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Bearhart JM, Bethke JL, Christian CS, Cour FN, Creasey KR, Crowe EJ, Dahl JG, Hanson LA, Jaecks AL, Lamantia VA, Madison M, Roskowiak AL, Scheberl JD, VanEperen BM, Wurst ME, Klyczek KK. Complete genome sequence of Microbacterium paraoxydans phage Damascus. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0128723. [PMID: 38624212 PMCID: PMC11080557 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01287-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage Damascus was isolated from soil in northwestern Wisconsin using Microbacterium paraoxydans as the host. The Damascus genome is 56,477 bp with 3' single-stranded overhangs and 56.5% G+C content. Damascus was assigned to cluster EL and shares 42.6%-91.7% gene content with the three other phages in this cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julisa M. Bearhart
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jenna L. Bethke
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cassie S. Christian
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Faith N. Cour
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karleigh R. Creasey
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emily J. Crowe
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Julia G. Dahl
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lindsey A. Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Abby L. Jaecks
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vincent A. Lamantia
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mercedes Madison
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Autumn L. Roskowiak
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Justin D. Scheberl
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bekkah M. VanEperen
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Morgan E. Wurst
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karen K. Klyczek
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, USA
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2
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Hanauer DI, Graham MJ, Arnold RJ, Ayuk MA, Balish MF, Beyer AR, Butela KA, Byrum CA, Chia CP, Chung HM, Clase KL, Conant S, Coomans RJ, D’Elia T, Diaz J, Diaz A, Doty JA, Edgington NP, Edwards DC, Eivazova E, Emmons CB, Fast KM, Fisher EJ, Fleischacker CL, Frederick GD, Freise AC, Gainey MD, Gissendanner CR, Golebiewska UP, Guild NA, Hendrickson HL, Herren CD, Hopson-Fernandes MS, Hughes LE, Jacobs-Sera D, Johnson AA, Kirkpatrick BL, Klyczek KK, Koga AP, Kotturi H, LeBlanc-Straceski J, Lee-Soety JY, Leonard JE, Mastropaolo MD, Merkhofer EC, Michael SF, Mitchell JC, Mohan S, Monti DL, Noutsos C, Nsa IY, Peters NT, Plymale R, Pollenz RS, Porter ML, Rinehart CA, Rosas-Acosta G, Ross JF, Rubin MR, Scherer AE, Schroeder SC, Shaffer CD, Sprenkle AB, Sunnen CN, Swerdlow SJ, Tobiason D, Tolsma SS, Tsourkas PK, Ward RE, Ware VC, Warner MH, Washington JM, Westover KM, White SJ, Whitefleet-Smith JL, Williams DC, Wolyniak MJ, Zeilstra-Ryalls JH, Asai DJ, Hatfull GF, Sivanathan V. Instructional Models for Course-Based Research Experience (CRE) Teaching. CBE Life Sci Educ 2022; 21:ar8. [PMID: 34978921 PMCID: PMC9250372 DOI: 10.1187/cbe.21-03-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The course-based research experience (CRE) with its documented educational benefits is increasingly being implemented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. This article reports on a study that was done over a period of 3 years to explicate the instructional processes involved in teaching an undergraduate CRE. One hundred and two instructors from the established and large multi-institutional SEA-PHAGES program were surveyed for their understanding of the aims and practices of CRE teaching. This was followed by large-scale feedback sessions with the cohort of instructors at the annual SEA Faculty Meeting and subsequently with a small focus group of expert CRE instructors. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, the survey data were analyzed for the aims of inquiry instruction and pedagogical practices used to achieve these goals. The results characterize CRE inquiry teaching as involving three instructional models: 1) being a scientist and generating data; 2) teaching procedural knowledge; and 3) fostering project ownership. Each of these models is explicated and visualized in terms of the specific pedagogical practices and their relationships. The models present a complex picture of the ways in which CRE instruction is conducted on a daily basis and can inform instructors and institutions new to CRE teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Hanauer
- Department of English, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Rachel J. Arnold
- Salish Sea Research Center, Northwest Indian College, Bellingham, WA 98229
| | - Mary A. Ayuk
- Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059
| | | | - Andrea R. Beyer
- Department of Biology, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806
| | - Kristen A. Butela
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Catherine P. Chia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Hui-Min Chung
- Biology, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL 32514
| | - Kari L. Clase
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Stephanie Conant
- Department of Biology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI 48221
| | - Roy J. Coomans
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411
| | - Tom D’Elia
- Department of Biology, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, FL 34981
| | - Jason Diaz
- Integrated Science, Business, and Technology, La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA 19141
| | - Arturo Diaz
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92505
| | - Jean A. Doty
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938
| | | | - Dustin C. Edwards
- Biological Sciences, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402
| | - Elvira Eivazova
- Biology Department, Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee 38401
| | | | - Kayla M. Fast
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL 35470
| | - Emily J. Fisher
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | | | - Gregory D. Frederick
- Department of Biology and Kinesiology, LeTourneau University, Longview, TX 75602
| | - Amanda C. Freise
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90025
| | - Maria D. Gainey
- Chemistry and Physics, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723
| | | | | | - Nancy A. Guild
- Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCDB), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Heather L. Hendrickson
- School of Natural and Computational Science, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Lee E. Hughes
- Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Allison A. Johnson
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | | | - Karen K. Klyczek
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022
| | - Ann P. Koga
- Department of Biology, College of Idaho, Caldwell, ID 83605
| | - Hari Kotturi
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034
| | | | - Julia Y. Lee-Soety
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA 19131
| | | | - Matthew D. Mastropaolo
- Mathematics and Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Neumann University, Aston, PA 19014
| | | | - Scott F. Michael
- Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965
| | - Jon C. Mitchell
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Northern State University, Aberdeen, SD 57401
| | - Swarna Mohan
- College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Denise L. Monti
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35223
| | | | - Imade Y. Nsa
