[The role of interval training in the physical rehabilitation of strength sports athletes with hypertension: a randomized controlled study]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval aerobic work on blood pressure and body composition in strength sports athletes of heavy weight categories.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The examination and physical rehabilitation of 55 strength sports athletes of heavy weight categories with arterial hypertension were performed. Athletes were randomized into two groups: the main group (n=35) and the control group (n=20). The main group athletes trained 120 days (3 times a week) on a bicycle ergometer according to the high-intensity interval protocol, and the control group participants trained 120 days (3 times a week) according to their traditional strenght protocol. All athletes underwent a complex examination, including: a survey, examination, three-time measurement of blood pressure, bioelectrical impedance analysis and calculations of body composition indices, Before and after the physical rehabilitation.

RESULTS

After 120 days of physical rehabilitation, there was an improvement in body composition and a significant decrease in blood pressure: systolic blood pressure by 4.7%, diastolic blood pressure by 5.6%.

CONCLUSIONS

High-intensity aerobic interval work, regardless of the athlete's body composition, has a therapeutic and prophylactic effect on the cardiovascular system. The aerobic workout training protocol taking into account metabolic variables, that we developed, will allow athletes to effectively and safely influence the prevention and treatment of hypertension.

[Immune and metabolic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3 in anti-atherosclerotic diet in the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease, familial hyperlipoproteinemia and hypertension]

Effect of antiatherosclerotic diet of 112 patients with cardioishemic disease IIa, IIb, and IV types was observed. Positive dynamics of clinical picture of disease, values of lipid metabolism and T-cell cents immunity were shown, particularly for patients with hyperlipidemy, which developed as result of effect of medium cents and genetic cents factors. Including to antiatherosclerosis diet polyunsaturated fatty acids of family (w-3) intensified hypolipidemic effect.

[Effect of antigenic stimulation and fasting on liver lysosomes in rats]

Study of the interrelationship between immune responsiveness of the body and structural and functional status of the rat liver lysosomal apparatus under different alimentary conditions allowed one to establish that immune response during antigenic stimulation and complete fasting was considerably reduced. At the same time a dramatic rise in the total and non-sedimentable activities of some lysosomal hydrolases was recorded under the above conditions. The data obtained suggest that during acute malnutrition and antigenic stimulation, the rate of antibody synthesis is considerably decreased whereas activation of the lysosomal apparatus affected by both factors plays a compensatory role and is directed toward the most complete realization of the protective function of lysosomes.

Mechanical and signaling responses of unloaded rat soleus muscle to chronically elevated β-myosin activity

It has been reported that muscle functional unloading is accompanied by an increase in motoneuronal excitability despite the elimination of afferent input. Thus, we hypothesized that pharmacological potentiation of spontaneous contractile soleus muscle activity during hindlimb unloading could activate anabolic signaling pathways and prevent the loss of muscle mass and strength. To investigate these aspects and underlying molecular mechanisms, we used β-myosin allosteric effector Omecamtiv Mekarbil (OM). We found that OM partially prevented the loss of isometric strength and intrinsic stiffness of the soleus muscle after two weeks of disuse. Notably, OM was able to attenuate the unloading-induced decrease in the rate of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). At the same time, the use of drug neither prevented the reduction in the markers of translational capacity (18S and 28S rRNA) nor activation of the ubiquitin-proteosomal system, which is evidenced by a decrease in the cross-sectional area of fast and slow muscle fibers. These results suggest that chemically-induced increase in low-intensity spontaneous contractions of the soleus muscle during functional unloading creates prerequisites for protein synthesis. At the same time, it should be assumed that the use of OM is advisable with pharmacological drugs that inhibit the expression of ubiquitin ligases.

[Blood serum and liver phospholipids in rats with chronic choline-protein deficiency]

Serum and liver phospholipids were studied in rats at different stages of pathological processes induced by a diet with a high fat content, but deficient in protein and choline. Such cirrhosogenic diet caused fatty infiltration, fibrosis and nodular liver cirrhosis in rats, depending on the period of its administration. This diet resulted in a considerable decrease of the phospholipid content in the liver and the serum of experimental rats. Addition of choline to the cirrhosogenic diet prevented formation of fatty infilitration in rats, but failed to protect completely from a fall of phospholipids in the liver.

[Enhanced resistance of mice (CBA strain) to infection caused by S. typhimurium depending on the nature of the fat in the diet]

Mice received rations containing a mixture of lard with sunflower oil, butter, cooking fat (hydrogenated), fish fat. Hydrogenated fat and fish fat induced a decrease in the portion of polyunsaturated fatty acid omega 6 in lipids of lymphocytes, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen. At the same time fish fat induced an increase of the portion of polyunsaturated fatty acid omega 3 in lipids studied. A relationship has been noted between the animal survival after intraperitoneal infection with S. Typhimurium and the fatty acid composition in lymphoid tissues. The highest survival rate has been recorded in the groups of animals that received cooking (hydrogenated) fat and fish fat.

[Effect of diet including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the status of T-cell immunity in patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperproteinemia]

Use of antisclerotic diet in patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipidemia promoted positive changes of clinical symptoms of diseases, some parameters of lipid metabolism and T-cellular immunity. Including in diet polyunsaturated fatty acids promoted increasing of its hypolipidemic effect.

[The modulation of the function of the immunocompetent system and of nonspecific body resistance in rats with different ratios of essential fatty acids in the diet]

The influence of dietary essential fatty acids on the immune functions and nonspecific resistance of male Wistar rats weighing 135.0 +/- 3.2 g was investigated after 3 months feeding. Rats were fed isocaloric purified diets containing 24% of fat (combinations of lard, sunflower oil and fish oil, eiconol, this providing the ratios of omega 6/omega 3 fatty acids equal to 1.1; 2.1; 6.1; and 49.0. An increase of immune responsiveness and nonspecific resistance in the groups fed diets with the minimal ratios of omega 6/omega 3 fatty acids as compared to that in rats fed a diet with ratio 49.0 was noted. Fatty acid analysis of peripheral lymphoid organs tissue lipids showed an increase in percentage of eicosenic omega 3 fatty acids in rats fed diets with increased content of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3.

