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Schwarz C, Benson GS, Horn N, Wurdack K, Grittner U, Schilling R, Märschenz S, Köbe T, Hofer SJ, Magnes C, Stekovic S, Eisenberg T, Sigrist SJ, Schmitz D, Wirth M, Madeo F, Flöel A. Effects of Spermidine Supplementation on Cognition and Biomarkers in Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2213875. [PMID: 35616942 PMCID: PMC9136623 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Developing interventions against age-related memory decline and for older adults experiencing neurodegenerative disease is one of the greatest challenges of our generation. Spermidine supplementation has shown beneficial effects on brain and cognitive health in animal models, and there has been preliminary evidence of memory improvement in individuals with subjective cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of longer-term spermidine supplementation on memory performance and biomarkers in this at-risk group. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This 12-month randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial (the SmartAge trial) was conducted between January 2017 and May 2020. The study was a monocenter trial carried out at an academic clinical research center in Germany. Eligible individuals were aged 60 to 90 years with subjective cognitive decline who were recruited from health care facilities as well as through advertisements in the general population. Data analysis was conducted between January and March 2021. INTERVENTIONS One hundred participants were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to 12 months of dietary supplementation with either a spermidine-rich dietary supplement extracted from wheat germ (0.9 mg spermidine/d) or placebo (microcrystalline cellulose). Eighty-nine participants (89%) successfully completed the trial intervention. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcome was change in memory performance from baseline to 12-month postintervention assessment (intention-to-treat analysis), operationalized by mnemonic discrimination performance assessed by the Mnemonic Similarity Task. Secondary outcomes included additional neuropsychological, behavioral, and physiological parameters. Safety was assessed in all participants and exploratory per-protocol, as well as subgroup, analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 100 participants (51 in the spermidine group and 49 in the placebo group) were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 69 [5] years; 49 female participants [49%]). Over 12 months, no significant changes were observed in mnemonic discrimination performance (between-group difference, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.05; P = .47) and secondary outcomes. Exploratory analyses indicated possible beneficial effects of the intervention on inflammation and verbal memory. Adverse events were balanced between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this randomized clinical trial, longer-term spermidine supplementation in participants with subjective cognitive decline did not modify memory and biomarkers compared with placebo. Exploratory analyses indicated possible beneficial effects on verbal memory and inflammation that need to be validated in future studies at higher dosage. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03094546.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schwarz
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gloria S. Benson
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nora Horn
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Wurdack
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Schilling
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Märschenz
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresa Köbe
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian J. Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Magnes
- HEALTH–Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Slaven Stekovic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan J. Sigrist
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miranka Wirth
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Agnes Flöel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Wurdack K, Schwarz C, Benson G, Horn N, Antonenko D, Hofer S, Wirth M, Sigrist S, Madeo F, Flöel A. Spermidine supplementation and diffusion weighted imaging in subjective cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.056166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nora Horn
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Daria Antonenko
- University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | | | - Miranka Wirth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden Germany
| | | | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Agnes Flöel
- University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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Schwarz C, Lange C, Benson GS, Horn N, Wurdack K, Lukas M, Buchert R, Wirth M, Flöel A. Severity of Subjective Cognitive Complaints and Worries in Older Adults Are Associated With Cerebral Amyloid-β Load. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:675583. [PMID: 34408640 PMCID: PMC8365025 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.675583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is considered an early risk stage for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the development of pathological brain changes, such as the aggregation of amyloid-beta (amyloid-β) plaques. This study evaluates the association between specific features of SCD and cerebral amyloid-β load measured by positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-florbetaben in 40 cognitively normal older individuals. Global amyloid-β, as well as regional amyloid-β load for the frontal, temporal, parietal, and cingulate cortex, was quantified. Specific features of SCD, such as subjective cognitive complaints and worry, were assessed using the 39-item Everyday Cognition Scales and the 16-item Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Spearman's rank partial correlation analyses, adjusted for age and apolipoprotein E ε4 status, were conducted to test the associations between specific features of SCD and cerebral amyloid-β load. The severity of subjective cognitive complaints in everyday memory and organization was positively correlated with amyloid-β load in the frontal cortex. In addition, the severity of subjective cognitive complaints in everyday planning was positively correlated with amyloid-β load in the parietal cortex. Higher levels of worry were associated with higher amyloid-β load in the frontal cortex. After correction of the PET data for partial volume effects, these associations were reduced to trend level. In conclusion, the severity of subjective cognitive complaints and the level of trait worry were positively associated with cortical amyloid-β burden, particularly in the frontal and parietal cortex. Further studies are required to elucidate the direction of these associations in order to develop strategies to prevent amyloid deposition and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schwarz
