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Abstract
Odor coding in the Drosophila antenna is examined by a functional analysis of individual olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in vivo. Sixteen distinct classes of ORNs, each with a unique response spectrum to a panel of 47 diverse odors, are identified by extracellular recordings. ORNs exhibit multiple modes of response dynamics: an individual neuron can show either excitatory or inhibitory responses, and can exhibit different modes of termination kinetics, when stimulated with different odors. The 16 ORN classes are combined in stereotyped configurations within seven functional types of basiconic sensilla. One sensillum type contains four ORNs and the others contain two neurons, combined according to a strict pairing rule. We provide a functional map of ORNs, showing that each ORN class is restricted to a particular spatial domain on the antennal surface.
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Henney AM, Wakeley PR, Davies MJ, Foster K, Hembry R, Murphy G, Humphries S. Localization of stromelysin gene expression in atherosclerotic plaques by in situ hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:8154-8. [PMID: 1896464 PMCID: PMC52465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.18.8154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromelysins are members of a family of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases. These enzymes may erode the connective tissue in atherosclerotic plaques, leading to fissuring and acute thrombotic events. Cell-specific stromelysin expression in human atherosclerotic plaques was studied by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Sections were taken from nine coronary arteries: eight with well-established plaques and one normal. Unambiguous signals were seen in five plaques, two were inconclusive, and the remaining sample was negative, as was the normal coronary artery. Stromelysin mRNA transcripts were localized to isolated individual cells, some of which were smooth muscle, in the plaque cap, intima, and adventitia, but not the media. Expression was also seen in large clusters of macrophages that contained intracellular lipid deposits. The isolated expression of stromelysin by smooth muscle cells may reflect local connective tissue remodeling associated with growth and the formation of the plaque, whereas the more extensive expression associated with macrophages may be of greater pathological significance, contributing to the destabilization of the extracellular matrix and eventual plaque rupture.
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451 |
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Lin JW, Ju W, Foster K, Lee SH, Ahmadian G, Wyszynski M, Wang YT, Sheng M. Distinct molecular mechanisms and divergent endocytotic pathways of AMPA receptor internalization. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3:1282-90. [PMID: 11100149 DOI: 10.1038/81814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Internalization of postsynaptic AMPA receptors depresses excitatory transmission, but the underlying dynamics and mechanisms of this process are unclear. Using immunofluorescence and surface biotinylation, we characterized and quantified basal and regulated AMPA receptor endocytosis in cultured hippocampal neurons, in response to synaptic activity, AMPA and insulin. AMPA-induced AMPA receptor internalization is mediated in part by secondary activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels, and in part by ligand binding independent of receptor activation. Although both require dynamin, insulin- and AMPA-induced AMPA receptor internalization are differentially dependent on protein phosphatases and sequence determinants within the cytoplasmic tails of GluR1 and GluR2 subunits. AMPA receptors internalized in response to AMPA stimulation enter a recycling endosome system, whereas those internalized in response to insulin diverge into a distinct compartment. Thus, the molecular mechanisms and intracellular sorting of AMPA receptors are diverse, and depend on the internalizing stimulus.