- Microbiology, University of Lagos, Lagos 101017, Nigeria
| | - Nick T. Peters
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Ruth Plymale
- Department of Biology, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, AR 71998
| | - Richard S. Pollenz
- Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Megan L. Porter
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Claire A. Rinehart
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101
| | - German Rosas-Acosta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Joseph F. Ross
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125
| | - Michael R. Rubin
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Cayey, Cayey, PR 00736
| | | | | | | | | | - C. Nicole Sunnen
- Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Sara S. Tolsma
- Department of Biology, Northwestern College, Orange City, IA 51041
| | | | - Robert E. Ward
- Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Vassie C. Ware
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Marcie H. Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | | | - Simon J. White
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | | | | | | | | | - David J. Asai
- Science Education, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Viknesh Sivanathan
- Science Education, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
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3
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Jacobs-Sera D, Abad LA, Alvey RM, Anders KR, Aull HG, Bhalla SS, Blumer LS, Bollivar DW, Bonilla JA, Butela KA, Coomans RJ, Cresawn SG, D'Elia T, Diaz A, Divens AM, Edgington NP, Frederick GD, Gainey MD, Garlena RA, Grant KW, Gurney SMR, Hendrickson HL, Hughes LE, Kenna MA, Klyczek KK, Kotturi H, Mavrich TN, McKinney AL, Merkhofer EC, Moberg Parker J, Molloy SD, Monti DL, Pape-Zambito DA, Pollenz RS, Pope WH, Reyna NS, Rinehart CA, Russell DA, Shaffer CD, Sivanathan V, Stoner TH, Stukey J, Sunnen CN, Tolsma SS, Tsourkas PK, Wallen JR, Ware VC, Warner MH, Washington JM, Westover KM, Whitefleet-Smith JL, Wiersma-Koch HI, Williams DC, Zack KM, Hatfull GF. Genomic diversity of bacteriophages infecting Microbacterium spp. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234636. [PMID: 32555720 PMCID: PMC7302621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteriophage population is vast, dynamic, old, and genetically diverse. The genomics of phages that infect bacterial hosts in the phylum Actinobacteria show them to not only be diverse but also pervasively mosaic, and replete with genes of unknown function. To further explore this broad group of bacteriophages, we describe here the isolation and genomic characterization of 116 phages that infect Microbacterium spp. Most of the phages are lytic, and can be grouped into twelve clusters according to their overall relatedness; seven of the phages are singletons with no close relatives. Genome sizes vary from 17.3 kbp to 97.7 kbp, and their G+C% content ranges from 51.4% to 71.4%, compared to ~67% for their Microbacterium hosts. The phages were isolated on five different Microbacterium species, but typically do not efficiently infect strains beyond the one on which they were isolated. These Microbacterium phages contain many novel features, including very large viral genes (13.5 kbp) and unusual fusions of structural proteins, including a fusion of VIP2 toxin and a MuF-like protein into a single gene. These phages and their genetic components such as integration systems, recombineering tools, and phage-mediated delivery systems, will be useful resources for advancing Microbacterium genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lawrence A. Abad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Alvey
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kirk R. Anders
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Haley G. Aull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Suparna S. Bhalla
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mount Saint Mary College, Newburgh, New York, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. Blumer
- Department of Biology, Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David W. Bollivar
- Department of Biology, Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Illinois, United States of America
| | - J. Alfred Bonilla
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Butela
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roy J. Coomans
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Cresawn
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tom D'Elia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Arturo Diaz
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Divens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicholas P. Edgington
- Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Frederick
- Department of Biology and Kinesiology, LeTourneau University, Longview, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria D. Gainey
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Grant
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susan M. R. Gurney
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Lee E. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Kenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karen K. Klyczek
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hari Kotturi
- Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Travis N. Mavrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Angela L. McKinney
- Department of Biology, Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Evan C. Merkhofer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mount Saint Mary College, Newburgh, New York, United States of America
| | - Jordan Moberg Parker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sally D. Molloy
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Denise L. Monti
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dana A. Pape-Zambito
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Pollenz
- Department Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Welkin H. Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan S. Reyna
- Department of Biology, Ouachita Baptist University, Arkadelphia, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Rinehart
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Shaffer
- Department of Biology, University of Washington in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Viknesh Sivanathan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ty H. Stoner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph Stukey
- Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, Michigan, United States of America
| | - C. Nicole Sunnen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara S. Tolsma
- Biology Department, Northwestern College, Orange City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Philippos K. Tsourkas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Jamie R. Wallen
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vassie C. Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marcie H. Warner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Kristi M. Westover
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - JoAnn L. Whitefleet-Smith
- Department of Biology & Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Helen I. Wiersma-Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian River State College, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Williams
- Department of Biology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kira M. Zack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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4
