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Strieth-Kalthoff F, Szymkuć S, Molga K, Aspuru-Guzik A, Glorius F, Grzybowski BA. Artificial Intelligence for Retrosynthetic Planning Needs Both Data and Expert Knowledge. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38598363 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled breakthroughs across many scientific disciplines. In organic chemistry, the challenge of planning complex multistep chemical syntheses should conceptually be well-suited for AI. Yet, the development of AI synthesis planners trained solely on reaction-example-data has stagnated and is not on par with the performance of "hybrid" algorithms combining AI with expert knowledge. This Perspective examines possible causes of these shortcomings, extending beyond the established reasoning of insufficient quantities of reaction data. Drawing attention to the intricacies and data biases that are specific to the domain of synthetic chemistry, we advocate augmenting the unique capabilities of AI with the knowledge base and the reasoning strategies of domain experts. By actively involving synthetic chemists, who are the end users of any synthesis planning software, into the development process, we envision to bridge the gap between computer algorithms and the intricate nature of chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Strieth-Kalthoff
- University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry and Department of Computer Science, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Computer Science, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Sara Szymkuć
- Allchemy, 2145 45th Street #201, Highland, Indiana 46322, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Karol Molga
- Allchemy, 2145 45th Street #201, Highland, Indiana 46322, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- University of Toronto, Department of Chemistry and Department of Computer Science, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Computer Science, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- University of Toronto, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 184 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Frank Glorius
- Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstr. 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
- IBS Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis, CARS, UNIST 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, South Korea
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Grzybowski BA, Badowski T, Molga K, Szymkuć S. Network search algorithms and scoring functions for advanced‐level computerized synthesis planning. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Ulsan Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) Ulsan Republic of Korea
| | - Tomasz Badowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
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Abstract
Teaching computers to plan multistep syntheses of arbitrary target molecules-including natural products-has been one of the oldest challenges in chemistry, dating back to the 1960s. This Account recapitulates two decades of our group's work on the software platform called Chematica, which very recently achieved this long-sought objective and has been shown capable of planning synthetic routes to complex natural products, several of which were validated in the laboratory.For the machine to plan syntheses at an expert level, it must know the rules describing chemical reactions and use these rules to expand and search the networks of synthetic options. The rules must be of high quality: They must delineate accurately the scope of admissible substituents, capture all relevant stereochemical information, detect potential reactivity conflicts, and protection requirements. They should yield only those synthons that are chemically stable and energetically allowed (e.g., not too strained) and should be able to extrapolate beyond examples already published in the literature. In parallel, the network-search algorithms must be able to assign meaningful scores to the sets of synthons they encounter, make judicious choices which of the network's branches to expand, and when to withdraw from unpromising ones. They must be able to strategize over multiple steps to resolve intermittent reactivity conflicts, exchange functional groups, or overcome local maxima of molecular complexity.Meeting all these requirements makes the problem of computer-driven retrosynthesis very multifaceted, combining expert and AI approaches further supplemented by quantum-mechanical and molecular-mechanics calculations. Development of Chematica has been a very long and gradual process because all these components are needed. Any shortcuts-for example, reliance on only expert or only data-based approaches-yield chemically naïve and often erroneous syntheses, especially for complex targets. On the bright side, once all the requisite algorithms are implemented-as they now are-they not only streamline conventional synthetic planning but also enable completely new modalities that would challenge any human chemist, for example, synthesis with multiple constraints imposed simultaneously or library-wide syntheses in which the machine constructs "global plans" leading to multiple targets and benefiting from the use of common intermediates. These types of analyses will have profound impact on the practice of chemical industry, designing more economical, more green, and less hazardous pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Szymkuć S, Gajewska EP, Molga K, Wołos A, Roszak R, Beker W, Moskal M, Dittwald P, Grzybowski BA. Computer-generated "synthetic contingency" plans at times of logistics and supply problems: scenarios for hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6736-6744. [PMID: 33033595 PMCID: PMC7500088 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01799j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A computer program for retrosynthetic planning helps develop multiple "synthetic contingency" plans for hydroxychloroquine and also routes leading to remdesivir, both promising but yet unproven medications against COVID-19. These plans are designed to navigate, as much as possible, around known and patented routes and to commence from inexpensive and diverse starting materials, so as to ensure supply in case of anticipated market shortages of commonly used substrates. Looking beyond the current COVID-19 pandemic, development of similar contingency syntheses is advocated for other already-approved medications, in case such medications become urgently needed in mass quantities to face other public-health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 02-224 , Poland .
| | - Ewa P Gajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 02-224 , Poland .