[Various indicators of the state of the body during intravenous feeding with different mixtures]

Experiments lasting 15 days were made on rats fed intravenous isocaloric mixtures of the same composition (amino acids, glucose, fatty emulsion, mineral substances and vitamins), with one of the mixtures containing no fatty emulsion. It was noticed that intravenous feeding resulted in certain changes in body function, being consequent on the process of adaptation. The mixtures with and without fatty emulsion produced the same weight gain. However they brought about dissimilar shifts in other characteristics of the body status. The choice of adequate criteria is of importance for the assessment of the action of the different mixtures.

[Effect of alimentary protein deficiency in the early postnatal period on the function of the immunocompetent system in rats]

The influence of protein deficiency in the early postnatal period on the functional and morphological characteristics of the immunocompetent system was studied in 76 test and 60 control rats, 4 and 12 months after the experiment commencement. It was shown that protein deficiency in the early postnatal period induced shifts in the cellular parameters of the immunologic responsiveness, mainly, producing no significant changes in the nonspecific factors of body defence. The impairing effect of protein deficiency was more manifest at the early steps of the body development.

[Effect of protein deficiency and antigenic stimulation on rat liver lysosomes]

The total and non-sedimentable activities of liver beta-galactosidase, beta-glucoronidase, beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, aryl sulfatases A and B were studied during antigenic stimulation of rats fed balanced and low-protein (5% of energy value) diets. Antigenic stimulation of rats fed a balanced diet was found to intensify the total activities of all lysosomal enzymes (up to 124-246% of control). Meanwhile protein deficiency did not cause any significant reduction in immune response and completely removed activation of lysosomal hydrolases.

[Effects of lipids obtained from the liver of marine animals on the immunologic status and hematologic indices of rats]

The influence of lipids received from liver of king crab (Paralithodes camtschatica) and liver of pollack on some indices of immunologic status of an organism and hematologic indices in rats was studied. The animals were divided into three groups in dependence from kind of lipid in diet: the control group received in the composition of lipid component of diet--lard and sunflower oil in the ratio 1:1, the second group--lard and lipid from pollack liver (1:1), the third group--lard and lipid from crabs liver (1:1). The differences of rations concerned their lipid component. The content of triglycerides in a liver of pollack compounded--73%, in a liver of crabs--50%, the content of phospholipids in a liver of pollack--12%, in a liver of crabs it is much more--20%; the total sun of omega-3 acids in the experimental group is practically identical: 23.8 and 23.1% accordingly. Some simulate influence of lipid from liver of crabs on the quantity of antibody forming cells of a spleen was noted. The tendency to decreasing of indices of humoral immunity was founded in rats, which received diet with lipid from liver of pollack. The decrease of the quantity of lymphocytes and the increase of the quantity of eosinophilic leukocytes in a peripheral blood of animals this group was noted in comparison with control and other experimental groups.

[Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration on the structure of peripheral lymphoid organs, immunological parameters and nonspecific resistance of rats]

It has been established that the fatty component of the ration, with the rest ingredients being unchanged, alters the immunologic status of the body. When fatty portion of the ration was substituted for sunflower oil (omega 6) active macrophage-plasmocytic reaction in the lymphoid organs, elevation of the humoral immunity parameters and suppression of the T-cell system were recorded. The reaction to immunization was less pronounced when equal ratios of sunflower and ichtyenic oils were used. When the fatty component of the ration was completely substituted for ichtyenic oil, a decrease in T-lymphocyte number and focal necrotic changes in the lymphoid organs were observed. The fatty component of the rations used produced no significant effect on the bactericidal activity of the blood serum.

[Effect of dietary protein deficiency in female rats on the function of the immunocompetent system of their progeny]

The influence of alimentary protein deficiency, during early ontogenesis, on the morphofunctional characteristics of the immunocompetent system was studied in 115 experimental and 60 control female rats, 4 and 12 months after the commencement of the experiment. It was shown that protein deficiency in the period of prenatal ontogenesis induced significant changes in the humoral and cellular values, characterizing immunologic responsiveness and nonspecific resistance of the body, and leads to alteration of the morphological structure of the lymphoid organs. Such changes were also observed in the rats of the second generation, which received full-value food, thus evidencing grave and stable immunologic disorders as the result of protein deficiency during prenatal ontogenesis.

[Influence of qualitatively different fats on the level of cholesterol and phospholipids in the blood serum and liver on rats in choline-protein insufficiency]

The effect of lard and sunflower oil making part of a cirrhogenic ration with a high content of fat and deficient protein and choline on the level of total and esterified cholesterol and phospholipids in the blood serum and liver was studied. The experiments lasted for 150 and 210-240 days. Changes in the level of cholesterol and phospholipids in the blood serum and liver of the rats were noted to occur from the first days of developing fat dystrophy (fatty degeneration) of the liver, these changes gaining in intensity with lengthening of the test periods and progressive development of the pathological process. The quality of the fat influenced the extent of the upset cholesterol and phospholipids metabolism, since the saturated fat which accelerated and intensified the development of lipohepatosis and cirrhosis caused a significantly greater accumulation of the cholesterol ethers in the liver and reduction of these ethers, as well as of phospholipids in the serum. An addition of choline to the rations prevented the development of lipohepatosis, but failed to avert upsets of the lipids metabolism.