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Klyczek KK, Bonilla JA, Jacobs-Sera D, Adair TL, Afram P, Allen KG, Archambault ML, Aziz RM, Bagnasco FG, Ball SL, Barrett NA, Benjamin RC, Blasi CJ, Borst K, Braun MA, Broomell H, Brown CB, Brynell ZS, Bue AB, Burke SO, Casazza W, Cautela JA, Chen K, Chimalakonda NS, Chudoff D, Connor JA, Cross TS, Curtis KN, Dahlke JA, Deaton BM, Degroote SJ, DeNigris DM, DeRuff KC, Dolan M, Dunbar D, Egan MS, Evans DR, Fahnestock AK, Farooq A, Finn G, Fratus CR, Gaffney BL, Garlena RA, Garrigan KE, Gibbon BC, Goedde MA, Guerrero Bustamante CA, Harrison M, Hartwell MC, Heckman EL, Huang J, Hughes LE, Hyduchak KM, Jacob AE, Kaku M, Karstens AW, Kenna MA, Khetarpal S, King RA, Kobokovich AL, Kolev H, Konde SA, Kriese E, Lamey ME, Lantz CN, Lapin JS, Lawson TO, Lee IY, Lee SM, Lee-Soety JY, Lehmann EM, London SC, Lopez AJ, Lynch KC, Mageeney CM, Martynyuk T, Mathew KJ, Mavrich TN, McDaniel CM, McDonald H, McManus CJ, Medrano JE, Mele FE, Menninger JE, Miller SN, Minick JE, Nabua CT, Napoli CK, Nkangabwa M, Oates EA, Ott CT, Pellerino SK, Pinamont WJ, Pirnie RT, Pizzorno MC, Plautz EJ, Pope WH, Pruett KM, Rickstrew G, Rimple PA, Rinehart CA, Robinson KM, Rose VA, Russell DA, Schick AM, Schlossman J, Schneider VM, Sells CA, Sieker JW, Silva MP, Silvi MM, Simon SE, Staples AK, Steed IL, Stowe EL, Stueven NA, Swartz PT, Sweet EA, Sweetman AT, Tender C, Terry K, Thomas C, Thomas DS, Thompson AR, Vanderveen L, Varma R, Vaught HL, Vo QD, Vonberg ZT, Ware VC, Warrad YM, Wathen KE, Weinstein JL, Wyper JF, Yankauskas JR, Zhang C, Hatfull GF. Tales of diversity: Genomic and morphological characteristics of forty-six Arthrobacter phages. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180517. [PMID: 28715480 PMCID: PMC5513430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast bacteriophage population harbors an immense reservoir of genetic information. Almost 2000 phage genomes have been sequenced from phages infecting hosts in the phylum Actinobacteria, and analysis of these genomes reveals substantial diversity, pervasive mosaicism, and novel mechanisms for phage replication and lysogeny. Here, we describe the isolation and genomic characterization of 46 phages from environmental samples at various geographic locations in the U.S. infecting a single Arthrobacter sp. strain. These phages include representatives of all three virion morphologies, and Jasmine is the first sequenced podovirus of an actinobacterial host. The phages also span considerable sequence diversity, and can be grouped into 10 clusters according to their nucleotide diversity, and two singletons each with no close relatives. However, the clusters/singletons appear to be genomically well separated from each other, and relatively few genes are shared between clusters. Genome size varies from among the smallest of siphoviral phages (15,319 bp) to over 70 kbp, and G+C contents range from 45-68%, compared to 63.4% for the host genome. Although temperate phages are common among other actinobacterial hosts, these Arthrobacter phages are primarily lytic, and only the singleton Galaxy is likely temperate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Klyczek
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - J. Alfred Bonilla
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tamarah L. Adair
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patricia Afram
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine G. Allen
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Megan L. Archambault
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Rahat M. Aziz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Filippa G. Bagnasco
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Ball
- Center for Life Sciences Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Natalie A. Barrett
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Benjamin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Blasi
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine Borst
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary A. Braun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Haley Broomell
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Conner B. Brown
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zachary S. Brynell
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley B. Bue
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sydney O. Burke
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - William Casazza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Cautela
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Dylan Chudoff
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jade A. Connor
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Trevor S. Cross
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kyra N. Curtis
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Dahlke
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bethany M. Deaton
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah J. Degroote
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Danielle M. DeNigris
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katherine C. DeRuff
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Milan Dolan
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David Dunbar
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marisa S. Egan
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abby K. Fahnestock
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amal Farooq
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Garrett Finn
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Bobby L. Gaffney
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Garrigan
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bryan C. Gibbon
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Goedde
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - Melinda Harrison
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Megan C. Hartwell
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Heckman
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lee E. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Hyduchak
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Aswathi E. Jacob
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Machika Kaku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allen W. Karstens
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Kenna
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susheel Khetarpal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rodney A. King
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Kobokovich
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannah Kolev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sai A. Konde
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Kriese
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Morgan E. Lamey
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carter N. Lantz
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Lapin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Temiloluwa O. Lawson
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - In Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Lee
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Y. Lee-Soety
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily M. Lehmann
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shawn C. London
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - A. Javier Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelly C. Lynch
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Mageeney
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tetyana Martynyuk
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Mathew
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Travis N. Mavrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. McDaniel
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Hannah McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C. Joel McManus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica E. Medrano