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435 |
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Crossey PA, Richards FM, Foster K, Green JS, Prowse A, Latif F, Lerman MI, Zbar B, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA. Identification of intragenic mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumour suppressor gene and correlation with disease phenotype. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3:1303-8. [PMID: 7987306 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/3.8.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome predisposing to a variety of malignant and benign neoplasms, most frequently retinal, cerebellar and spinal haemangioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma and pancreatic tumours. We have previously detected large germline deletions by Southern analysis and pulsed field gel electrophoresis in 19% and 3% of VHL patients respectively. We have now investigated 94 VHL patients without large deletions for intragenic mutations using single strand conformation polymorphism and heteroduplex analysis. Forty different mutations were identified in 55 unrelated kindreds. A wide variety of mutations were detected including missense (n = 19), nonsense (n = 6), frameshift deletions or insertions (n = 12), in frame deletions (n = 2) and a splice donor site mutation (n = 1). The two most frequent mutations, were missense mutations at codon 238 (Arg-->Gln and Arg-->Trp) and were detected in five and four unrelated kindreds, respectively. VHL disease shows marked phenotypic variability and although phaeochromocytoma occurs in only about 7% of patients, marked interfamilial differences are observed. We examined the relationship between VHL gene mutations and phenotype in 65 kindreds. Large deletions or intragenic mutations predicted to cause a truncated protein were found in 36 of 53 families without phaeochromocytoma but only two of 12 families with phaeochromocytoma (chi 2 = 8.58; P < 0.01). Of 12 families with phaeochromocytoma 10 had missense mutations compared with 13 of 53 kindreds without phaeochromocytoma (chi 2 = 12.33; P < 0.001). In particular, substitution of an arginine at codon 238 (Arg-->Trp or Arg-->Gln) was associated with a high risk (62%) of phaeochromocytoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Foster K, Prowse A, van den Berg A, Fleming S, Hulsbeek MM, Crossey PA, Richards FM, Cairns P, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA. Somatic mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau disease tumour suppressor gene in non-familial clear cell renal carcinoma. Hum Mol Genet 1994; 3:2169-73. [PMID: 7881415 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/3.12.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) studies have suggested that somatic mutations of a tumour suppressor gene or genes on chromosome 3p are a critical event in the pathogenesis of non-familial renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Germline mutations of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease gene predispose to early onset and multifocal clear cell renal cell carcinoma, and the mechanism of tumorigenesis in VHL disease is consistent with a one-hit mutation model. To investigate the role of somatic VHL gene mutations in non-familial RCC, we analysed 99 primary RCC for VHL gene mutations by SSCP and heteroduplex analysis. Somatic VHL gene mutations were identified in 30 of 65 (46%) sporadic RCC with chromosome 3p allele loss and one of 34 (3%) tumours with no LOH for chromosome 3p. The VHL gene mutations were heterogeneous (17 frameshift deletions, eight missense mutations, four frameshift insertions, one nonsense and one splice site mutation), but no mutations were detected in the first 120 codons of cloned coding sequence. Most RCCs with somatic VHL mutations (23 of 27 (85%) informative cases) had chromosome 3p25 allele loss in the region of the VHL gene so that both alleles of the VHL gene had been inactivated as expected from a two-hit model of tumorigenesis. Detailed histopathology was available for 59 of the tumours investigated: 18 of 43 (42%) RCC with a clear cell appearance had a somatic VHL gene mutation but none of 16 non-clear cell RCC (eight chromophilic, three chromophobe and five oncocytoma) (chi2 = 7.77, P < 0.025).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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254 |
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Veiga-Fernandes H, Coles MC, Foster KE, Patel A, Williams A, Natarajan D, Barlow A, Pachnis V, Kioussis D. Tyrosine kinase receptor RET is a key regulator of Peyer's patch organogenesis. Nature 2007; 446:547-51. [PMID: 17322904 DOI: 10.1038/nature05597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Normal organogenesis requires co-ordinate development and interaction of multiple cell types, and is seemingly governed by tissue specific factors. Lymphoid organogenesis during embryonic life is dependent on molecules the temporal expression of which is tightly regulated. During this process, haematopoietic 'inducer' cells interact with stromal 'organizer' cells, giving rise to the lymphoid organ primordia. Here we show that the haematopoietic cells in the gut exhibit a random pattern of motility before aggregation into the primordia of Peyer's patches, a major component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. We further show that a CD45+CD4-CD3-Il7Ralpha-c-Kit+CD11c+ haematopoietic population expressing lymphotoxin has an important role in the formation of Peyer's patches. A subset of these cells expresses the receptor tyrosine kinase RET, which is essential for mammalian enteric nervous system formation. We demonstrate that RET signalling is also crucial for Peyer's patch formation. Functional genetic analysis revealed that Gfra3-deficiency results in impairment of Peyer's patch development, suggesting that the signalling axis RET/GFRalpha3/ARTN is involved in this process. To support this hypothesis, we show that the RET ligand ARTN is a strong attractant of gut haematopoietic cells, inducing the formation of ectopic Peyer's patch-like structures. Our work strongly suggests that the RET signalling pathway, by regulating the development of both the nervous and lymphoid system in the gut, has a key role in the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate intestine organogenesis.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
18 |
222 |
7
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Woda A, Foster K, Mishellany A, Peyron MA. Adaptation of healthy mastication to factors pertaining to the individual or to the food. Physiol Behav 2006; 89:28-35. [PMID: 16581096 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mastication is a physiological process controlled by the central nervous system and modulated by inputs from the mouth. Both the intrinsic characteristics of the subject and the extrinsic characteristics of the chewed food are responsible for variations of the masticatory function. Age, gender and dental state constitute the most studied intrinsic factors whereas hardness, rheological characteristics such as plasticity or elasticity, and food size are the better known extrinsic factors. These factors cause physiological adaptations which can occur during individual cycles or the whole sequence of mastication. Electromyographic and jaw movements (kinematic) recordings are commonly used to study mastication, from which, several variables can be measured. Vertical and lateral amplitudes and, velocities of jaw movements, are only given by kinematic recordings. Bioelectrical activities per cycle or per sequence are closely linked to masticatory forces and are measured from electromyographic recordings. Number of cycles, sequence duration and masticatory frequency can be measured from both types of recordings. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the variations of the measured masticatory variables that occur when mastication adapts to changes in characteristics of the individual or the food.
