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Gaytán Á, Drobyshev I, Klisho T, Gotthard K, Tack AJM. Parasitism rate differs between herbivore generations in the univoltine, but not bivoltine, range. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294275. [PMID: 38011177 PMCID: PMC10681160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With climate change, plant-feeding insects increase their number of annual generations (voltinism). However, to what degree the emergence of a new herbivore generation affects the parasitism rate has not been explored. We performed a field experiment to test whether the parasitism rate differs between the first and the second generations of a specialist leaf miner (Tischeria ekebladella), both in the naturally univoltine and bivoltine parts of the leaf miner's distribution. We found an interactive effect between herbivore generation and geographical range on the parasitism rate. The parasitism rate was higher in the first compared to the second host generation in the part of the range that is naturally univoltine, whereas it did not differ between generations in the bivoltine range. Our experiment highlights that shifts in herbivore voltinism might release top-down control, with potential consequences for natural and applied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gaytán
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Center for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Drobyshev
- Southern Swedish Forest Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Klisho
- Southern Swedish Forest Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Bolin Center for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Center for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Nielsen ME, Nylin S, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Evolution of butterfly seasonal plasticity driven by climate change varies across life stages. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1548-1558. [PMID: 37366181 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod is a common cue for seasonal plasticity and phenology, but climate change can create cue-environment mismatches for organisms that rely on it. Evolution could potentially correct these mismatches, but phenology often depends on multiple plastic decisions made during different life stages and seasons that may evolve separately. For example, Pararge aegeria (Speckled wood butterfly) has photoperiod-cued seasonal life history plasticity in two different life stages: larval development time and pupal diapause. We tested for climate change-associated evolution of this plasticity by replicating common garden experiments conducted on two Swedish populations 30 years ago. We found evidence for evolutionary change in the contemporary larval reaction norm-although these changes differed between populations-but no evidence for evolution of the pupal reaction norm. This variation in evolution across life stages demonstrates the need to consider how climate change affects the whole life cycle to understand its impacts on phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Nylin
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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von Schmalensee L, Caillault P, Gunnarsdóttir KH, Gotthard K, Lehmann P. Seasonal specialization drives divergent population dynamics in two closely related butterflies. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3663. [PMID: 37339960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasons impose different selection pressures on organisms through contrasting environmental conditions. How such seasonal evolutionary conflict is resolved in organisms whose lives span across seasons remains underexplored. Through field experiments, laboratory work, and citizen science data analyses, we investigate this question using two closely related butterflies (Pieris rapae and P. napi). Superficially, the two butterflies appear highly ecologically similar. Yet, the citizen science data reveal that their fitness is partitioned differently across seasons. Pieris rapae have higher population growth during the summer season but lower overwintering success than do P. napi. We show that these differences correspond to the physiology and behavior of the butterflies. Pieris rapae outperform P. napi at high temperatures in several growth season traits, reflected in microclimate choice by ovipositing wild females. Instead, P. rapae have higher winter mortality than do P. napi. We conclude that the difference in population dynamics between the two butterflies is driven by seasonal specialization, manifested as strategies that maximize gains during growth seasons and minimize harm during adverse seasons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loke von Schmalensee
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pauline Caillault
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 1D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
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4
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Gaytán Á, Abdelfattah A, Faticov M, Moreira X, Castagneyrol B, Van Halder I, De Frenne P, Meeussen C, Timmermans BGH, Ten Hoopen JPJG, Rasmussen PU, Bos N, Jaatinen R, Pulkkinen P, Söderlund S, Gotthard K, Pawlowski K, Tack AJM. Changes in the foliar fungal community between oak leaf flushes along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. J Biogeogr 2022; 49:2269-2280. [PMID: 36636040 PMCID: PMC9828548 DOI: 10.1111/jbi.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM Leaves support a large diversity of fungi, which are known to cause plant diseases, induce plant defences or influence leaf senescence and decomposition. To advance our understanding of how foliar fungal communities are structured and assembled, we assessed to what extent leaf flush and latitude can explain the within- and among-tree variation in foliar fungal communities. LOCATION A latitudinal gradient spanning c. 20 degrees in latitude in Europe. TAXA The foliar fungal community associated with a foundation tree species, the pedunculate oak Quercus robur. METHODS We examined the main and interactive effects of leaf flush and latitude on the foliar fungal community by sampling 20 populations of the pedunculate oak Quercus robur across the tree's range. We used the ITS region as a target for characterization of fungal communities using DNA metabarcoding. RESULTS Species composition, but not species richness, differed between leaf flushes. Across the latitudinal gradient, species richness was highest in the central part of the oak's distributional range, and foliar fungal community composition shifted along the latitudinal gradient. Among fungal guilds, the relative abundance of plant pathogens and mycoparasites was lower on the first leaf flush, and the relative abundance of plant pathogens and saprotrophs decreased with latitude. CONCLUSIONS Changes in community composition between leaf flushes and along the latitudinal gradient were mostly a result of species turnover. Overall, our findings demonstrate that leaf flush and latitude explain 5%-22% of the small- and large-scale spatial variation in the foliar fungal community on a foundation tree within the temperate region. Using space-for-time substitution, we expect that foliar fungal community structure will change with climate warming, with an increase in the abundance of plant pathogens and mycoparasites at higher latitudes, with major consequences for plant health, species interactions and ecosystem dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gaytán
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Center for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB)PotsdamGermany
| | - Maria Faticov
- Department of BiologySherbrooke UniversitySherbrookeQuebecCanada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pil U. Rasmussen
- The National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nick Bos
- Section for Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Raimo Jaatinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Haapastensyrjä Breeding StationLäyliäinenFinland
| | - Pertti Pulkkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Haapastensyrjä Breeding StationLäyliäinenFinland
| | - Sara Söderlund
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Bolin Center for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Katharina Pawlowski
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Bolin Center for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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5