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Francis E. Mele
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Menninger
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sierra N. Miller
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josephine E. Minick
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Courtney T. Nabua
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Caroline K. Napoli
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Martha Nkangabwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Oates
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Cassandra T. Ott
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Pellerino
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William J. Pinamont
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ross T. Pirnie
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marie C. Pizzorno
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emilee J. Plautz
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Welkin H. Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katelyn M. Pruett
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabbi Rickstrew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick A. Rimple
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Rinehart
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kayla M. Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Rose
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amelia M. Schick
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Schlossman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Victoria M. Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chloe A. Sells
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeremy W. Sieker
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Morgan P. Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marissa M. Silvi
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Simon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amanda K. Staples
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Isabelle L. Steed
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Stowe
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Noah A. Stueven
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Porter T. Swartz
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emma A. Sweet
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Abigail T. Sweetman
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Corrina Tender
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katrina Terry
- Department of Science, Cabrini University, Radnor, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chrystal Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Thomas
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Allison R. Thompson
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lorianna Vanderveen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rohan Varma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hannah L. Vaught
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Quynh D. Vo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zachary T. Vonberg
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vassie C. Ware
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yasmene M. Warrad
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn E. Wathen
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. Weinstein
- Biology Department, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline F. Wyper
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jakob R. Yankauskas
- Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christine Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Dedrick RM, Jacobs-Sera D, Guerrero Bustamante CA, Garlena RA, Mavrich TN, Pope WH, Reyes JCC, Russell DA, Adair T, Alvey R, Bonilla JA, Bricker JS, Brown BR, Byrnes D, Cresawn SG, Davis WB, Dickson LA, Edgington NP, Findley AM, Golebiewska U, Grose JH, Hayes CF, Hughes LE, Hutchison KW, Isern S, Johnson AA, Kenna MA, Klyczek KK, Mageeney CM, Michael SF, Molloy SD, Montgomery MT, Neitzel J, Page ST, Pizzorno MC, Poxleitner MK, Rinehart CA, Robinson CJ, Rubin MR, Teyim JN, Vazquez E, Ware VC, Washington J, Hatfull GF. Prophage-mediated defence against viral attack and viral counter-defence. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:16251. [PMID: 28067906 PMCID: PMC5508108 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Temperate phages are common, and prophages are abundant residents of sequenced bacterial genomes. Mycobacteriophages are viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis, encompass substantial genetic diversity and are commonly temperate. Characterization of ten Cluster N temperate mycobacteriophages revealed at least five distinct prophage-expressed viral defence systems that interfere with the infection of lytic and temperate phages that are either closely related (homotypic defence) or unrelated (heterotypic defence) to the prophage. Target specificity is unpredictable, ranging from a single target phage to one-third of those tested. The defence systems include a single-subunit restriction system, a heterotypic exclusion system and a predicted (p)ppGpp synthetase, which blocks lytic phage growth, promotes bacterial survival and enables efficient lysogeny. The predicted (p)ppGpp synthetase coded by the Phrann prophage defends against phage Tweety infection, but Tweety codes for a tetrapeptide repeat protein, gp54, which acts as a highly effective counter-defence system. Prophage-mediated viral defence offers an efficient mechanism for bacterial success in host-virus dynamics, and counter-defence promotes phage co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah M. Dedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Deborah Jacobs-Sera
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Rebecca A. Garlena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Travis N. Mavrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Welkin H. Pope
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | | | - Daniel A. Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Tamarah Adair
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798
| | - Richard Alvey
- Biology Department, Illinois-Wesleyan University, Bloomington, IL 61702
| | - J. Alfred Bonilla
- Biology Department University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54016
| | | | - Bryony R. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Deanna Byrnes
- Biology Department, Carthage College, Kenosha, WI53140
| | - Steven G. Cresawn
- Biology Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807
| | - William B. Davis
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Leon A. Dickson
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059
| | | | - Ann M. Findley
- Biology, School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71209
| | - Urszula Golebiewska
- Biological Sciences and Geology, Queensborough Community College, Bayside, NY 11364
| | | | - Cory F. Hayes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| | - Lee E. Hughes
- Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203
| | - Keith W. Hutchison
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Honors College, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Sharon Isern
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965
| | - Allison A. Johnson
- Biology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284
| | | | - Karen K. Klyczek
- Biology Department University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54016
| | | | - Scott F. Michael
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965
| | - Sally D. Molloy
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Honors College, Orono, ME 04469
| | | | - James Neitzel
