kensah G, Lara AR, Dahlmann J, Zweigerdt R, Schwanke K, Hegermann J, Skvorc D, Gawol A, Azizian A, Wagner S, Krause A, Drager G, Ochs M, Haverich A, Gruh I, Martin U, Klopsch C, Gaebel R, Kaminski A, Chichkov B, Jockenhoevel S, Steinhoff G, Klose K, Roy R, Brodarac A, Kang KS, Bieback K, Nasseri B, Choi YH, Kurtz A, Stamm C, Lepperhof V, Polchynska O, Kruttwig K, Bruggemann C, Xu G, Drey F, Neef K, Saric T, Lichtenauer M, Werba G, Mildner M, Baumgartner A, Hasun M, Nickl S, Beer L, Mitterbauer A, Zimmermann M, Gyongyosi M, Podesser BK, Ankersmit HJ, Ludwig M, Tolk A, Skorska A, Noack T, Steinhoff G, Margaryan R, Assanta N, Menciassi A, Burchielli S, Matteucci M, Lionetti V, Luchi C, Cariati E, Coceani F, Murzi B, Martens A, Rojas SV, Kensah G, Rotarmel A, Baraki H, Haverich A, Martin U, Gruh I, Kutschka I, Nasseri BA, Klose K, Ebell W, Dandel M, Kukucka M, Gebker R, Choi YH, Hetzer R, Stamm C, Paulus P, Holfeld J, Urbschat A, Mutlak H, Ockelmann P, Tacke S, Zacharowski K, Scheller B, Pereszlenyi A, Rojas SV, Martens A, Baraki H, Schwanke K, Zweigerdt R, Martin U, Haverich A, Kutschka I, Rojas SV, Martens A, Meier M, Baraki H, Schecker N, Rathert C, Zweigerdt R, Martin U, Haverich A, Kutschka I, Roy R, Brodarac A, Kukucka M, Kurtz A, Becher PM, Choi YH, Drori-Carmi N, Bercovich N, Zahavi-Goldstein E, Jack M, Netzer N, Pinzur L, Chajut A, Tschope C, Stamm C, Ruch U, Kaminski A, Strauer BE, Tiedemann G, Steinhoff G, Schade A, Delyagina E, Scharfenberg D, Lux C, Steinhoff G, Schlegel F, Dhein S, Akhavuz O, Mohr FW, Dohmen PM, Schlegel F, Salameh A, Oelmann K, Kiefer P, Dhein S, Mohr FW, Dohmen PM, Schwanke K, Merkert S, Templin C, Jara-Avaca M, Muller S, Haverich A, Martin U, Zweigerdt R, Skorska A, von Haehling S, Ludwig M, Slavic S, Curato C, Altarche-Xifro W, Unger T, Steinhoff G, Li J, Zhang Y, Li WZ, Ou L, Lux CA, Ma N, Steinhoff G, Haase A, Alt R, Schwanke K, Martin U. 3rd EACTS Meeting on Cardiac and Pulmonary Regeneration Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie, Berlin, Germany, 14-15 December 2012. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivs561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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