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Matsukawa T, Yamamoto T, Honda A, Toya T, Ishiura H, Mitsui J, Tanaka M, Hao A, Shinohara A, Ogura M, Kataoka K, Seo S, Kumano K, Hosoi M, Narukawa K, Yasunaga M, Maki H, Ichikawa M, Nannya Y, Imai Y, Takahashi T, Takahashi Y, Nagasako Y, Yasaka K, Mano KK, Matsukawa MK, Miyagawa T, Hamada M, Sakuishi K, Hayashi T, Iwata A, Terao Y, Shimizu J, Goto J, Mori H, Kunimatsu A, Aoki S, Hayashi S, Nakamura F, Arai S, Momma K, Ogata K, Yoshida T, Abe O, Inazawa J, Toda T, Kurokawa M, Tsuji S. Clinical efficacy of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adult adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcz048. [PMID: 32954314 PMCID: PMC7425345 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated experience supports the efficacy of allogenic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in arresting the progression of childhood-onset cerebral form of adrenoleukodystrophy in early stages. For adulthood-onset cerebral form of adrenoleukodystrophy, however, there have been only a few reports on haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the clinical efficacy and safety of that for adulthood-onset cerebral form of adrenoleukodystrophy remain to be established. To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, we conducted haematopoietic stem cell transplantation on 12 patients with adolescent-/adult-onset cerebral form/cerebello-brainstem form of adrenoleukodystrophy in a single-institution-based prospective study. Through careful prospective follow-up of 45 male adrenoleukodystrophy patients, we aimed to enrol patients with adolescent-/adult-onset cerebral form/cerebello-brainstem form of adrenoleukodystrophy at early stages. Indications for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation included cerebral form of adrenoleukodystrophy or cerebello-brainstem form of adrenoleukodystrophy with Loes scores up to 13, the presence of progressively enlarging white matter lesions and/or lesions with gadolinium enhancement on brain MRI. Clinical outcomes of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation were evaluated by the survival rate as well as by serial evaluation of clinical rating scale scores and neurological and MRI findings. Clinical courses of eight patients who did not undergo haematopoietic stem cell transplantation were also evaluated for comparison of the survival rate. All the patients who underwent haematopoietic stem cell transplantation survived to date with a median follow-up period of 28.6 months (4.2–125.3 months) without fatality. Neurological findings attributable to cerebral/cerebellar/brainstem lesions became stable or partially improved in all the patients. Gadolinium-enhanced brain lesions disappeared or became obscure within 3.5 months and the white matter lesions of MRI became stable or small. The median Loes scores before haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and at the last follow-up visit were 6.0 and 5.25, respectively. Of the eight patients who did not undergo haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, six patients died 69.1 months (median period; range 16.0–104.1 months) after the onset of the cerebral/cerebellar/brainstem lesions, confirming that the survival probability was significantly higher in patients with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation compared with that in patients without haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (P = 0.0089). The present study showed that haematopoietic stem cell transplantation was conducted safely and arrested the inflammatory demyelination in all the patients with adolescent-/adult-onset cerebral form/cerebello-brainstem form of adrenoleukodystrophy when haematopoietic stem cell transplantation was conducted in the early stages. Further studies are warranted to optimize the procedures of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adolescent-/adult-onset cerebral form/cerebello-brainstem form of adrenoleukodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akira Honda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takashi Toya
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akihito Hao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akihito Shinohara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mizuki Ogura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kataoka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sachiko Seo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keiki Kumano
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masataka Hosoi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kensuke Narukawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Megumi Yasunaga
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Maki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Motoshi Ichikawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Nannya
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoichi Imai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuki Nagasako
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yasaka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kagari Koshi Mano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Miho Kawabe Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toji Miyagawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakuishi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jun Goto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.,Department of Neurology, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan
| | - Harushi Mori
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akira Kunimatsu
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shin Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Nakamura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Syunya Arai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazunari Momma
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Higashisaitama National Hospital, Saitama 349-0196, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Ogata
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Higashisaitama National Hospital, Saitama 349-0196, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshida
- Department of Neurology, Fujimi Kogen Hospital, Nagano 399-0214, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Mineo Kurokawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.,International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
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3
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Mano KK, Matsukawa T, Mitsui J, Ishiura H, Tokushige SI, Takahashi Y, Sato NS, Nakamoto FK, Ichikawa Y, Nagashima Y, Terao Y, Shimizu J, Hamada M, Uesaka Y, Oyama G, Ogawa G, Yoshimura J, Doi K, Morishita S, Tsuji S, Goto J. Atypical parkinsonism caused by Pro105Leu mutation of prion protein: A broad clinical spectrum. Neurol Genet 2016; 2:e48. [PMID: 27066585 PMCID: PMC4817902 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To delineate molecular and clinical characteristics of 3 families with PRNP P105L mutation, a variant of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome whose main motor symptoms were parkinsonism and/or involuntary movements. Methods: The causative mutation was first determined in the affected patients of family 1 using whole-exome sequencing, and then mutational analysis was extended to families 2 and 3. The clinical features of the patients of these 3 families were summarized. Haplotype analysis was performed using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array. Results: The whole-exome sequencing revealed that the heterozygous mutation c.314C>T (p.P105L) in PRNP was the only known pathogenic mutation shared by the 3 patients of the family with autosomal dominant parkinsonism. We further identified the same mutation in patients of the other 2 families with autosomal dominant parkinsonism and/or involuntary movements. The clinical features of our patients with PRNP P105L mutation included various motor symptoms such as parkinsonism and involuntary movements in addition to progressive dementia. The clinical features in part overlapped with those of other forms of inherited prion diseases, such as fatal familial insomnia and Huntington disease-like type 1. The patients with PRNP P105L mutation shared a haplotype spanning 7.1 Mb around PRNP, raising the possibility that the mutations in the patients originated from a common founder. Conclusion: Most of the patients presented with parkinsonism in addition to progressive dementia. Although spastic paraparesis has been emphasized as the main clinical feature, the clinical spectrum of patients with PRNP P105L is broader than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kagari Koshi Mano
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Takashi Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Shin-Ichi Tokushige
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Naoko Saito Sato
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Fumiko Kusunoki Nakamoto
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Yaeko Ichikawa
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Yu Nagashima
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Yoshikazu Uesaka
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Genko Oyama
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Go Ogawa
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Jun Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Koichiro Doi
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Shinichi Morishita
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
| | - Jun Goto
- Department of Neurology (K.K.M., T.M., J.M., H.I., S.-i.T., Y. Takahashi, N.S.S., F.K.N., Y.I., Y.N., Y. Terao, J.S., M.H., S.T., J.G.), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo; Shonai Amarume Hospital (Y. Takahashi); Department of Neurology (Y.U.), Toranomon Hospital; Department of Neurology (G. Oyama), Juntendo University; Department of Neurology (G. Ogawa), Teikyo University; and Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences (J.Y., K.D., S.M.), Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo. Y. Takahashi is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, National Center of Psychiatry and Neurology. Y.I. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neurology, Kyorin University
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