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Review |
19 |
220 |
8
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Schibler A, Pham TMT, Dunster KR, Foster K, Barlow A, Gibbons K, Hough JL. Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high-flow nasal prong oxygen delivery. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37:847-52. [PMID: 21369809 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the change in ventilatory practice in a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in the 5-year period after the introduction of high-flow nasal prong (HFNP) therapy in infants <24 months of age. Additionally, to identify the patient subgroups on HFNP requiring escalation of therapy to either other non-invasive or invasive ventilation, and to identify any adverse events associated with HFNP therapy. METHODS The study was a retrospective chart review of infants <24 months of age admitted to our PICU for HFNP therapy. Data was also extracted from both the local database and the Australian New Zealand paediatric intensive care (ANZPIC) registry for all infants admitted with bronchiolitis. RESULTS Between January 2005 and December 2009, a total of 298 infants <24 months of age received HFNP therapy. Overall, 36 infants (12%) required escalation to invasive ventilation. In the subgroup with a primary diagnosis of viral bronchiolitis (n = 167, 56%), only 6 (4%) required escalation to invasive ventilation. The rate of intubation in infants with viral bronchiolitis reduced from 37% to 7% over the observation period corresponding with an increase in the use of HFNP therapy. No adverse events were identified with the use of HFNP therapy. CONCLUSION HFNP therapy has dramatically changed ventilatory practice in infants <24 months of age in our institution, and appears to reduce the need for intubation in infants with viral bronchiolitis.
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14 |
210 |
9
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Dahanukar A, Foster K, van der Goes van Naters WM, Carlson JR. A Gr receptor is required for response to the sugar trehalose in taste neurons of Drosophila. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4:1182-6. [PMID: 11704765 DOI: 10.1038/nn765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified from the Drosophila genome database a large family of G protein-coupled receptor genes, the Gr genes, and predicted that they encode taste receptors on the basis of their structure and specificity of expression. The expression of Gr genes in gustatory neurons has subsequently been confirmed and 56 family members have been reported. Here we provide functional evidence that one Gr gene, Gr5a, encodes a taste receptor required for response to the sugar trehalose. In two different mutants that carry deletions in Gr5a, electrophysiological and behavioral responses to trehalose were diminished but the response to sucrose was unaffected. Transgenic rescue experiments showed that Gr5a confers response to trehalose. The results correlate a particular taste ligand with a Gr receptor and indicate a role for G protein-mediated signaling in the transduction of sweet taste in Drosophila.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Action Potentials/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Base Sequence/physiology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Codon/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drosophila/cytology
- Drosophila/physiology
- Food, Formulated
- GTP-Binding Proteins/drug effects
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Genetic Linkage/physiology
- Male
- Mutation/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Phenotype
- Protein Biosynthesis/physiology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Sucrose/pharmacology
- Taste/drug effects
- Taste/physiology
- Trehalose/genetics
- Trehalose/metabolism
- Trehalose/pharmacology
- X Chromosome/genetics
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185 |
10
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Passaro D, Di Tullio A, Abarrategi A, Rouault-Pierre K, Foster K, Ariza-McNaughton L, Montaner B, Chakravarty P, Bhaw L, Diana G, Lassailly F, Gribben J, Bonnet D. Increased Vascular Permeability in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment Contributes to Disease Progression and Drug Response in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:324-341.e6. [PMID: 28870739 PMCID: PMC5598545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The biological and clinical behaviors of hematological malignancies can be influenced by the active crosstalk with an altered bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. In the present study, we provide a detailed picture of the BM vasculature in acute myeloid leukemia using intravital two-photon microscopy. We found several abnormalities in the vascular architecture and function in patient-derived xenografts (PDX), such as vascular leakiness and increased hypoxia. Transcriptomic analysis in endothelial cells identified nitric oxide (NO) as major mediator of this phenotype in PDX and in patient-derived biopsies. Moreover, induction chemotherapy failing to restore normal vasculature was associated with a poor prognosis. Inhibition of NO production reduced vascular permeability, preserved normal hematopoietic stem cell function, and improved treatment response in PDX.