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Gaytán Á, Gotthard K, Tack AJM. Spring phenology and pathogen infection affect multigenerational plant attackers throughout the growing season. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:2235-2247. [PMID: 36047365 PMCID: PMC9826206 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has been shown to advance spring phenology, increase the number of insect generations per year (multivoltinism) and increase pathogen infection levels. However, we lack insights into the effects of plant spring phenology and the biotic environment on the preference and performance of multivoltine herbivores and whether such effects extend into the later part of the growing season. To this aim, we used a multifactorial growth chamber experiment to examine the influence of spring phenology on plant pathogen infection, and how the independent and interactive effects of spring phenology and plant pathogen infection affect the preference and performance of multigenerational attackers (the leaf miner Tischeria ekebladella and the aphid Tuberculatus annulatus) on the pedunculate oak in the early, mid and late parts of the plant growing season. Pathogen infection was highest on late phenology plants, irrespective of whether inoculations were conducted in the early, mid or late season. The leaf miner consistently preferred to oviposit on middle and late phenology plants, as well as healthy plants, during all parts of the growing season, whereas we detected an interactive effect between spring phenology and pathogen infection on the performance of the leaf miner. Aphids preferred healthy, late phenology plants during the early season, healthy plants during the mid season, and middle phenology plants during the late season, whereas aphid performance was consistently higher on healthy plants during all parts of the growing season. Our findings highlight that the impact of spring phenology on pathogen infection and the preference and performance of insect herbivores is not restricted to the early season, but that its imprint is still present - and sometimes equally strong - during the peak and end of the growing season. Plant pathogens generally negatively affected herbivore preference and performance, and modulated the effects of spring phenology. We conclude that spring phenology and pathogen infection are two important factors shaping the preference and performance of multigenerational plant attackers, which is particularly relevant given the current advance in spring phenology, pathogen outbreaks and increase in voltinism with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gaytán
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden,Bolin Center for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Bolin Center for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden,Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden,Bolin Center for Climate ResearchStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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6
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Greiser C, von Schmalensee L, Lindestad O, Gotthard K, Lehmann P. Microclimatic variation affects developmental phenology, synchrony and voltinism in an insect population. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Greiser
- Dept. of Physical Geography, Svante Arrhenius väg 8 Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Loke von Schmalensee
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Sweden
- Dept. of Zoology, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Olle Lindestad
- Dept. of Zoology, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Sweden
- Dept. of Zoology, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Sweden
- Dept. of Zoology, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Zoological Institute and Museum Dept. of Animal Physiology, Felix Hausdorff‐Strasse 1, University of Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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7
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Süess P, Dircksen H, Roberts KT, Gotthard K, Nässel DR, Wheat CW, Carlsson MA, Lehmann P. Time- and temperature-dependent dynamics of prothoracicotropic hormone and ecdysone sensitivity co-regulate pupal diapause in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 149:103833. [PMID: 36084800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diapause, a general shutdown of developmental pathways, is a vital adaptation allowing insects to adjust their life cycle to adverse environmental conditions such as winter. Diapause in the pupal stage is regulated by the major developmental hormones prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) and ecdysone. Termination of pupal diapause in the butterfly Pieris napi depends on low temperatures; therefore, we study the temperature-dependence of PTTH secretion and ecdysone sensitivity dynamics throughout diapause, with a focus on diapause termination. While PTTH is present throughout diapause in the cell bodies of two pairs of neurosecretory cells in the brain, it is absent in the axons, and the PTTH concentration in the haemolymph is significantly lower during diapause than during post diapause development, indicating that the PTTH signaling is reduced during diapause. The sensitivity of pupae to ecdysone injections is dependent on diapause stage. While pupae are sensitive to ecdysone during early diapause initiation, they gradually lose this sensitivity and become insensitive to non-lethal concentrations of ecdysone about 30 days into diapause. At low temperatures, reflecting natural overwintering conditions, diapause termination propensity after ecdysone injection is precocious compared to controls. In stark contrast, at high temperatures reflecting late summer and early autumn conditions, sensitivity to ecdysone does not return. Thus, here we show that PTTH secretion is reduced during diapause, and additionally, that the low ecdysone sensitivity of early diapause maintenance is lost during termination in a temperature dependent manner. The link between ecdysone sensitivity and low-temperature dependence reveals a putative mechanism of how diapause termination operates in insects that is in line with adaptive expectations for diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Süess
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden.
| | - Heinrich Dircksen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | - Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael A Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 11418, Sweden; Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
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8
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Ittonen M, Hagelin A, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Local adaptation to seasonal cues at the fronts of two parallel, climate-induced butterfly range expansions. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2022-2033. [PMID: 35965449 PMCID: PMC9544862 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Climate change allows species to expand polewards, but non-changing environmental features may limit expansions. Daylength is unaffected by climate and drives life cycle timing in many animals and plants. Because daylength varies over latitudes, poleward-expanding populations must adapt to new daylength conditions. We studied local adaptation to daylength in the butterfly Lasiommata megera, which is expanding northwards along several routes in Europe. Using common garden laboratory experiments with controlled daylengths, we compared diapause induction between populations from the southern-Swedish core range and recently established marginal populations from two independent expansion fronts in Sweden. Caterpillars from the northern populations entered diapause in clearly longer daylengths than those from southern populations, with the exception of caterpillars from one geographically isolated population. The northern populations have repeatedly and rapidly adapted to their local daylengths, indicating that the common use of daylength as seasonal cue need not strongly limit climate-induced insect range expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Ittonen