- Biology Department, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98502
| | - Shallee T. Page
- Division of Environmental and, Biological Sciences, University of Maine-Machias, Machias, ME 04654
| | | | | | - Claire A. Rinehart
- Biology Department, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101
| | | | - Michael R. Rubin
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Cayey, Cayey, PR 00736
| | | | - Edwin Vazquez
- Biology Department, University of Puerto Rico-Cayey, Cayey, PR 00736
| | - Vassie C. Ware
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | | | - Graham F. Hatfull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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6
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Gilbert JA, Klyczek KK, Elliott SL. Introducing the JMBE Themed Issue on Scientific Citizenship. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2016; 17:1-2. [PMID: 27047578 PMCID: PMC4798787 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this Editorial, the three Guest Editors for JMBE's first standalone themed issue introduce the topic of scientific citizenship and provide an overview of the current ideas and best practices contained within the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Gilbert
- Biosciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Karen K. Klyczek
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, River Falls, WI 54022
| | - Samantha L. Elliott
- Department of Biology, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, St. Mary’s City, MD 20686
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7
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Borba RS, Klyczek KK, Mogen KL, Spivak M. Seasonal benefits of a natural propolis envelope to honey bee immunity and colony health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:3689-99. [PMID: 26449975 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.127324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Honey bees, as social insects, rely on collective behavioral defenses that produce a colony-level immune phenotype, or social immunity, which in turn impacts the immune response of individuals. One behavioral defense is the collection and deposition of antimicrobial plant resins, or propolis, in the nest. We tested the effect of a naturally constructed propolis envelope within standard beekeeping equipment on the pathogen and parasite load of large field colonies, and on immune system activity, virus and storage protein levels of individual bees over the course of a year. The main effect of the propolis envelope was a decreased and more uniform baseline expression of immune genes in bees during summer and autumn months each year, compared with the immune activity in bees with no propolis envelope in the colony. The most important function of the propolis envelope may be to modulate costly immune system activity. As no differences were found in levels of bacteria, pathogens and parasites between the treatment groups, the propolis envelope may act directly on the immune system, reducing the bees' need to activate the physiologically costly production of humoral immune responses. Colonies with a natural propolis envelope had increased colony strength and vitellogenin levels after surviving the winter in one of the two years of the study, despite the fact that the biological activity of the propolis diminished over the winter. A natural propolis envelope acts as an important antimicrobial layer enshrouding the colony, benefiting individual immunity and ultimately colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Borba
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Karen K Klyczek
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, 410 S. 3rd Street, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - Kim L Mogen
- Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-River Falls, 410 S. 3rd Street, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - Marla Spivak
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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8
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Rosenthal LA, Klyczek KK, Blank KJ. Interferon-alpha/beta, pentoxifylline, and caffeine synergize with interferon-gamma to induce major histocompatibility complex class I expression on a constitutively class I-negative murine tumor cell line. J Interferon Res 1992; 12:403-10. [PMID: 1289407 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1992.12.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The constitutively class I-negative tumor cell line, Kgv, expresses H-2Dk in response to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), but not in response to IFN-alpha/beta, tumor necrosis factor, or lymphotoxin. H-2Dk expression was not induced on Kgv cells by the methylxanthines, pentoxifylline (PTX) and caffeine, which modulate class I expression on cells that constitutively express class I molecules. Treatment of Kgv cells with either IFN-alpha/beta, PTX, caffeine, or dibutyryl cAMP and a concentration of IFN-gamma insufficient by itself to induce Dk expression resulted in the induction of Dk expression. Since PTX and caffeine are cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors, it is possible that the effects of PTX, caffeine, and dibutyryl cAMP involve a cAMP-dependent mechanism. We conclude that concentrations of IFN-gamma insufficient to induce Dk expression on Kgv cells may be capable of rendering the Dk gene responsive to signals that, in the absence of IFN-gamma treatment, have no effect on Dk expression.
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9
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Rosenthal LA, Klyczek KK, Blank KJ. Introduction of the H-2Dk gene into a class I-negative tumor cell line confers interferon-gamma inducibility upon the silent endogenous H-2Kk gene. Cell Immunol 1992; 145:43-55. [PMID: 1423645 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(92)90311-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Kgv cells do not constitutively express class I mRNA or protein. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, but not IFN-alpha/beta, induces H-2Dk expression. IFN does not induce H-2Kk expression. We examined constitutive and IFN-inducible class I expression on Kgv cells stably transfected with genomic clones of H-2Kk or H-2Dk and on somatic cell hybrid lines constructed between Kgv cells and constitutively class I-positive cells of a distinguishable H-2 haplotype. Our results suggest that both the lack of constitutive class I expression and the inability of IFN-alpha/beta to induce class I expression on Kgv cells are primarily due to cis-regulatory mechanisms. However, stable introduction of the H-2Dk gene into Kgv cells conferred IFN-gamma inducibility upon the silent endogenous H-2Kk gene. Therefore, the failure of IFN-gamma to induce H-2Kk expression on Kgv cells is due, at least in part, to a trans-regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Rosenthal
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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10