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catharina Lange
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gloria S Benson
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nora Horn
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Wurdack
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Lukas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Buchert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miranka Wirth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site: Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site: Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Schwarz C, Lange C, Benson G, Horn N, Wurdack K, Lukas M, Buchert R, Wirth M, Flöel A. Severity of subjective cognitive complaints and worries in older adults are associated with cerebral amyloid‐β load. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.046098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nora Horn
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Mathias Lukas
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH Berlin Germany
| | - Ralph Buchert
- University Hospital Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Miranka Wirth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald Greifswald Germany
- University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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Schwarz C, Hetzer S, Benson G, Horn N, Wurdack K, Wirth M, Flöel A. Regional cerebral perfusion alterations in subjective cognitive decline measured by arterial spin labeling MRI. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.046351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Hetzer
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin Germany
| | | | - Nora Horn
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Miranka Wirth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald Greifswald Germany
- University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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Wurdack K, Schwarz C, Benson G, Horn N, Hayek D, Köbe T, Antonenko D, Wirth M, Flöel A. Association of cognitive performance and psychological traits with diffusion‐weighted tract metrics in older adults with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.043321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nora Horn
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Dayana Hayek
- University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Theresa Köbe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Dresden Germany
| | - Daria Antonenko
- University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald Greifswald Germany
| | - Miranka Wirth
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen ‐ DZNE Dresden Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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Schwarz C, Horn N, Benson G, Wrachtrup Calzado I, Wurdack K, Pechlaner R, Grittner U, Wirth M, Flöel A. Spermidine intake is associated with cortical thickness and hippocampal volume in older adults. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117132. [PMID: 32629145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The natural polyamine spermidine, known to be important for cellular function, decreases during aging. Previous research has demonstrated beneficial impact of spermidine intake on memory functions in both animal models and humans, suggesting that spermidine may be a preventive approach to delay age-related cognitive decline and possibly even Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the association of spermidine intake with brain health in humans is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between dietary spermidine intake and structural brain measures in older individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and healthy controls (HC). METHODS Dietary spermidine intake and adherence to Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) were assessed by a self-reported food frequency questionnaire in 90 older adults with SCD and 47 HC. Processing of structural MRI data yielded global brain volumes, hippocampal volume, mean and regional cortical thickness, and cortical thickness in a template encompassing AD-vulnerable regions. In exploratory analyses, the association between spermidine intake and structural brain measures was assessed using adjusted and unadjusted linear regression models. Additionally, we tested for differential associations as a function of group. Mediation analyses were performed to examine whether dietary spermidine intake mediates the associations between adherence to MeDi and structural brain measures. RESULTS Higher spermidine intake was associated with larger hippocampal volume (standardized β = 0.262, p = 0.002), greater mean cortical thickness (standardized β = 0.187, p = 0.031), and greater cortical thickness in AD-vulnerable brain regions (standardized β = 0.176, p = 0.042), the parietal (standardized β = 0.202, p = 0.020), and temporal lobes (standardized β = 0.217, p = 0.012). No significant differential effect emerged between older adults with SCD and HC. Moreover, a substantial mediating effect of dietary spermidine intake on the associations between adherence to MeDi and structural brain measures was observed. CONCLUSION Higher dietary spermidine intake was positively associated with several structural brain measures, irrespective of the presence of SCD, and substantially mediated the relationship of adherence to MeDi and structural brain measures. Our data suggest that higher spermidine intake might be a promising dietary approach to preserve brain health in older adults, a hypothesis currently tested in an interventional trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schwarz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nora Horn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gloria Benson
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany; Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Isabel Wrachtrup Calzado
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katharina Wurdack
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Raimund Pechlaner
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Miranka Wirth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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Schwarz C, Lange C, Benson G, Horn N, Wurdack K, Calzado IW, Lukas M, Buchert R, Wirth M, Flöel A. P1-427: AMYLOID-β AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH CORTICAL THICKNESS, MEMORY, AND COGNITIVE COMPLAINTS IN OLDER ADULTS. Alzheimers Dement 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2019.06.1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gloria Benson
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Nora Horn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Lukas
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH; Berlin Germany
| | - Ralph Buchert
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Miranka Wirth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
- University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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