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Orrú CD, Groveman BR, Foutz A, Bongianni M, Cardone F, McKenzie N, Culeux A, Poleggi A, Grznarova K, Perra D, Fiorini M, Liu X, Ladogana A, Sbriccoli M, Hughson AG, Haïk S, Green AJ, Geschwind MD, Pocchiari M, Safar JG, Zanusso G, Caughey B. Ring trial of 2nd generation RT-QuIC diagnostic tests for sporadic CJD. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:2262-2271. [PMID: 33185334 PMCID: PMC7664259 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Real‐time quaking‐induced conversion (RT‐QuIC) assays detect prion‐seeding activity in a variety of human biospecimens, including cerebrospinal fluid and olfactory mucosa swabs. The assay has shown high diagnostic accuracy in patients with prion disorders. Recently, advances in these tests have led to markedly improved diagnostic sensitivity and reduced assay times. Accordingly, an algorithm has been proposed that entails the use of RT‐QuIC analysis of both sample types to diagnose sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease with nearly 100% accuracy. Here we present a multi‐center evaluation (ring trial) of the reproducibility of these improved “second generation” RT‐QuIC assays as applied to these diagnostic specimens. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid samples were analyzed from subjects with sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob (n = 55) or other neurological diseases (n = 45) at multiple clinical centers. Olfactory mucosa brushings collected by multiple otolaryngologists were obtained from nine sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease cases and 19 controls. These sample sets were initially tested blindly by RT‐QuIC by a coordinating laboratory, recoded, and then sent to five additional testing laboratories for blinded ring trial testing. Results Unblinding of the results by a third party indicated 98‐100% concordance between the results obtained by the testing of these cerebrospinal fluid and nasal brushings at the six laboratories. Interpretation This second‐generation RT‐QuIC assay is highly transferrable, reproducible, and therefore robust for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D. Orrú
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute for Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
| | - Bradley R. Groveman
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute for Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
| | - Aaron Foutz
- Departments of Pathology and NeurologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Matilde Bongianni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Franco Cardone
- Department of NeuroscienceIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Neil McKenzie
- National CJD Research and Surveillance UnitCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesSchool of Clinical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Audrey Culeux
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMCNRSUMR 7225Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreICMParisFrance
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of NeuroscienceIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Katarina Grznarova
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMCNRSUMR 7225Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreICMParisFrance
| | - Daniela Perra
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Michele Fiorini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Departments of Pathology and NeurologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of NeuroscienceIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of NeuroscienceIstituto Superiore di SanitàRomeItaly
| | - Andrew G. Hughson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute for Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Sorbonne UniversitéINSERMCNRSUMR 7225Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinièreICMParisFrance
| | - Alison J. Green
- National CJD Research and Surveillance UnitCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesSchool of Clinical SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Jiri G. Safar
- Departments of Pathology and NeurologyCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Byron Caughey
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral DiseasesRocky Mountain LaboratoriesNational Institute for Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthHamiltonMontanaUSA
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Brandel JP, Vlaicu MB, Culeux A, Belondrade M, Bougard D, Grznarova K, Denouel A, Plu I, Bouaziz-Amar E, Seilhean D, Levasseur M, Haïk S. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:83-85. [PMID: 32609989 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Isabelle Plu
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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3
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Brandel JP, Culeux A, Grznarova K, Levavasseur E, Lamy P, Privat N, Welaratne A, Denouel A, Laplanche JL, Haik S. Amplification techniques and diagnosis of prion diseases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:458-463. [PMID: 31296398 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay (PMCA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) are two amplification techniques based on the ability of PrPsc to induce a conformational change in PrP allowing the detection of minute amounts of PrPsc in body fluids or tissues. PMCA and RT-QuIC have different ability to amplify PrPsc from sporadic, variant and genetic forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). PMCA readily amplifies PrPsc from variant CJD (vCJD) tissue while RT-QuIC easily amplifies PrPsc from sporadic CJD (sCJD) patient tissues. In terms of diagnosis, this implies the possibility of distinguishing vCJD from sCJD and explains the wider use of RT-QuIC given the respective frequencies of vCJD and sCJD. The sensitivity values of RT-QuIC for the diagnosis of sCJD are comparable or higher than those of the other tests (EEG, MRI, detection of 14-3-3 or tau proteins in cerebrospinal fluid) but with a specificity close to 100%. These new diagnostic methods could also be useful for the diagnosis of other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Brandel
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Cellule Nationale de Référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - A Culeux
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - K Grznarova
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - E Levavasseur
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - P Lamy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - N Privat
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A Welaratne
- AP-HP, Cellule Nationale de Référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - A Denouel
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - J-L Laplanche
- AP-HP, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Paris Descartes, 2, rue Ambroise-Paré 75010 Paris, France
| | - S Haik
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; AP-HP, Cellule Nationale de Référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Levavasseur E, Biacabe AG, Comoy E, Culeux A, Grznarova K, Privat N, Simoneau S, Flan B, Sazdovitch V, Seilhean D, Baron T, Haïk S. Detection and partial discrimination of atypical and classical bovine spongiform encephalopathies in cattle and primates using real-time quaking-induced conversion assay. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172428. [PMID: 28231300 PMCID: PMC5322914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) through contaminated meat product consumption is responsible for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans. More recent and atypical forms of BSE (L-BSE and H-BSE) have been identified in cattle since the C-BSE epidemic. Their low incidence and advanced age of onset are compatible with a sporadic origin, as are most cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. Transmissions studies in primates and transgenic mice expressing a human prion protein (PrP) indicated that atypical forms of BSE may be associated with a higher zoonotic potential than classical BSE, and require particular attention for public health. Recently, methods designed to amplify misfolded forms of PrP have emerged as promising tools to detect prion strains and to study their diversity. Here, we validated real-time quaking-induced conversion assay for the discrimination of atypical and classical BSE strains using a large series of bovine samples encompassing all the atypical BSE cases detected by the French Centre of Reference during 10 years of exhaustive active surveillance. We obtained a 100% sensitivity and specificity for atypical BSE detection. In addition, the assay was able to discriminate atypical and classical BSE in non-human primates, and also sporadic CJD and vCJD in humans. The RT-QuIC assay appears as a practical means for a reliable detection of atypical BSE strains in a homologous or heterologous PrP context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Levavasseur