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Jones SM, Moors MA, Ryan Q, Klyczek KK, Blank KJ. Altered macrophage antigen-presenting cell function following Friend leukemia virus infection. Viral Immunol 1992; 5:201-11. [PMID: 1418318 DOI: 10.1089/vim.1992.5.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism by which Friend leukemia virus (FV) causes immunosuppression, the ability of peritoneal macrophages to mediate antigen-specific T-cell activation following FV infection was examined. Decreased IL-2 production was observed when antigen-primed T cells were cultured with antigen-pulsed macrophages from mice infected with FV, compared to T cells cultured with macrophages from control mice. Macrophages from FV-infected mice demonstrated decreased phagocytic and pinocytic activity, suggesting that antigen uptake may be impaired in these cells. In addition, FV-infected mice had decreased numbers of MHC class II positive macrophages compared to uninfected controls, as measured by immunofluorescence. The alterations in antigen uptake and class II expression observed in macrophages from FV-infected mice may be the result of infection of these cells by FV, which was demonstrated by in situ hybridization using a FV-specific probe. The ability of FV to infect and modulate the functions of macrophages may account, at least in part, for the immunosuppression observed in FV-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jones
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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11
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Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that Friend leukemia virus (FLV) induces a profound immunosuppression in susceptible mice. The studies described in this report indicate that mice infected with FLV have an increased susceptibility to subsequent infection with the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans, as measured by increased numbers of C. albicans CFU in the kidneys of FLV-infected mice relative to uninfected controls. Experiments in which the NB-tropic and N-tropic strains of FLV were used suggest that virus replication or the resulting virus burden may be important in the observed increased susceptibility to C. albicans. Since neutrophils are believed to be important in the response of mice to systemic Candida infections, the effect of FLV infection on neutrophil candidacidal activity was investigated. The percentage of neutrophils present in unfractionated Proteose Peptone-elicited peritoneal exudates of mice infected with FLV for 14 days was significantly lower than in uninfected control mice or mice infected with FLV for 6 or 10 days. When neutrophils from FLV-infected and control mice were purified, adjusted to equal concentrations, and tested for in vitro candidacidal activity, neutrophils from mice infected with FLV for 14 days were deficient in their ability to kill C. albicans relative to normal controls and mice infected with FLV for 6 or 10 days. Addition of normal mouse serum increased killing in all groups but did not restore candidacidal activity of neutrophils from mice infected with FLV for 14 days to levels of control neutrophils or neutrophils from mice infected for 6 or 10 days with the virus. These results suggest a defect in neutrophil function, at the later stages of FLV infection, involving in vitro candidacidal activity. In addition, neutrophils from FLV-infected mice may be deficient in in vivo chemotactic activity. These defects in neutrophil function could account, at least in part, for the observed increased susceptibility of FLV-infected mice to C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Moors
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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12
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Abstract
Inoculation of adult BALB/c-H-2k (BALB.K) mice with both Gross murine leukemia virus (GV) and a biological clone derived from this virus resulted in the recovery of variant viruses which differ from GV with respect to the expression of specific epitopes associated with the env gene product, gp70. The loss of these epitopes correlated with the failure of antiserum raised in BALB.K mice against GV to neutralize variant virus although this antiserum neutralized GV. In contrast, BALB/c-H-2b (BALB.B) mice, immunized with GV, produced antibodies which neutralized both GV and the variant virus, indicating that BALB.B mice respond to epitopes distinct from those recognized by BALB.K mice. These results suggest that the selection of variant viruses resulting from in vivo passage may be related to the immunoselective pressures exerted in mice which express particular alleles of certain major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pozsgay
- Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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13
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Klyczek KK, Blank KJ. Novel class I-like molecule expressed on a murine leukemia virus-transformed cell line. Cell Immunol 1989; 118:222-8. [PMID: 2642746 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A retrovirus-induced tumor cell line, which expresses no H-2K or H-2D class I molecules, appears to express a tumor-specific transplantation antigen which induces tumor rejection in vivo and cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation in vitro without prior immunization and thus resembles class I molecules. In addition, although these tumor cells express no detectable class I molecules, they do express beta 2 microglobulin and a 55- to 60-kDa beta 2 microglobulin-associated protein. Northern analysis demonstrated that these cells express no RNA hybridizing to class I probes, suggesting that neither the tumor-specific transplantation antigen nor the beta 2 microglobulin-associated protein, if these are different, are encoded by known class I genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Klyczek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
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14
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Klyczek KK, Murasko DM, Blank KJ. Interferon-gamma, interferon-alpha/beta, and tumor necrosis factor differentially affect major histocompatibility complex class I expression in murine leukemia virus-induced tumor cell lines. J Immunol 1987; 139:2641-8. [PMID: 3116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell lines induced by Gross murine leukemia virus were examined for cell-surface major histocompatibility complex class I expression. Three of five cell lines constitutively express H-2K and H-2D class I protein. Culturing these cells with interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-alpha/beta, or tumor necrosis factor increases both K and D expression in these cell lines. Two of five tumor cell lines express no class I proteins by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, specific immunoprecipitation, and specific hybridization in Northern analysis. Treatment with IFN-gamma induces D, but not K protein expression in one of these cell lines. IFN-alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor induce neither D nor K expression in this cell line. Thus, these two cytokines appear to have different mechanisms of action than IFN-gamma for altering class I expression. The other class I-negative tumor cell line does not express either K or D proteins under any conditions tested. All five cell lines express beta 2-microglobulin; this expression is increased by IFN-gamma treatment even in cell lines which do not express class I heavy chain. The results of this study demonstrate that 1) different tumor cell lines demonstrate variations in class I gene regulation, and 2) differences in regulation between class I genes may occur within a single cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Klyczek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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Klyczek KK, Murasko DM, Blank KJ. Interferon-gamma, interferon-alpha/beta, and tumor necrosis factor differentially affect major histocompatibility complex class I expression in murine leukemia virus-induced tumor cell lines. The Journal of Immunology 1987. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.139.8.