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Gaytán Á, Moreira X, Castagneyrol B, Van Halder I, De Frenne P, Meeussen C, Timmermans BGH, Ten Hoopen JPJG, Rasmussen PU, Bos N, Jaatinen R, Pulkkinen P, Söderlund S, Covelo F, Gotthard K, Tack AJM. The co-existence of multiple oak leaf flushes contributes to the large within-tree variation in chemistry, insect attack and pathogen infection. New Phytol 2022; 235:1615-1628. [PMID: 35514157 PMCID: PMC9545873 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species produce multiple leaf flushes during the growing season, which might have major consequences for within-plant variation in chemistry and species interactions. Yet, we lack a theoretical or empirical framework for how differences among leaf flushes might shape variation in damage by insects and diseases. We assessed the impact of leaf flush identity on leaf chemistry, insect attack and pathogen infection on the pedunculate oak Quercus robur by sampling leaves from each leaf flush in 20 populations across seven European countries during an entire growing season. The first leaf flush had higher levels of primary compounds, and lower levels of secondary compounds, than the second flush, whereas plant chemistry was highly variable in the third flush. Insect attack decreased from the first to the third flush, whereas infection by oak powdery mildew was lowest on leaves from the first flush. The relationship between plant chemistry, insect attack and pathogen infection varied strongly among leaf flushes and seasons. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering differences among leaf flushes for our understanding of within-tree variation in chemistry, insect attack and disease levels, something particularly relevant given the expected increase in the number of leaf flushes with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gaytán
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 20AStockholmSweden
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG‐CSIC)Apdo. 2836080Pontevedra, GaliciaSpain
| | | | | | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature LaboratoryGhent UniversityGeraardsbergsesteenweg 267BE‐9090Gontrode‐MelleBelgium
| | - Camille Meeussen
- Forest & Nature LaboratoryGhent UniversityGeraardsbergsesteenweg 267BE‐9090Gontrode‐MelleBelgium
| | - Bart G. H. Timmermans
- Department of AgricultureLouis Bolk InstituteKosterijland 3‐53981 AJBunnikthe Netherlands
| | | | - Pil U. Rasmussen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nick Bos
- Section for Ecology & EvolutionUniversity of Copenhagen2200CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Raimo Jaatinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Haapastensyrjä Breeding StationFI‐16200LäyliäinenFinland
| | - Pertti Pulkkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Haapastensyrjä Breeding StationFI‐16200LäyliäinenFinland
| | - Sara Söderlund
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 20AStockholmSweden
| | - Felisa Covelo
- Departamento de Sistemas FísicosQuímicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideCarretera de Utrera km. 141013SevilleSpain
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 18BSE‐106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Ayco J. M. Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant SciencesStockholm UniversitySvante Arrhenius väg 20AStockholmSweden
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10
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Zoological Institute and Museum Greifswald University Greifswald Germany
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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11
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Lindestad O, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. Local adaptation of life cycles in a butterfly is associated with variation in several circadian clock genes. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:1461-1475. [PMID: 34931388 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many insects exhibit geographical variation in voltinism, the number of generations produced per year. This includes high-latitude species in previously glaciated areas, meaning that divergent selection on life cycle traits has taken place during or shortly after recent colonization. Here, we use a population genomics approach to compare a set of nine Scandinavian populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria that differ in life cycle traits (diapause thresholds and voltinism) along both north-south and east-west clines. Using a de novo-assembled genome, we reconstruct colonization histories and demographic relationships. Based on the inferred population structure, we then scan the genome for candidate loci showing signs of divergent selection potentially associated with population differences in life cycle traits. The identified candidate genes include a number of components of the insect circadian clock (timeless, timeless2, period, cryptochrome and clockwork orange). Most notably, the gene timeless, which has previously been experimentally linked to life cycle regulation in P. aegeria, is here found to contain a novel 97-amino acid deletion unique to, and fixed in, a single population. These results add to a growing body of research framing circadian gene variation as a potential mechanism for generating local adaptation of life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Pruisscher P, Lehmann P, Nylin S, Gotthard K, Wheat CW. Extensive transcriptomic profiling of pupal diapause in a butterfly reveals a dynamic phenotype. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:1269-1280. [PMID: 34862690 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diapause is a common adaptation for overwintering in insects that is characterized by arrested development and increased tolerance to stress and cold. While the expression of specific candidate genes during diapause have been investigated, there is no general understanding of the dynamics of the transcriptional landscape as a whole during the extended diapause phenotype. Such a detailed temporal insight is important as diapause is a vital aspect of life cycle timing. Here, we performed a time-course experiment using RNA-Seq on the head and abdomen in the butterfly Pieris napi. In both body parts, comparing diapausing and nondiapausing siblings, differentially expressed genes are detected from the first day of pupal development and onwards, varying dramatically across these formative stages. During diapause there are strong gene expression dynamics present, revealing a preprogrammed transcriptional landscape that is active during the winter. Different biological processes appear to be active in the two body parts. Finally, adults emerging from either the direct or diapause pathways do not show large transcriptomic differences, suggesting the adult phenotype is strongly canalized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Moradinour Z, Wiklund C, Jie VW, Restrepo CE, Gotthard K, Miettinen A, Perl CD, Baird E. Sensory Organ Investment Varies with Body Size and Sex in the Butterfly Pieris napi. Insects 2021; 12:insects12121064. [PMID: 34940152 PMCID: PMC8707955 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In solitary insect pollinators such as butterflies, sensory systems must be adapted for multiple tasks, including nectar foraging, mate-finding, and locating host-plants. As a result, the energetic investments between sensory organs can vary at the intraspecific level and even among sexes. To date, little is known about how these investments are distributed between sensory systems and how it varies among individuals of different sex. We performed a comprehensive allometric study on males and females of the butterfly Pieris napi where we measured the sizes and other parameters of sensory traits including eyes, antennae, proboscis, and wings. Our findings show that among all the sensory traits measured, only antenna and wing size have an allometric relationship with body size and that the energetic investment in different sensory systems varies between males and females. Moreover, males had absolutely larger antennae and eyes, indicating that they invest more energy in these organs than females of the same body size. Overall, the findings of this study reveal that the size of sensory traits in P. napi are not necessarily related to body size and raises questions about other factors that drive sensory trait investment in this species and in other insect pollinators in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Moradinour
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.W.); (V.W.J.); (C.E.R.); (K.G.); (C.D.P.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.W.); (V.W.J.); (C.E.R.); (K.G.); (C.D.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Vun Wen Jie
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.W.); (V.W.J.); (C.E.R.); (K.G.); (C.D.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Carlos E. Restrepo
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.W.); (V.W.J.); (C.E.R.); (K.G.); (C.D.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.W.); (V.W.J.); (C.E.R.); (K.G.); (C.D.P.); (E.B.)
| | - Arttu Miettinen
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland;
- Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Craig D. Perl
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.W.); (V.W.J.); (C.E.R.); (K.G.); (C.D.P.); (E.B.)
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Emily Baird
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (C.W.); (V.W.J.); (C.E.R.); (K.G.); (C.D.P.); (E.B.)