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research-article |
8 |
175 |
11
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Purkiss J, Welch M, Doward S, Foster K. Capsaicin-stimulated release of substance P from cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons: involvement of two distinct mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:1403-6. [PMID: 10751549 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin, the pungent component of "hot" chili peppers, selectively activates a distinct population of primary sensory neurons responsive to noxious stimuli. Many of these fibres express neuropeptides including the tachykinin, substance P. Using cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons, we found that capsaicin (10 microM) stimulated a 2-fold increase in release of substance P in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Elevated potassium (75 mM) was unable to induce release under these conditions. The introduction of Ca(2+) enhanced capsaicin-induced release and brought about a robust response to potassium. Preincubation of cells with botulinum neurotoxin A (100 nM) completely blocked potassium-induced release but the capsaicin response, in the absence of Ca(2+), was unaffected. However, toxin treatment dramatically reduced capsaicin-stimulated release in the presence of Ca(2+). It is concluded that capsaicin induces release of substance P from dorsal root ganglion neurons via two mechanisms, one requiring extracellular Ca(2+) and the intact synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25), and the other independent of extracellular Ca(2+) and not involving SNAP-25.
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165 |
12
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Kurian MA, Morgan NV, MacPherson L, Foster K, Peake D, Gupta R, Philip SG, Hendriksz C, Morton JEV, Kingston HM, Rosser EM, Wassmer E, Gissen P, Maher ER. Phenotypic spectrum of neurodegeneration associated with mutations in the PLA2G6 gene (PLAN). Neurology 2008; 70:1623-9. [PMID: 18443314 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000310986.48286.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegeneration associated with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders in which disruption of cellular mechanisms leads to accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia. This group includes patients with recently discovered mutations in the PLA2G6 gene encoding a calcium-independent phospholipase A2 enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids. Previously, children with PLA2G6 mutations have been diagnosed with several different disorders and we wished to better define the phenotype of PLA2G6- associated neurodegeneration. METHODS Detailed review of the clinical and genetic features of 14 and radiologic features of 13 of these patients with PLA2G6 mutations was undertaken. RESULTS Median age of symptom presentation was 14 months. One third of the cohort presented following an intercurrent illness. The children had progressive cognitive and motor skill regression, with evidence of axial hypotonia, four limb spasticity, bulbar dysfunction, and strabismus. All patients developed cerebellar ataxia and dystonia. Most patients had optic atrophy. Brain imaging demonstrated cerebellar cortical atrophy and gliosis in all patients. Changes consistent with increased iron deposition were identified in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. Novel corpus callosum changes are also reported. CONCLUSION We describe a cohort of patients with PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). Although patients with PLAN have previously been diagnosed with infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neurodegeneration associated with brain iron accumulation, and Karak syndrome, they display a characteristic clinical and radiologic phenotype. PLA2G6 mutational analysis will negate the need for more invasive diagnostic procedures such as tissue biopsy.