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor cell lines induced by Gross murine leukemia virus were examined for cell-surface major histocompatibility complex class I expression. Three of five cell lines constitutively express H-2K and H-2D class I protein. Culturing these cells with interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-alpha/beta, or tumor necrosis factor increases both K and D expression in these cell lines. Two of five tumor cell lines express no class I proteins by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis, specific immunoprecipitation, and specific hybridization in Northern analysis. Treatment with IFN-gamma induces D, but not K protein expression in one of these cell lines. IFN-alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor induce neither D nor K expression in this cell line. Thus, these two cytokines appear to have different mechanisms of action than IFN-gamma for altering class I expression. The other class I-negative tumor cell line does not express either K or D proteins under any conditions tested. All five cell lines express beta 2-microglobulin; this expression is increased by IFN-gamma treatment even in cell lines which do not express class I heavy chain. The results of this study demonstrate that 1) different tumor cell lines demonstrate variations in class I gene regulation, and 2) differences in regulation between class I genes may occur within a single cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Klyczek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - D M Murasko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - K J Blank
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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Blank KJ, Klyczek KK. Host genetic control of retrovirus-induced leukemogenesis in the mouse: direct genetic and epistatic effects. J Leukoc Biol 1986; 40:479-90. [PMID: 3018115 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.40.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Jones SM, Spear BT, Klyczek KK, Pozsgay JM, Gaudet E, Yao D, Blank KJ. Antigenic changes in gp70 associated with the adult variant of Gross murine leukemia virus, WB91. Microb Pathog 1986; 1:275-82. [PMID: 3508491 DOI: 10.1016/0882-4010(86)90052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gross murine leukemia virus (GV) is not leukemogenic in adult mice whereas a variant of GV, WB91, is highly leukemogenic regardless of the age of the inoculated animal. FACS and SDS-PAGE analysis have demonstrated that these viruses differ at least with respect to the env-encoded gp70 molecule. FACS analysis of virus infected or virus transformed cells with a type specific monoclonal antibody (mAb #55) indicated a difference in determinants associated with gp70 expressed by the two viruses. Rat antisera raised against GV- or WB91-induced tumor cells demonstrated that there were no crossreactive determinants between the gp70 molecules expressed on these tumor cells as recognized by the rat antisera. This difference in the gp70 molecules encoded by WB91 and GV may account for the ability of the WB91 virus to induce leukemia in adult mice, possibly by affecting the immunogenicity of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104
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Abstract
The I-J molecule is a mannosylated protein expressed early in T cell ontogeny in partially shielded form, later fully exposed on an activated T cell subset. Others determined a 25-30,000 molecular weight for cellular (Kumagai et al. 1984) and secreted forms (Taniguchi et al. 1984). Both the cell membrane and secreted types seem to govern genetically-restricted interactions completing suppressor cell circuits. The soluble I-J polypeptide has no antigen-binding site, but associates with an antigen-binding chain via disulfide bonding (Taniguchi et al. 1984, Lei et al. 1983). Similarly, evidence suggests that cellular I-J molecules are part of or proximal to T cell antigen receptor complexes (Fig. 4). At least two genes control T cell I-Jk expression, one apparently in I-E, another on chromosome 4. Undiscovered loci may also participate. Since I-J+ T cells do not transcribe I-region DNA, the I-E gene must be an untranscribed regulatory element in T cells or a protein translated in the host environment. If in the host environment, it probably does not function enzymatically to form T cell I-J epitopes; removed from the host, T cells biosynthesize complete I-J determinants. Host I-E gene products may regulate I-J expression in an early T cell maturation step. For example, the E alpha E beta proteins of thymic macrophages and epithelial cells may drive the expansion of T cells with E alpha E beta-complementary receptors encoded by I-J genes outside H-2. Genetic control of this self receptor would then apparently map to the selective ligand gene, I-E, as well as the I-J structural gene elsewhere (Klyczek et al. 1984b). This attractive theory, proposed in its original form by Jerne (1971) and later by Schrader (1979), has received significant support. Definitive proof must await further experimentation.
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Hullett DA, Klyczek KK, Hayes CE. I-A-controlled T cell molecules: protease sensitivity. The Journal of Immunology 1984. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.133.6.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
An I-A subregion-controlled structure (I-At) characterizes some helper T cells and augmenting factors. This epitope is associated with a glycoprotein. Extended trypsin digestion removed the determinant; tunicamycin blocked its reexpression. In contrast, limited trypsinization increased the number of I-At-bearing peripheral T cells from 17 to 35%. The I-At molecule density on cells expressing this structure did not change measurably with limited enzyme treatment. Rather, some previously negative T cells (20%) expressed the epitope after mild proteolysis. A third T cell subset (60%) expressed no I-At molecules regardless of enzyme treatment. We conclude that the I-At molecule is shielded by trypsin-labile material on some T cells, whereas on others it is fully exposed. The transition from a shielded to an exposed configuration may correlate with T cell activation. Cycloheximide inhibited the biosynthesis of both the I-At molecule and the shielding substance by T cells. Unlike I-A-controlled T cell structures, B cell I-A-encoded molecules are neither shielded nor trypsin labile. The relationship between I region-controlled T cell and B cell molecules is discussed.
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Hullett DA, Klyczek KK, Hayes CE. I-A-controlled T cell molecules: protease sensitivity. J Immunol 1984; 133:3183-7. [PMID: 6208272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An I-A subregion-controlled structure (I-At) characterizes some helper T cells and augmenting factors. This epitope is associated with a glycoprotein. Extended trypsin digestion removed the determinant; tunicamycin blocked its reexpression. In contrast, limited trypsinization increased the number of I-At-bearing peripheral T cells from 17 to 35%. The I-At molecule density on cells expressing this structure did not change measurably with limited enzyme treatment. Rather, some previously negative T cells (20%) expressed the epitope after mild proteolysis. A third T cell subset (60%) expressed no I-At molecules regardless of enzyme treatment. We conclude that the I-At molecule is shielded by trypsin-labile material on some T cells, whereas on others it is fully exposed. The transition from a shielded to an exposed configuration may correlate with T cell activation. Cycloheximide inhibited the biosynthesis of both the I-At molecule and the shielding substance by T cells. Unlike I-A-controlled T cell structures, B cell I-A-encoded molecules are neither shielded nor trypsin labile. The relationship between I region-controlled T cell and B cell molecules is discussed.