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14
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Rowiński PK, Sowersby W, Näslund J, Eckerström-Liedholm S, Gotthard K, Rogell B. Variation in developmental rates is not linked to environmental unpredictability in annual killifishes. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8027-8037. [PMID: 34188869 PMCID: PMC8216982 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative evidence suggests that adaptive plasticity may evolve as a response to predictable environmental variation. However, less attention has been placed on unpredictable environmental variation, which is considered to affect evolutionary trajectories by increasing phenotypic variation (or bet hedging). Here, we examine the occurrence of bet hedging in egg developmental rates in seven species of annual killifish that originate from a gradient of variation in precipitation rates, under three treatment incubation temperatures (21, 23, and 25°C). In the wild, these species survive regular and seasonal habitat desiccation, as dormant eggs buried in the soil. At the onset of the rainy season, embryos must be sufficiently developed in order to hatch and complete their life cycle. We found substantial differences among species in both the mean and variation of egg development rates, as well as species-specific plastic responses to incubation temperature. Yet, there was no clear relationship between variation in egg development time and variation in precipitation rate (environmental predictability). The exact cause of these differences therefore remains enigmatic, possibly depending on differences in other natural environmental conditions in addition to precipitation predictability. Hence, if species-specific variances are adaptive, the relationship between development and variation in precipitation is complex and does not diverge in accordance with simple linear relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Will Sowersby
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Biology Faculty of Science Osaka City University Osaka Japan
| | - Joacim Näslund
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Resources Institute of Freshwater Research Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Drottningholm Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Resources Institute of Freshwater Research Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Drottningholm Sweden
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15
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von Schmalensee L, Hulda Gunnarsdóttir K, Näslund J, Gotthard K, Lehmann P. Thermal performance under constant temperatures can accurately predict insect development times across naturally variable microclimates. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1633-1645. [PMID: 34036719 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
External conditions can drive biological rates in ectotherms by directly influencing body temperatures. While estimating the temperature dependence of performance traits such as growth and development rate is feasible under controlled laboratory settings, predictions in nature are difficult. One major challenge lies in translating performance under constant conditions to fluctuating environments. Using the butterfly Pieris napi as model system, we show that development rate, an important fitness trait, can be accurately predicted in the field using models parameterized under constant laboratory temperatures. Additionally, using a factorial design, we show that accurate predictions can be made across microhabitats but critically hinge on adequate consideration of non-linearity in reaction norms, spatial heterogeneity in microclimate and temporal variation in temperature. Our empirical results are also supported by a comparison of published and simulated data. Conclusively, our combined results suggest that, discounting direct effects of temperature, insect development rates are generally unaffected by thermal fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joacim Näslund
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Lindestad O, Aalberg Haugen IM, Gotthard K. Watching the days go by: Asymmetric regulation of caterpillar development by changes in photoperiod. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5402-5412. [PMID: 34026016 PMCID: PMC8131801 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects possess the plastic ability to either develop directly to adulthood, or enter diapause and postpone reproduction until the next year, depending on environmental cues (primarily photoperiod) that signal the amount of time remaining until the end of the growth season. These two alternative pathways often differ in co-adapted life-history traits, for example, with slower development and larger size in individuals headed for diapause. The developmental timing of these differences may be of adaptive importance: If traits diverge early, the potential for phenotypic differences between the pathways is greater, whereas if traits diverge late, the risk may be lower of expressing a maladaptive phenotype if the selective environment changes during development. Here, we explore the effects of changes in photoperiodic information during life on pupal diapause and associated life-history traits in the butterfly Pararge aegeria. We find that both pupal diapause and larval development rate are asymmetrically regulated: While exposure to long days late in life (regardless of earlier experiences) was sufficient to produce nondiapause development and accelerate larval development accordingly, more prolonged exposure to short days was required to induce diapause and slow down prediapause larval development. While the two developmental pathways diverged early in development, development rates could be partially reversed by altered environmental cues. Meanwhile, pathway differences in body size were more inflexible, despite emerging late in development. These results show how several traits may be shaped by the same environmental cue (photoperiod), but along subtly different ontogenies, into an integrated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of ZoologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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17
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Pruisscher P, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. A region of the sex chromosome associated with population differences in diapause induction contains highly divergent alleles at clock genes. Evolution 2020; 75:490-500. [PMID: 33340097 PMCID: PMC7986627 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity describes the capacity of individuals with the same genotype to induce permanent change in a phenotype depending on a specific external input. One well‐studied example of adaptive developmental plasticity is the induction of facultative diapause in insects. Studies investigating the inheritance of diapause induction have suggested diverse genetic origins. However, only few studies have performed genome‐wide scans to identify genes affecting the induction decision. Here we compare two populations of the butterfly Pieris napi that differ in the propensity to enter diapause, and despite showing a low genome‐wide divergence, we identify a few genomic regions that show high divergence between populations. We then identified a single genomic region associated with diapause induction by genotyping diapausing and directly developing siblings from backcrosses of these populations. This region is located on the Z chromosome and contained three circadian clock genes, cycle, clock, and period. Additionally, period harbored the largest number of SNPs showing complete fixation between populations. We conclude that the heritable basis of between‐population variation in the plasticity that determines diapause induction resides on the Z chromosome, with the period gene being the prime candidate for the genetic basis of adaptive plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pruisscher
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Christopher West Wheat
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 18b, Stockholm, S-106 91, Sweden
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18
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Marshall KE, Gotthard K, Williams CM. Evolutionary impacts of winter climate change on insects. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2020; 41:54-62. [PMID: 32711362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Overwintering is a serious challenge for insects, and winters are rapidly changing as climate shifts. The capacity for phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation will determine which species profit or suffer from these changes. Here we discuss current knowledge on the potential and evidence for evolution in winter-relevant traits among insect species and populations. We conclude that the best evidence for evolutionary shifts in response to changing winters remain those related to changes in phenology, but all evidence points to cold hardiness as also having the potential to evolve in response to climate change. Predicting future population sizes and ranges relies on understanding to what extent evolution in winter-related traits is possible, and remains a serious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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19
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Rowiński PK, Laurila A, Gotthard K, Sowersby W, Lind MI, Richter-Boix A, Eckerström-Liedholm S, Rogell B. Parental effects influence life history traits and covary with an environmental cline in common frog populations. Oecologia 2020; 192:1013-1022. [PMID: 32277360 PMCID: PMC7165185 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Across latitudinal clines, the juvenile developmental rates of ectotherms often covary with the length of the growing season, due to life-history trade-offs imposed by the time-constrained environments. However, as the start of the growing season often varies substantially across years, adaptive parental effects on juvenile developmental rates may mediate the costs of a delayed season. By employing a meta-analysis, we tested whether larval developmental rates across a latitudinal cline of the common frog (Rana temporaria) are affected by fluctuating onsets of breeding, across years. We predicted that larval developmental rate will be inversely related to the onset of breeding, and that northern populations will be more prone to shorten their developmental rate in response to late breeding, as the costs of delayed metamorphosis should be highest in areas with a shorter growing season. We found that the larval period of both northern and southern populations responded to parental environmental conditions to a similar degree in absolute terms, but in different directions. In northern populations, a late season start correlated with decreased development time, suggesting that the evolution of parental effects aids population persistence in time-constrained environments. In southern populations, late season start correlated with increased development time, which could potentially be explained as a predator avoidance strategy. Our findings suggest that local ecological variables can induce adaptive parental effects, but responses are complex, and likely trade-off with other ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Rowiński
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anssi Laurila
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Will Sowersby
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin I Lind
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alex Richter-Boix
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 178 93, Drottningholm, Sweden.