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Biacabe
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (ANSES), Unité maladies neuro-dégénératives, Lyon, France
| | - Emmanuel Comoy
- Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA), Institut des maladies émergentes et des thérapies nouvelles (IMETI), Service d’étude des prions et des infections atypiques (SEPIA), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Audrey Culeux
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Katarina Grznarova
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Privat
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Danielle Seilhean
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Neuropathologie, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Baron
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (ANSES), Unité maladies neuro-dégénératives, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris VI UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Cellule nationale de référence des MCJ, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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5
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McGuire LI, Poleggi A, Poggiolini I, Suardi S, Grznarova K, Shi S, de Vil B, Sarros S, Satoh K, Cheng K, Cramm M, Fairfoul G, Schmitz M, Zerr I, Cras P, Equestre M, Tagliavini F, Atarashi R, Knox D, Collins S, Haïk S, Parchi P, Pocchiari M, Green A. Cerebrospinal fluid real-time quaking-induced conversion is a robust and reliable test for sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease: An international study. Ann Neurol 2016; 80:160-5. [PMID: 27130376 PMCID: PMC4982084 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) has been proposed as a sensitive diagnostic test for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; however, before this assay can be introduced into clinical practice, its reliability and reproducibility need to be demonstrated. Two international ring trials were undertaken in which a set of 25 cerebrospinal fluid samples were analyzed by a total of 11 different centers using a range of recombinant prion protein substrates and instrumentation. The results show almost complete concordance between the centers and demonstrate that RT-QuIC is a suitably reliable and robust technique for clinical practice. Ann Neurol 2016;80:160-165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne I McGuire
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Poggiolini
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Suardi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Katarina Grznarova
- Sorbonne Universities, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France
- National Reference Centre for Unconventional Transmissible Agents, Paris, France
| | - Song Shi
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Bart de Vil
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shannon Sarros
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keding Cheng
- Prion Laboratory Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maria Cramm
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Graham Fairfoul
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Cras
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Michele Equestre
- Department of Neurological Sciences, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ryuichiro Atarashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - David Knox
- Prion Laboratory Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Steven Collins
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Sorbonne Universities, Pierre and Marie Curie University, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France
- National Reference Centre for Unconventional Transmissible Agents, Paris, France
- APHP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Piero Parchi
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Health Care, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Department of Neurological Sciences, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Alison Green
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Silverman J, Gibbs E, Rezaei H, Grznarova K, Guest W, Song W, Robin Hsiung G, Deslys J, Roucou X, Wellington C, Cashman N. O4‐06‐03: An immunological epitope specific for toxic oligomeric Aß in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.05.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ebrima Gibbs
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Human Rezaei
- Commissariat à l'Energie AtomiqueFontenay‐aux‐RosesFrance
| | | | - William Guest
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Weihong Song
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil Cashman
- University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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7
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Tran TL, Castagné N, Bhella D, Varela PF, Bernard J, Chilmonczyk S, Berkenkamp S, Benhamo V, Grznarova K, Grosclaude J, Nespoulos C, Rey FA, Eléouët JF. The nine C-terminal amino acids of the respiratory syncytial virus protein P are necessary and sufficient for binding to ribonucleoprotein complexes in which six ribonucleotides are contacted per N protein protomer. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:196-206. [PMID: 17170452 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) phosphoprotein (P) is a major polymerase co-factor that interacts with both the large polymerase fragment (L) and the nucleoprotein (N). The N-binding domain of RSV P has been investigated by co-expression of RSV P and N proteins in Escherichia coli. Pull-down assays performed with a series of truncated forms of P fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST) revealed that the region comprising the last nine C-terminal amino acid residues of P (233-DNDLSLEDF-241) is sufficient for efficient binding to N. Site-directed mutagenesis shows that the last four residues of this peptide are crucial for binding and must be present at the end of a flexible C-terminal tail. The presence of the P oligomerization domain (residues 100-160) was an important stabilizing factor for the interaction. The tetrameric full-length P fused to GST was able to pull down both helical and ring structures, whereas a monomeric C-terminal fragment of P (residues 161-241) fused to GST pulled down exclusively RNA-N rings. Electron-microscopy analysis of the purified rings showed the presence of two types of complex: undecamers (11N) and decamers (10N). Mass-spectrometry analysis of the RNA extracted from rings after RNase A treatment showed two peaks of 22,900 and 24,820 Da, corresponding to a mean RNA length of 67 and 73 bases, respectively. These results suggest strongly that each N subunit contacts 6 nt, with an extra three or four bases further protected from nuclease digestion by the ring structure at both the 5' and 3' ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Lan Tran
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nathalie Castagné
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David Bhella
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Paloma F Varela
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR 2472-1157 CNRS-INRA and IFR 115, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Julie Bernard
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stefan Chilmonczyk
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stefan Berkenkamp
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Vanessa Benhamo
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Katarina Grznarova
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jeanne Grosclaude
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claude Nespoulos
- Unité de Biochimie et Structure des Protéines, INRA, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Felix A Rey
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR 2472-1157 CNRS-INRA and IFR 115, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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