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Klyczek KK, Cantor H, Hayes CE. T cell surface I-J glycoprotein. Concerted action of chromosome-4 and -17 genes forms an epitope dependent on alpha-D-mannosyl residues. J Exp Med 1984; 159:1604-17. [PMID: 6202816 PMCID: PMC2187312 DOI: 10.1084/jem.159.6.1604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Two genes acting in concert control murine T cell I-Jk expression. We determined I-Jk expression with I-Jk--specific monoclonal antibodies WF8 .C12.8 and five others produced in our laboratory in a cytotoxicity assay. Previous experiments established that an H-2k gene and a chromosome 4 gene, Jt , regulate I-Jk expression. We show here that B10. HTT and B10.S( 9R ) do not differ at the H-2k locus required for I-Jk expression. Rather B10. HTT , like B10.A(3R), lacks some important non--H-2 gene (possibly Jt ). The intra--H-2k I-J--controlling locus maps to the right of the I-A subregion. The I-Jk determinant involves a carbohydrate structure associated with protein; inhibiting either protein synthesis or glycosylation prevents T cell I-Jk reexpression after proteolytic removal. Treatment with alpha-mannosidase destroys I-Jk determinants, implicating terminal alpha-D-mannosyl residues in the I-Jk epitope. Models for H-2 and Jt control of I-J expression are discussed.
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Abstract
Data are presented suggesting a resolution to the paradox concerning the murine response subregion I-J, which encodes a suppressor T cell marker. The controversy arose when sequences corresponding to I-J DNA were not found in the central immune response region described by immunogeneticists. New evidence is presented that T cell surface I-J expression results from the action of at least two complementing genes. One gene is within the H-2 region on chromosome 17; the second gene, termed Jt, is on chromosome 4. The two recombinant mouse strains B10.A(3R) and B10.A(5R) originally used to define the I-J subregion apparently differ not within the H-2 region but elsewhere.
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Hayes CE, Klyczek KK, Maier JM. T cell determinant mapping between K and I-A with I-region properties. Exp Clin Immunogenet 1984; 1:43-55. [PMID: 6101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated genes in the chromosomal segment between K and I-A. Recombination in strains AQR and A.TL previously established the right-hand K region and left-hand I-A subregion boundaries. This report provides evidence that strains AQR and A.TL differ in their intra-I-region crossover points; AQR has k haplotype genes between K and I-A which A.TL lacks. Using three different strain combinations, we produced antibodies specific for a T lymphocyte determinant, Iat.W41, encoded by genes in the Kk to I-Ak interval. Like A.TL, B10.MBR (an intra-I-region recombinant) lacks the Iat.W41-controlling gene. Immunofluorescence analysis and a cytotoxicity assay detected Iat.W41 determinants on mature T lymphocyte subset; thymocytes, bone marrow cells, B cells and macrophages do not express this specificity. Iat.W41-bearing lymphocytes display the Thy-1.2 antigen, but not Ly-1 or Ly-2 determinants. Iat.W41 expression is independent of non-H-2 genes. In addition to a strong mixed leukocyte reaction, genes between K and I-A contribute to a graft-versus-host reaction. The Iat.W41-controlling locus appears distinct from previously identified I-A loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Klyczek KK, Hullett DA, Hayes CE. Enhancement of murine T cell I-J expression by limited proteolysis. J Immunol 1983; 131:1380-5. [PMID: 6350454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
I-J-encoded structures on peripheral T cells and thymocytes appear normally to be blocked or shielded by material that is susceptible to proteolysis. Limited proteolysis with trypsin, papain, pronase, or chymotrypsin increased the number of peripheral T cells and thymocytes lysed by anti-I-Jk serum and complement. Proteolysis did not induce I-Jk expression on B cells or on negative strain T cells. Increased lysis was enzyme concentration and time dependent and was not due to increased susceptibility of protease-treated cells to lysis by antibody plus complement; proteolysis rendered T cells and thymocytes less susceptible to lysis by anti-H-2Kk, anti-H-2Dd, and anti-Lyt-2 antibodies. Absorption experiments showed that I-Jk determinant density was increased in the protease-treated T cell population. The I-Jk determinants detected are proteins or glycoproteins; extended proteolysis removed these molecules from the T cell surface. Treatment of T cells or thymocytes with activated macrophage culture supernatant containing proteolytic activity produced a small but reproducible increase in I-Jk expression. Proteolysis of lymphocyte membranes, possibly mediated by macrophages, may have a role in cellular differentiation and immune activation.
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Klyczek KK, Hullett DA, Hayes CE. Enhancement of murine T cell I-J expression by limited proteolysis. The Journal of Immunology 1983. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.131.3.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
I-J-encoded structures on peripheral T cells and thymocytes appear normally to be blocked or shielded by material that is susceptible to proteolysis. Limited proteolysis with trypsin, papain, pronase, or chymotrypsin increased the number of peripheral T cells and thymocytes lysed by anti-I-Jk serum and complement. Proteolysis did not induce I-Jk expression on B cells or on negative strain T cells. Increased lysis was enzyme concentration and time dependent and was not due to increased susceptibility of protease-treated cells to lysis by antibody plus complement; proteolysis rendered T cells and thymocytes less susceptible to lysis by anti-H-2Kk, anti-H-2Dd, and anti-Lyt-2 antibodies. Absorption experiments showed that I-Jk determinant density was increased in the protease-treated T cell population. The I-Jk determinants detected are proteins or glycoproteins; extended proteolysis removed these molecules from the T cell surface. Treatment of T cells or thymocytes with activated macrophage culture supernatant containing proteolytic activity produced a small but reproducible increase in I-Jk expression. Proteolysis of lymphocyte membranes, possibly mediated by macrophages, may have a role in cellular differentiation and immune activation.
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