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20
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Kivelä SM, Davis RB, Esperk T, Gotthard K, Mutanen M, Valdma D, Tammaru T. Comparative analysis of larval growth in Lepidoptera reveals instar‐level constraints. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami M. Kivelä
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Robert B. Davis
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Toomas Esperk
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marko Mutanen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Daniel Valdma
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
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21
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Lindestad O, Schmalensee L, Lehmann P, Gotthard K. Variation in butterfly diapause duration in relation to voltinism suggests adaptation to autumn warmth, not winter cold. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
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22
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Kivelä SM, Gotthard K, Lehmann P. Developmental plasticity in metabolism but not in energy reserve accumulation in a seasonally polyphenic butterfly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.202150. [PMID: 31138637 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of seasonal polyphenisms (discrete phenotypes in different annual generations) associated with alternative developmental pathways of diapause (overwintering) and direct development is favoured in temperate insects. Seasonal life history polyphenisms are common and include faster growth and development under direct development than in diapause. However, the physiological underpinnings of this difference remain poorly known despite its significance for understanding the evolution of polyphenisms. We measured respiration and metabolic rates through the penultimate and final larval instars in the butterfly Pieris napi and show that directly developing larvae grew and developed faster and had a higher metabolic rate than larvae entering pupal diapause. The metabolic divergence appeared only in the final instar, that is, after induction of the developmental pathway that takes place in the penultimate instar in P. napi. The accumulation of fat reserves during the final larval instar was similar under diapause and direct development, which was unexpected as diapause is predicted to select for exaggerated reserve accumulation. This suggests that overwinter survival in diapause does not require larger energy reserves than direct development, likely because of metabolic suppression in diapause pupae. The results, nevertheless, demonstrate that physiological changes coincide with the divergence of life histories between the alternative developmental pathways, thus elucidating the proximate basis of seasonal life history polyphenisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami M Kivelä
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Lindestad O, Wheat CW, Nylin S, Gotthard K. Local adaptation of photoperiodic plasticity maintains life cycle variation within latitudes in a butterfly. Ecology 2018; 100:e02550. [PMID: 30375642 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal cycle varies geographically and organisms are under selection to express life cycles that optimally exploit their spatiotemporal habitats. In insects, this often means producing an annual number of generations (voltinism) appropriate to the local season length. Variation in voltinism may arise from variation in environmental factors (e.g., temperature or photoperiod) acting on a single reaction norm shared across populations, but it may also result from local adaptation of reaction norms. However, such local adaptation is poorly explored at short geographic distances, especially within latitudes. Using a combination of common-garden rearing and life cycle modeling, we have investigated the causal factors behind voltinism variation in Swedish populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria, focusing on a set of populations that lie within a single degree of latitude but nonetheless differ in season length and voltinism. Despite considerable differences in ambient temperature between populations, modeling suggested that the key determinant of local voltinism was in fact interpopulation differences in photoperiodic response. These include differences in the induction thresholds for winter diapause, as well as differences in photoperiodic regulation of larval development, a widespread but poorly studied phenomenon. Our results demonstrate previously neglected ways that photoperiodism may mediate insect phenological responses to temperature, and emphasize the importance of local adaptation in shaping phenological patterns in general, as well as for predicting the responses of populations to changes in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olle Lindestad
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Toftegaard T, Posledovich D, Navarro‐Cano JA, Wiklund C, Gotthard K, Ehrlén J. Butterfly–host plant synchrony determines patterns of host use across years and regions. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Toftegaard
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm Univ. SE106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Diana Posledovich
- Dept of Zoology Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre of Climate Research Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
| | - José A. Navarro‐Cano
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm Univ. SE106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Desertification Research Centre (CSIC‐UV‐GV) Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Dept of Zoology Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
- Bolin Centre of Climate Research Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Bolin Centre of Climate Research Stockholm Univ. Stockholm Sweden
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25
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Pruisscher P, Nylin S, Gotthard K, Wheat CW. Genetic variation underlying local adaptation of diapause induction along a cline in a butterfly. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3613-3626. [PMID: 30105798 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diapause is a life history strategy allowing individuals to arrest development until favourable conditions return, and it is commonly induced by shortened day length that is latitude specific for local populations. Although understanding the evolutionary dynamics of a threshold trait like diapause induction provides insights into the adaptive process and adaptive potential of populations, the genetic mechanism of variation in photoperiodic induction of diapause is not well understood. Here, we investigate genetic variation underlying latitudinal variation in diapause induction and the selection dynamics acting upon it. Using a genomewide scan for divergent regions between two populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria that differ strongly in their induction thresholds, we identified and investigated the patterns of variation in those regions. We then tested the association of these regions with diapause induction using between-population crosses, finding significant SNP associations in four genes present in two chromosomal regions, one with the gene period, and the other with the genes kinesin, carnitine O-acetyltransferase and timeless. Patterns of allele frequencies in these two regions in population samples along a latitudinal cline suggest strong selection against heterozygotes at two genes within these loci (period, timeless). Evidence for additional loci modifying the diapause decision was found in patterns of allelic change in relation to induction thresholds over the cline, as well as in backcross analyses. Taken together, population-specific adaptations of diapause induction appear to be due to a combination of alleles of larger and smaller effect size, consistent with an exponential distribution of effect sizes involved in local adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Kivelä SM, Viinamäki S, Keret N, Gotthard K, Hohtola E, Välimäki P. Correction: Elucidating mechanisms for insect body size: partial support for the oxygen-dependent induction of moulting hypothesis (doi: 10.1242/jeb.166157). J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/3/jeb178327. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.178327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami M. Kivelä
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sonja Viinamäki
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Netta Keret
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esa Hohtola
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Panu Välimäki
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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27
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Lehmann P, Pruisscher P, Koštál V, Moos M, Šimek P, Nylin S, Agren R, Väremo L, Wiklund C, Wheat CW, Gotthard K. Metabolome dynamics of diapause in the butterfly Pieris napi: distinguishing maintenance, termination and post-diapause phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.169508. [PMID: 29180603 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.169508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diapause is a deep resting stage facilitating temporal avoidance of unfavourable environmental conditions, and is used by many insects to adapt their life cycle to seasonal variation. Although considerable work has been invested in trying to understand each of the major diapause stages (induction, maintenance and termination), we know very little about the transitions between stages, especially diapause termination. Understanding diapause termination is crucial for modelling and predicting spring emergence and winter physiology of insects, including many pest insects. In order to gain these insights, we investigated metabolome dynamics across diapause development in pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi, which exhibits adaptive latitudinal variation in the length of endogenous diapause that is uniquely well characterized. By employing a time-series experiment, we show that the whole-body metabolome is highly dynamic throughout diapause and differs between pupae kept at a diapause-terminating (low) temperature and those kept at a diapause-maintaining (high) temperature. We show major physiological transitions through diapause, separate temperature-dependent from temperature-independent processes and identify significant patterns of metabolite accumulation and degradation. Together, the data show that although the general diapause phenotype (suppressed metabolism, increased cold tolerance) is established in a temperature-independent fashion, diapause termination is temperature dependent and requires a cold signal. This revealed several metabolites that are only accumulated under diapause-terminating conditions and degraded in a temperature-unrelated fashion during diapause termination. In conclusion, our findings indicate that some metabolites, in addition to functioning as cryoprotectants, for example, are candidates for having regulatory roles as metabolic clocks or time-keepers during diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Pruisscher