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 02-224 , Poland .
| | - Agnieszka Wołos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 02-224 , Poland .
| | - Rafał Roszak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 02-224 , Poland .
| | - Wiktor Beker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 02-224 , Poland .
| | - Martyna Moskal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 02-224 , Poland .
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 02-224 , Poland .
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 02-224 , Poland .
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter , 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun , Ulsan , 689-798 , South Korea
- Department of Chemistry , UNIST , 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun , Ulsan , 689-798 , South Korea
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Badowski T, Gajewska EP, Molga K, Grzybowski BA. Synergy Between Expert and Machine‐Learning Approaches Allows for Improved Retrosynthetic Planning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Badowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ewa P. Gajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry UNIST 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun Ulsan South Korea
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Badowski T, Gajewska EP, Molga K, Grzybowski BA. Synergy Between Expert and Machine‐Learning Approaches Allows for Improved Retrosynthetic Planning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:725-730. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Badowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ewa P. Gajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry UNIST 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun Ulsan South Korea
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Molga K, Dittwald P, Grzybowski BA. Computational design of syntheses leading to compound libraries or isotopically labelled targets. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9219-9232. [PMID: 32055308 PMCID: PMC6979321 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02678a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although computer programs for retrosynthetic planning have shown improved and in some cases quite satisfactory performance in designing routes leading to specific, individual targets, no algorithms capable of planning syntheses of entire target libraries - important in modern drug discovery - have yet been reported. This study describes how network-search routines underlying existing retrosynthetic programs can be adapted and extended to multi-target design operating on one common search graph, benefitting from the use of common intermediates and reducing the overall synthetic cost. Implementation in the Chematica platform illustrates the usefulness of such algorithms in the syntheses of either (i) all members of a user-defined library, or (ii) the most synthetically accessible members of this library. In the latter case, algorithms are also readily adapted to the identification of the most facile syntheses of isotopically labelled targets. These examples are industrially relevant in the context of hit-to-lead optimization and syntheses of isotopomers of various bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 01-224 , Poland .
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 01-224 , Poland .
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 01-224 , Poland .
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry , UNIST , 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun , Ulsan , 689-798 , South Korea
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Roszak R, Beker W, Molga K, Grzybowski BA. Rapid and Accurate Prediction of p Ka Values of C-H Acids Using Graph Convolutional Neural Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17142-17149. [PMID: 31633925 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to estimate the acidity of C-H groups within organic molecules in non-aqueous solvents is important in synthetic planning to correctly predict which protons will be abstracted in reactions such as alkylations, Michael additions, or aldol condensations. This Article describes the use of the so-called graph convolutional neural networks (GCNNs) to perform such predictions on the time scales of milliseconds and with accuracy comparing favorably with state-of-the-art solutions, including commercial ones. The crux of the method is to train GCNNs using descriptors that reflect not only topological but also chemical properties of atomic environments. The model is validated against adversarial controls, supplemented by the discussion of realistic synthetic problems (on which it correctly predicts the most acidic protons in >90% of cases), and accompanied by a Web application intended to aid the community in everyday synthetic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Roszak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland.,Allchemy, Inc. , 2145 45th Street #201 , Highland , Indiana 46322 , United States
| | - Wiktor Beker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland.,Allchemy, Inc. , 2145 45th Street #201 , Highland , Indiana 46322 , United States
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland.,Institute for Basic Science , Center for Soft and Living Matter , Ulsan 44919 , South Korea.,Allchemy, Inc. , 2145 45th Street #201 , Highland , Indiana 46322 , United States
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9
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Badowski T, Molga K, Grzybowski BA. Selection of cost-effective yet chemically diverse pathways from the networks of computer-generated retrosynthetic plans. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4640-4651. [PMID: 31123574 PMCID: PMC6495691 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05611k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As the programs for computer-aided retrosynthetic design come of age, they are no longer identifying just one or few synthetic routes but a multitude of chemically plausible syntheses, together forming large, directed graphs of solutions. An important problem then emerges: how to select from these graphs and present to the user manageable numbers of top-scoring pathways that are cost-effective, promote convergent vs. linear solutions, and are chemically diverse so that they do not repeat only minor variations in the same chemical theme. This paper describes a family of reaction network algorithms that address this problem by (i) using recursive formulae to assign realistic prices to individual pathways and (ii) applying penalties to chemically similar strategies so that they are not dominating the top-scoring routes. Synthetic examples are provided to illustrate how these algorithms can be implemented - on the timescales of ∼1 s even for large graphs - to rapidly query the space of synthetic solutions under the scenarios of different reaction yields and/or costs associated with performing reaction operations on different scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Badowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 01-224 , Poland .