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Journal Article |
17 |
161 |
13
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Rouault-Pierre K, Lopez-Onieva L, Foster K, Anjos-Afonso F, Lamrissi-Garcia I, Serrano-Sanchez M, Mitter R, Ivanovic Z, de Verneuil H, Gribben J, Taussig D, Rezvani HR, Mazurier F, Bonnet D. HIF-2α protects human hematopoietic stem/progenitors and acute myeloid leukemic cells from apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:549-63. [PMID: 24095676 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are exposed to low levels of oxygen in the bone marrow niche, and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the main regulators of cellular responses to oxygen variation. Recent studies using conditional knockout mouse models have unveiled a major role for HIF-1α in the maintenance of murine HSCs; however, the role of HIF-2α is still unclear. Here, we show that knockdown of HIF-2α, and to a much lesser extent HIF-1α, impedes the long-term repopulating ability of human CD34(+) umbilical cord blood cells. HIF-2α-deficient HSPCs display increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently stimulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and triggers apoptosis by activation of the unfolded-protein-response (UPR) pathway. HIF-2α deregulation also significantly decreased engraftment ability of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Overall, our data demonstrate a key role for HIF-2α in the maintenance of human HSPCs and in the survival of primary AML cells.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
12 |
143 |
14
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Hawkins ED, Duarte D, Akinduro O, Khorshed RA, Passaro D, Nowicka M, Straszkowski L, Scott MK, Rothery S, Ruivo N, Foster K, Waibel M, Johnstone RW, Harrison SJ, Westerman DA, Quach H, Gribben J, Robinson MD, Purton LE, Bonnet D, Lo Celso C. T-cell acute leukaemia exhibits dynamic interactions with bone marrow microenvironments. Nature 2016; 538:518-522. [PMID: 27750279 PMCID: PMC5164929 DOI: 10.1038/nature19801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that complex interactions between cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment contribute to disease development, chemo-resistance and disease relapse. In light of this observed interdependency, novel therapeutic interventions that target specific cancer stroma cell lineages and their interactions are being sought. Here we studied a mouse model of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) and used intravital microscopy to monitor the progression of disease within the bone marrow at both the tissue-wide and single-cell level over time, from bone marrow seeding to development/selection of chemo-resistance. We observed highly dynamic cellular interactions and promiscuous distribution of leukaemia cells that migrated across the bone marrow, without showing any preferential association with bone marrow sub-compartments. Unexpectedly, this behaviour was maintained throughout disease development, from the earliest bone marrow seeding to response and resistance to chemotherapy. Our results reveal that T-ALL cells do not depend on specific bone marrow microenvironments for propagation of disease, nor for the selection of chemo-resistant clones, suggesting that a stochastic mechanism underlies these processes. Yet, although T-ALL infiltration and progression are independent of the stroma, accumulated disease burden leads to rapid, selective remodelling of the endosteal space, resulting in a complete loss of mature osteoblastic cells while perivascular cells are maintained. This outcome leads to a shift in the balance of endogenous bone marrow stroma, towards a composition associated with less efficient haematopoietic stem cell function. This novel, dynamic analysis of T-ALL interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment in vivo, supported by evidence from human T-ALL samples, highlights that future therapeutic interventions should target the migration and promiscuous interactions of cancer cells with the surrounding microenvironment, rather than specific bone marrow stroma, to combat the invasion by and survival of chemo-resistant T-ALL cells.
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research-article |
9 |
136 |
15
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Birkett CR, Foster KE, Johnson L, Gull K. Use of monoclonal antibodies to analyse the expression of a multi-tubulin family. FEBS Lett 1985; 187:211-8. [PMID: 4018260 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have used a panel of monoclonal antibodies in a study of the expression of multiple tubulins in Physarum polycephalum. Three anti-beta-tubulin monoclonal antibodies, DM1B, DM3B3 and KMX-1 all reacted with the beta 1-tubulin isotypes expressed in both myxamoebae and plasmodia. However, these antibodies showed a spectrum of reduced reactivity with the plasmodial beta 2-tubulin isotype - the competence of recognition of this isotype was graded DM1B greater than KMX-1 greater than DM3B3. The anti-alpha-tubulin monoclonal antibody, YOL 1/34 defined the full complement of Physarum alpha-tubulin isotypes, whilst the anti-alpha-tubulin monoclonal antibody, KMP-1 showed a remarkably high degree of isotype specificity. KMP-1 recognises all of the myxamoebal alpha 1-tubulin isotypes but only recognises 3 out of the 4 alpha 1-tubulin isotypes expressed in the plasmodium (which normally focus in the same 2D gel spot). KMP-1 does not recognise the plasmodial specific alpha 2-tubulin isotype. This monoclonal antibody reveals a new level of complexity amongst the tubulin isotypes expressed in Physarum and suggests that monoclonal antibodies are valuable probes for individual members of multi-tubulin families.