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimír Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Agren
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Leif Väremo
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kivelä SM, Viinamäki S, Keret N, Gotthard K, Hohtola E, Välimäki P. Elucidating mechanisms for insect body size: partial support for the oxygen-dependent induction of moulting hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.166157. [PMID: 29150451 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Body size is a key life history trait, and knowledge of its mechanistic basis is crucial in life history biology. Such knowledge is accumulating for holometabolous insects, whose growth is characterised and body size affected by moulting. According to the oxygen-dependent induction of moulting (ODIM) hypothesis, moult is induced at a critical mass at which oxygen demand of growing tissues overrides the supply from the tracheal respiratory system, which principally grows only at moults. Support for the ODIM hypothesis is controversial, partly because of a lack of proper data to explicitly test the hypothesis. The ODIM hypothesis predicts that the critical mass is positively correlated with oxygen partial pressure (PO2 ) and negatively with temperature. To resolve the controversy that surrounds the ODIM hypothesis, we rigorously test these predictions by exposing penultimate-instar Orthosia gothica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to temperature and moderate PO2 manipulations in a factorial experiment. The relative mass increment in the focal instar increased along with increasing PO2 , as predicted, but there was only weak suggestive evidence of the temperature effect. Probably owing to a high measurement error in the trait, the effect of PO2 on the critical mass was sex specific; high PO2 had a positive effect only in females, whereas low PO2 had a negative effect only in males. Critical mass was independent of temperature. Support for the ODIM hypothesis is partial because of only suggestive evidence of a temperature effect on moulting, but the role of oxygen in moult induction seems unambiguous. The ODIM mechanism thus seems worth considering in body size analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami M Kivelä
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sonja Viinamäki
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Netta Keret
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esa Hohtola
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Panu Välimäki
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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29
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Posledovich D, Toftegaard T, Wiklund C, Ehrlén J, Gotthard K. Phenological synchrony between a butterfly and its host plants: Experimental test of effects of spring temperature. J Anim Ecol 2017; 87:150-161. [PMID: 29048758 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Climate-driven changes in the relative phenologies of interacting species may potentially alter the outcome of species interactions. Phenotypic plasticity is expected to be important for short-term response to new climate conditions, and differences between species in plasticity are likely to influence their temporal overlap and interaction patterns. As reaction norms of interacting species may be locally adapted, any such climate-induced change in interaction patterns may vary among localities. However, consequences of spatial variation in plastic responses for species interactions are understudied. We experimentally explored how temperature affected synchrony between spring emergence of a butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, and onset of flowering of five of its host plant species across a latitudinal gradient. We also studied potential effects on synchrony if climate-driven northward expansions would be faster in the butterflies than in host plants. Lastly, to assess how changes in synchrony influence host use we carried out an experiment to examine the importance of the developmental stage of plant reproductive structures for butterfly oviposition preference. In southern locations, the butterflies were well-synchronized with the majority of their local host plant species across temperatures, suggesting that thermal plasticity in butterfly development matches oviposition to host plant development and that thermal reaction norms of insects and plants result in similar advancement of spring phenology in response to warming. In the most northern region, however, relative phenology between the butterfly and two of its host plant species changed with increased temperature. We also show that the developmental stage of plants was important for egg-laying, and conclude that temperature-induced changes in synchrony in the northernmost region are likely to lead to shifts in host use in A. cardamines if spring temperatures become warmer. Northern expansion of butterfly populations might possibly have a positive effect on keeping up with host plant phenology with more northern host plant populations. Considering that the majority of insect herbivores exploit multiple plant species differing in their phenological response to spring temperatures, temperature-induced changes in synchrony might lead to shifts in host use and changes in species interactions in many temperate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tenna Toftegaard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lehmann P, Nylin S, Gotthard K, Carlsson MA. Idiosyncratic development of sensory structures in brains of diapausing butterfly pupae: implications for information processing. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170897. [PMID: 28679728 PMCID: PMC5524504 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diapause is an important escape mechanism from seasonal stress in many insects. A certain minimum amount of time in diapause is generally needed in order for it to terminate. The mechanisms of time-keeping in diapause are poorly understood, but it can be hypothesized that a well-developed neural system is required. However, because neural tissue is metabolically costly to maintain, there might exist conflicting selective pressures on overall brain development during diapause, on the one hand to save energy and on the other hand to provide reliable information processing during diapause. We performed the first ever investigation of neural development during diapause and non-diapause (direct) development in pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi from a population whose diapause duration is known. The brain grew in size similarly in pupae of both pathways up to 3 days after pupation, when development in the diapause brain was arrested. While development in the brain of direct pupae continued steadily after this point, no further development occurred during diapause until temperatures increased far after diapause termination. Interestingly, sensory structures related to vision were remarkably well developed in pupae from both pathways, in contrast with neuropils related to olfaction, which only developed in direct pupae. The results suggest that a well-developed visual system might be important for normal diapause development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael A Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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31
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Nylin S, Gotthard K, Wiklund C. REACTION NORMS FOR AGE AND SIZE AT MATURITY IN LASIOMMATA BUTTERFLIES: PREDICTIONS AND TESTS. Evolution 2017; 50:1351-1358. [PMID: 28565269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1994] [Accepted: 08/03/1995] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Stålhandske S, Gotthard K, Leimar O. Winter chilling speeds spring development of temperate butterflies. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:718-729. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Olof Leimar
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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33
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Kivelä SM, Välimäki P, Gotthard K. Evolution of alternative insect life histories in stochastic seasonal environments. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5596-613. [PMID: 27547340 PMCID: PMC4983577 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterministic seasonality can explain the evolution of alternative life history phenotypes (i.e., life history polyphenism) expressed in different generations emerging within the same year. However, the influence of stochastic variation on the expression of such life history polyphenisms in seasonal environments is insufficiently understood. Here, we use insects as a model and explore (1) the effects of stochastic variation in seasonality and (2) the life cycle on the degree of life history differentiation among the alternative developmental pathways of direct development and diapause (overwintering), and (3) the evolution of phenology. With numerical simulation, we determine the values of development (growth) time, growth rate, body size, reproductive effort, adult life span, and fecundity in both the overwintering and directly developing generations that maximize geometric mean fitness. The results suggest that natural selection favors the expression of alternative life histories in the alternative developmental pathways even when there is stochastic variation in seasonality, but that trait differentiation is affected by the developmental stage that overwinters. Increasing environmental unpredictability induced a switch to a bet‐hedging type of life history strategy, which is consistent with general life history theory. Bet‐hedging appeared in our study system as reduced expression of the direct development phenotype, with associated changes in life history phenotypes, because the fitness value of direct development is highly variable in uncertain environments. Our main result is that seasonality itself is a key factor promoting the evolution of seasonally polyphenic life histories but that environmental stochasticity may modulate the expression of life history phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami M Kivelä
