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Virachit S, Mathews KJ, Cottam V, Werry E, Galli E, Rappou E, Lindholm P, Saarma M, Halliday GM, Shannon Weickert C, Double KL. Levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor are decreased, but fibroblast growth factor 2 and cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor are increased in the hippocampus in Parkinson's disease. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:813-825. [PMID: 31033033 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth factors can facilitate hippocampus-based learning and memory and are potential targets for treatment of cognitive dysfunction via their neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects. Dementia is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), but treatment options are limited. We aimed to determine if levels of growth factors are altered in the hippocampus of patients with PD, and if such alterations are associated with PD pathology. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify seven growth factors in fresh frozen hippocampus from 10 PD and nine age-matched control brains. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to explore cellular and inflammatory changes that may be associated with growth factor alterations. In the PD hippocampus, protein levels of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor were significantly decreased, despite no evidence of neuronal loss. In contrast, protein levels of fibroblast growth factor 2 and cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor were significantly increased in PD compared to controls. Levels of the growth factors epidermal growth factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor did not differ between groups. Our data demonstrate changes in specific growth factors in the hippocampus of the PD brain, which potentially represent targets for modification to help attenuate cognitive decline in PD. These data also suggest that multiple growth factors and direction of change needs to be considered when approaching growth factors as a potential treatment for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Virachit
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Mathews
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Veronica Cottam
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eryn Werry
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emilia Galli
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Rappou
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pӓivi Lindholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Kay L Double
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Mathews KJ, Allen KM, Boerrigter D, Ball H, Shannon Weickert C, Double KL. Evidence for reduced neurogenesis in the aging human hippocampus despite stable stem cell markers. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1195-1199. [PMID: 28766905 PMCID: PMC5595679 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced neurogenesis in the aging mammalian hippocampus has been linked to cognitive deficits and increased risk of dementia. We utilized postmortem human hippocampal tissue from 26 subjects aged 18–88 years to investigate changes in expression of six genes representing different stages of neurogenesis across the healthy adult lifespan. Progressive and significant decreases in mRNA levels of the proliferation marker Ki67 (MKI67) and the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (DCX) were found in the healthy human hippocampus over the lifespan. In contrast, expression of genes for the stem cell marker glial fibrillary acidic protein delta and the neuronal progenitor marker eomesodermin was unchanged with age. These data are consistent with a persistence of the hippocampal stem cell population with age. Age‐associated expression of the proliferation and immature neuron markers MKI67 and DCX, respectively, was unrelated, suggesting that neurogenesis‐associated processes are independently altered at these points in the development from stem cell to neuron. These data are the first to demonstrate normal age‐related decreases at specific stages of adult human hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Mathews
- Discipline of Biomedical Science and Brain and Mind Centre; Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Katherine M. Allen
- Neuroscience Research Australia; Randwick NSW 2031 Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute; Randwick NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Danny Boerrigter
- Neuroscience Research Australia; Randwick NSW 2031 Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute; Randwick NSW 2031 Australia
| | - Helen Ball
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility; Bosch Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Neuroscience Research Australia; Randwick NSW 2031 Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Institute; Randwick NSW 2031 Australia
- School of Psychiatry; The University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Kay L. Double
- Discipline of Biomedical Science and Brain and Mind Centre; Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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Sutherland TC, Mathews KJ, Mao Y, Nguyen T, Gorrie CA. Differences in the Cellular Response to Acute Spinal Cord Injury between Developing and Mature Rats Highlights the Potential Significance of the Inflammatory Response. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 10:310. [PMID: 28133446 PMCID: PMC5233684 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There exists a trend for a better functional recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) in younger patients compared to adults, which is also reported for animal studies; however, the reasons for this are yet to be elucidated. The post injury tissue microenvironment is a complex milieu of cells and signals that interact on multiple levels. Inflammation has been shown to play a significant role in this post injury microenvironment. Endogenous neural progenitor cells (NPC), in the ependymal layer of the central canal, have also been shown to respond and migrate to the lesion site. This study used a mild contusion injury model to compare adult (9 week), juvenile (5 week) and infant (P7) Sprague-Dawley rats at 24 h, 1, 2, and 6 weeks post-injury (n = 108). The innate cells of the inflammatory response were examined using counts of ED1/IBA1 labeled cells. This found a decreased inflammatory response in the infants, compared to the adult and juvenile animals, demonstrated by a decreased neutrophil infiltration and macrophage and microglial activation at all 4 time points. Two other prominent cellular contributors to the post-injury microenvironment, the reactive astrocytes, which eventually form the glial scar, and the NPC were quantitated using GFAP and Nestin immunohistochemistry. After SCI in all 3 ages there was an obvious increase in Nestin staining in the ependymal layer, with long basal processes extending into the parenchyma. This was consistent between age groups early post injury then deviated at 2 weeks. The GFAP results also showed stark differences between the mature and infant animals. These results point to significant differences in the inflammatory response between infants and adults that may contribute to the better recovery indicated by other researchers, as well as differences in the overall injury progression and cellular responses. This may have important consequences if we are able to mirror and manipulate this response in patients of all ages; however much greater exploration in this area is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Sutherland
- Neural Injury Research Unit, School of Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Technology Sydney Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Mathews
- Discipline of Biomedical Sciences and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yilin Mao
- Neural Injury Research Unit, School of Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Technology Sydney Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Tara Nguyen
- Neural Injury Research Unit, School of Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Technology Sydney Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine A Gorrie
- Neural Injury Research Unit, School of Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Technology Sydney Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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