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 01-224 , Poland .
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , ul. Kasprzaka 44/52 , Warsaw 01-224 , Poland .
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter , Department of Chemistry , UNIST , 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun , Ulsan , 689-798 , South Korea
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10
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Molga K, Gajewska EP, Szymkuć S, Grzybowski BA. The logic of translating chemical knowledge into machine-processable forms: a modern playground for physical-organic chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With renewed interest and significant progress in computer-assisted synthetic planning, it is essential to codify the logic that should be followed when translating organic synthetic knowledge into reaction rules understandable to the machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
| | - Ewa P. Gajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
| | - Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- Warsaw 01-224
- Poland
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter and Department of Chemistry
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11
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Szymkuć S, Gajewska EP, Klucznik T, Molga K, Dittwald P, Startek M, Bajczyk M, Grzybowski BA. Computer-Assisted Synthetic Planning: The End of the Beginning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5904-37. [PMID: 27062365 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Exactly half a century has passed since the launch of the first documented research project (1965 Dendral) on computer-assisted organic synthesis. Many more programs were created in the 1970s and 1980s but the enthusiasm of these pioneering days had largely dissipated by the 2000s, and the challenge of teaching the computer how to plan organic syntheses earned itself the reputation of a "mission impossible". This is quite curious given that, in the meantime, computers have "learned" many other skills that had been considered exclusive domains of human intellect and creativity-for example, machines can nowadays play chess better than human world champions and they can compose classical music pleasant to the human ear. Although there have been no similar feats in organic synthesis, this Review argues that to concede defeat would be premature. Indeed, bringing together the combination of modern computational power and algorithms from graph/network theory, chemical rules (with full stereo- and regiochemistry) coded in appropriate formats, and the elements of quantum mechanics, the machine can finally be "taught" how to plan syntheses of non-trivial organic molecules in a matter of seconds to minutes. The Review begins with an overview of some basic theoretical concepts essential for the big-data analysis of chemical syntheses. It progresses to the problem of optimizing pathways involving known reactions. It culminates with discussion of algorithms that allow for a completely de novo and fully automated design of syntheses leading to relatively complex targets, including those that have not been made before. Of course, there are still things to be improved, but computers are finally becoming relevant and helpful to the practice of organic-synthetic planning. Paraphrasing Churchill's famous words after the Allies' first major victory over the Axis forces in Africa, it is not the end, it is not even the beginning of the end, but it is the end of the beginning for the computer-assisted synthesis planning. The machine is here to stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Ewa P Gajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klucznik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Michał Startek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michał Bajczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw, 02-224, Poland. , .,Center for Soft and Living Matter of Korea's Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, South Korea. ,
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12
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Szymkuć S, Gajewska EP, Klucznik T, Molga K, Dittwald P, Startek M, Bajczyk M, Grzybowski BA. Computergestützte Syntheseplanung: Das Ende vom Anfang. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Ewa P. Gajewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Tomasz Klucznik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Michał Startek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics University of Warsaw Banacha 2 02-097 Warszawa Poland
| | - Michał Bajczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 Warsaw 02-224 Polen
- Center for Soft and Living Matter of Korea's Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Department of Chemistry Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun Ulsan Südkorea
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Buchalski P, Pacholski R, Gustowski J, Buchowicz W, Molga K, Shkurenko A, Suwińska K. Bis-nickel-bridged p-terphenyl dianion – Synthesis and structures. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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14
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Emami FS, Vahid A, Wylie EK, Szymkuć S, Dittwald P, Molga K, Grzybowski BA. A Priori Estimation of Organic Reaction Yields. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme S. Emami
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University (USA)
| | - Amir Vahid
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University (USA)
| | - Elizabeth K. Wylie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University (USA)
| | - Sara Szymkuć
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw (Poland)
| | - Piotr Dittwald
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw (Poland)
| | - Karol Molga
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw (Poland)
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw (Poland)
- Department of Chemistry and the IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, Ulsan (South Korea)
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