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden; Department of Ecology University of Oulu PO Box 3000 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Panu Välimäki
- Department of Ecology University of Oulu PO Box 3000 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
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34
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Stålhandske S, Olofsson M, Gotthard K, Ehrlén J, Wiklund C, Leimar O. Phenological matching rather than genetic variation in host preference underlies geographical variation in host plants used by orange tip butterflies. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Olofsson
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Olof Leimar
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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35
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Lehmann P, Pruisscher P, Posledovich D, Carlsson M, Käkelä R, Tang P, Nylin S, Wheat CW, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Energy and lipid metabolism during direct and diapause development in a pierid butterfly. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3049-3060. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.142687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diapause is a fundamental component of the life-cycle in the majority of insects living in environments characterized by strong seasonality. The present study addresses poorly understood associations and trade-offs between endogenous diapause duration, thermal sensitivity of development, energetic cost of development and cold tolerance. Diapause intensity, metabolic rate trajectories and lipid profiles of directly developing and diapausing animals were studied using pupae and adults of Pieris napi butterflies from a population for which endogenous diapause is well studied. Endogenous diapause was terminated after 3 months and termination required chilling. Metabolic and postdiapause development rates increased with diapause duration, while the metabolic cost of postdiapause development decreased, indicating that once diapause is terminated development proceeds at a low rate even at low temperature. Diapausing pupae had larger lipid stores than the directly developing pupae and lipids constituted the primary energy source during diapause. However, during diapause lipid stores did not decrease. Thus, despite lipid catabolism meeting the low energy costs of the diapausing pupae, primary lipid store utilization did not occur until the onset of growth and metamorphosis in spring. In line with this finding, diapausing pupae contained low amounts of mitochondria-derived cardiolipins, which suggests a low capacity for fatty acid β-oxidation. While ontogenic development had a large effect on lipid and fatty acid profiles, only small changes in these were seen during diapause. The data therefore indicate that the diapause lipidomic phenotype is built early, when pupae are still at high temperature, and retained until diapause post-diapause development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, SE-10691, University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Pruisscher
- Department of Zoology, SE-10691, University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, SE-10691, University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Department of Biosciences, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrik Tang
- Department of Biosciences, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, SE-10691, University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, SE-10691, University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, SE-10691, University of Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Kivelä SM, Lehmann P, Gotthard K. Do respiratory limitations affect metabolism of insect larvae before moulting: an empirical test at the individual level. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:3061-3071. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.140442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggest that oxygen limitation may induce moulting in larval insects. This oxygen dependent induction of moulting (ODIM) hypothesis stems from the fact that the tracheal respiratory system of insects grows primarily at moults, whereas tissue mass increases massively between moults. This may result in a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand at the end of each larval instar because oxygen demand of growing tissues exceeds the relatively fixed supply capacity of the respiratory system. The ODIM hypothesis predicts that, within larval instars, respiration and metabolic rates of an individual larva first increase with increasing body mass but eventually level off once the supply capacity of the tracheal system starts to constrain metabolism. Here, we provide the first individual-level test of this key prediction of the ODIM hypothesis. We use a novel methodology where we repeatedly measure respiration and metabolic rates throughout the penultimate- and final-instar larvae in the butterfly Pieris napi. In the penultimate instar, respiration and metabolic rates gradually decelerated along with growth, supporting the ODIM hypothesis. However, respiration and metabolic rates increased linearly during growth in the final instar, contradicting the prediction. Moreover, our data suggest considerable variation among individuals in the association between respiration rate and mass in the final instar. Overall, the results provide partial support for the ODIM hypothesis and suggest that oxygen limitation may emerge gradually within a larval instar. The results also suggest that there may be different moult induction mechanisms in larva-to-larva moults compared to the final metamorphic moult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami M. Kivelä
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Kivelä SM, Friberg M, Wiklund C, Leimar O, Gotthard K. Towards a mechanistic understanding of insect life history evolution: oxygen-dependent induction of moulting explains moulting sizes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami M. Kivelä
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Norbyvagen 18D SE-752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Olof Leimar
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
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38
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Toftegaard T, Posledovich D, Navarro-Cano JA, Wiklund C, Gotthard K, Ehrlén J. Variation in plant thermal reaction norms along a latitudinal gradient - more than adaptation to season length. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tenna Toftegaard
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - José A. Navarro-Cano
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Desertification Research Centre (CSIC-UV-GV); ES-46113 Moncada Valencia Spain
| | | | - Karl Gotthard
- Dept of Zoology; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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39
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Abstract
Polyphenism, the expression of discrete alternative phenotypes, is often a consequence of a developmental switch. Physiological changes induced by a developmental switch potentially affect reaction norms, but the evolution and existence of alternative reaction norms remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that, in the butterfly Pieris napi (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), thermal reaction norms of several life history traits vary adaptively among switch-induced alternative developmental pathways of diapause and direct development. The switch was affected both by photoperiod and temperature, ambient temperature during late development having the potential to override earlier photoperiodic cues. Directly developing larvae had higher development and growth rates than diapausing ones across the studied thermal gradient. Reaction norm shapes also differed between the alternative developmental pathways, indicating pathway-specific selection on thermal sensitivity. Relative mass increments decreased linearly with increasing temperature and were higher under direct development than diapause. Contrary to predictions, population phenology did not explain trait variation or thermal sensitivity, but our experimental design probably lacks power for finding subtle phenology effects. We demonstrate adaptive differentiation in thermal reaction norms among alternative phenotypes, and suggest that the consequences of an environmentally dependent developmental switch primarily drive the evolution of alternative thermal reaction norms in P. napi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami M Kivelä
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Ecology, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Beatrice Svensson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alma Tiwe
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Posledovich D, Toftegaard T, Wiklund C, Ehrlén J, Gotthard K. The developmental race between maturing host plants and their butterfly herbivore - the influence of phenological matching and temperature. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1690-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tenna Toftegaard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
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41
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Navarro-Cano JA, Karlsson B, Posledovich D, Toftegaard T, Wiklund C, Ehrlén J, Gotthard K. Climate change, phenology, and butterfly host plant utilization. Ambio 2015; 44 Suppl 1:S78-88. [PMID: 25576283 PMCID: PMC4289000 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of how species interactions are influenced by climate warming is paramount to understand current biodiversity changes. We review phenological changes of Swedish butterflies during the latest decades and explore potential climate effects on butterfly-host plant interactions using the Orange tip butterfly Anthocharis cardamines and its host plants as a model system. This butterfly has advanced its appearance dates substantially, and its mean flight date shows a positive correlation with latitude. We show that there is a large latitudinal variation in host use and that butterfly populations select plant individuals based on their flowering phenology. We conclude that A. cardamines is a phenological specialist but a host species generalist. This implies that thermal plasticity for spring development influences host utilization of the butterfly through effects on the phenological matching with its host plants. However, the host utilization strategy of A. cardamines appears to render it resilient to relatively large variation in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Navarro-Cano
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Karlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Posledovich
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tenna Toftegaard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Van Dyck H, Bonte D, Puls R, Gotthard K, Maes D. The lost generation hypothesis: could climate change drive ectotherms into a developmental trap? OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Van Dyck
- Earth and Life Inst., Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL); BE-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Dries Bonte
- Dept of Biology; Ghent Univ.; DE-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Rik Puls
- Dept of Biology; Ghent Univ.; DE-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Dept of Zoology; Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 48 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Dirk Maes
- Res. Inst. for Nature and Forest (INBO); BE-1070 Brussels Belgium
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43
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Aalberg Haugen IM, Gotthard K. Diapause induction and relaxed selection on alternative developmental pathways in a butterfly. J Anim Ecol 2014; 84:464-72. [PMID: 25267557 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal phenotypic plasticity entails differential trait expression depending on the time of season. The facultative induction of winter diapause in temperate insects is a developmental switch mechanism often leading to differential expression in life-history traits. However, when there is a latitudinal shift from a bivoltine to univoltine life cycle, selection for pathway-specific expression is disrupted, which may allow drift towards less optimal trait values within the non-selected pathway. We use field- and experimental data from five Swedish populations of Pararge aegeria to investigate latitudinal variation in voltinism, local adaptation in the diapause switch and footprints of selection on pathway-specific regulation of life-history traits and sexual dimorphism in larval development. Field data clearly illustrated how natural populations gradually shift from bivoltinism to univoltinism as latitude increases. This was supported experimentally as the decrease in direct development at higher latitudes was accompanied by increasing critical daylengths, suggesting local adaptation in the diapause switch. The differential expression among developmental pathways in development time and growth rate was significantly less pronounced in univoltine populations. Univoltine populations showed no significant signs of protandry during larval development, suggesting that erosion of the direct development pathway under relaxed selection has led to the loss of its sex-specific modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
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44
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Stålhandske S, Gotthard K, Posledovich D, Leimar O. Variation in two phases of post-winter development of a butterfly. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2644-53. [PMID: 25345727 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The temporal aspects of life cycle characteristics, such as diapause development, are under strong selection in seasonal environments. Fine-tuning of the life cycle may be particularly important to match the phenology of potential mates and resources as well as for optimizing abiotic conditions at eclosion. Here, we experimentally study the spring phenology of the orange tip butterfly, Anthocharis cardamines, by analysing post-winter pupal development in three populations along a latitudinal cline in each of Sweden and the United Kingdom. These countries differ substantially in their seasonal temperature profile. By repeatedly recording pupal weights, we established that post-winter development has two separate phases, with a more rapid weight loss in the second phase than in the first, likely corresponding to a ramping up of the rate of development. Variation in the duration of the first phase contributed more strongly than the second phase to the differences in phenology between the localities and sexes. We found that insects from Sweden had a faster overall rate of development than those from the United Kingdom, which is consistent with countergradient variation, as Sweden is colder during the spring than the United Kingdom. Similar trends were not observed at the within-country scale, however. A cogradient pattern was found within Sweden, with populations from the north developing more slowly, and there was no clear latitudinal trend within the United Kingdom. In all localities, males developed faster than females. Our results point to the importance of variation in the progression of post-winter development for spring phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stålhandske
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Posledovich D, Toftegaard T, Navarro-Cano JA, Wiklund C, Ehrlén J, Gotthard K. Latitudinal variation in thermal reaction norms of post-winter pupal development in two butterflies differing in phenological specialization. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Posledovich
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tenna Toftegaard
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jose A. Navarro-Cano
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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Tison JL, Edmark VN, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Van Dyck H, Tammaru T, Välimäki P, Dalén L, Gotthard K. Signature of post-glacial expansion and genetic structure at the northern range limit of the speckled wood butterfly. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Tison
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics; Swedish Museum of Natural History; SE-10405 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Veronica Nyström Edmark
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics; Swedish Museum of Natural History; SE-10405 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Edson Sandoval-Castellanos
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics; Swedish Museum of Natural History; SE-10405 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Van Dyck
- Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Group; Biodiversity Research Centre; Earth and Life Institute; Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL); Croix du Sud 4-5, bte. L7.07.04 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 EE-51014 Tartu Estonia
| | - Panu Välimäki
- Department of Biology; University of Oulu; P.O. Box 3000 FI-90014 Oulu Finland
| | - Love Dalén
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics; Swedish Museum of Natural History; SE-10405 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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Kivelä SM, Välimäki P, Gotthard K. SEASONALITY MAINTAINS ALTERNATIVE LIFE-HISTORY PHENOTYPES. Evolution 2013; 67:3145-60. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami M. Kivelä
- Department of Biology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 90014 University of Oulu Finland
- Current address: Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Panu Välimäki
- Department of Biology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 90014 University of Oulu Finland
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
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Löwenborg K, Gotthard K, Hagman M. How a thermal dichotomy in nesting environments influences offspring of the world's most northerly oviparous snake,Natrix natrix(Colubridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Löwenborg
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Mattias Hagman
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91; Stockholm; Sweden
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Abstract
Although understanding female reproduction is crucial for population demography, determining how and to what relative extent it is constrained by different ecological factors is complicated by difficulties in studying the links between individual behavior, life history, and fitness in nature. We present data on females in a natural population of the butterfly Leptidea sinapis. These data were combined with climate records and laboratory estimates of life-history parameters to predict the relative impact of different ecological constraints on female fitness in the wild. Using simulation models, we partitioned effects of male courtship, host plant availability, and temperature on female fitness. Results of these models indicate that temperature is the most constraining factor on female fitness, followed by host plant availability; the short-term negative effects of male courtship that were detected in the field study were less important in models predicting female reproductive success over the entire life span. In the simulations, females with more reproductive reserves were more limited by the ecological variables. Reproductive physiology and egg-laying behavior were therefore predicted to be co-optimized but reach different optima for females of different body sizes; this prediction is supported by the empirical data. This study thus highlights the need for studying behavioral and life-history variation in orchestration to achieve a more complete picture of both demographic and evolutionary processes in naturally variable and unpredictable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berger
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
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Berger D, Olofsson M, Friberg M, Karlsson B, Wiklund C, Gotthard K. Intraspecific variation in body size and the rate of reproduction in female insects - adaptive allometry or biophysical constraint? J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:1244-1258. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Berger
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; 752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin Olofsson
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California; Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Bengt Karlsson
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
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