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40 |
128 |
16
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Foster K, Sheridan J, Veiga-Fernandes H, Roderick K, Pachnis V, Adams R, Blackburn C, Kioussis D, Coles M. Contribution of neural crest-derived cells in the embryonic and adult thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3183-9. [PMID: 18292542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest (NC)-derived mesenchyme has previously been shown to play an important role in the development of fetal thymus. Using Wnt1-Cre and Sox10-Cre mice crossed to Rosa26(eYfp) reporter mice, we have revealed NC-derived mesenchymal cells in the adult murine thymus. We report that NC-derived cells infiltrate the thymus before day 13.5 of embryonic development (E13.5) and differentiate into cells with characteristics of smooth muscle cells associated with large vessels, and pericytes associated with capillaries. In the adult organ at 3 mo of age, these NC-derived perivascular cells continue to be associated with the vasculature, providing structural support to the blood vessels and possibly regulating endothelial cell function.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
17 |
122 |
17
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Crossey PA, Foster K, Richards FM, Phipps ME, Latif F, Tory K, Jones MH, Bentley E, Kumar R, Lerman MI. Molecular genetic investigations of the mechanism of tumourigenesis in von Hippel-Lindau disease: analysis of allele loss in VHL tumours. Hum Genet 1994; 93:53-8. [PMID: 8270255 DOI: 10.1007/bf00218913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome characterised by the development of retinal and central nervous system haemangioblastomas, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), phaeochromocytoma and pancreatic tumours. The VHL disease gene maps to chromosome 3p25-p26. To investigate the mechanism of tumourigenesis in VHL disease, we analysed 24 paired blood/tumour DNA samples from 20 VHL patients for allele loss on chromosome 3p and in the region of tumour suppressor genes on chromosomes 5, 11, 13, 17 and 22. Nine out of 24 tumours showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at at least one locus on chromosome 3p and in each case the LOH included the region to which the VHL gene has been mapped. Chromosome 3p allele loss was found in four tumour types (RCC, haemangioblastoma, phaeochromocytoma and pancreatic tumour) suggesting a common mechanism of tumourigenesis in all types of tumour in VHL disease. The smallest region of overlap was between D3S1038 and D3S18, a region that corresponds to the target region for the VHL gene from genetic linkage studies. The parental origin of the chromosome 3p25-p26 allele loss could be determined in seven tumours from seven familial cases; in each tumour, the allele lost had been inherited from the unaffected parent. Our results suggest that the VHL disease gene functions as a recessive tumour suppressor gene and that inactivation of both alleles of the VHL gene is the critical event in the pathogenesis of VHL neoplasms. Four VHL tumours showed LOH on other chromosomes (5q21, 13q, 17q) indicating that homozygous VHL gene mutations may be required but may not be sufficient for tumourigenesis in VHL disease.
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Marlow R, Honeth G, Lombardi S, Cariati M, Hessey S, Pipili A, Mariotti V, Buchupalli B, Foster K, Bonnet D, Grigoriadis A, Rameshwar P, Purushotham A, Tutt A, Dontu G. A Novel Model of Dormancy for Bone Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6886-99. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pebody RG, McLean E, Zhao H, Cleary P, Bracebridge S, Foster K, Charlett A, Hardelid P, Waight P, Ellis J, Bermingham A, Zambon M, Evans B, Salmon R, McMenamin J, Smyth B, Catchpole M, Watson JM. Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 and mortality in the United Kingdom: risk factors for death, April 2009 to March 2010. Euro Surveill 2010. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.15.20.19571-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
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Wictome M, Newton K, Jameson K, Hallis B, Dunnigan P, Mackay E, Clarke S, Taylor R, Gaze J, Foster K, Shone C. Development of an in vitro bioassay for Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in foods that is more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3787-92. [PMID: 10473376 PMCID: PMC99701 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.9.3787-3792.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, in vitro bioassay for detection of the botulinum type B neurotoxin in a range of media was developed. The assay is amplified by the enzymic activity of the neurotoxin's light chain and includes the following three stages: first, a small, monoclonal antibody-based immunoaffinity column captures the toxin; second, a peptide substrate is cleaved by using the endopeptidase activity of the type B neurotoxin; and finally, a modified enzyme-linked immunoassay system detects the peptide cleavage products. The assay is highly specific for type B neurotoxin and is capable of detecting type B toxin at a concentration of 5 pg ml(-1) (0.5 mouse 50% lethal dose ml(-1)) in approximately 5 h. The format of the test was found to be suitable for detecting botulinum type B toxin in a range of foodstuffs with a sensitivity that exceeds the sensitivity of the mouse assay. Using highly specific monoclonal antibodies as the capture phase, we found that the endopeptidase assay was capable of differentiating between the type B neurotoxins produced by proteolytic and nonproteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum type B.
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Foster K, Crossey PA, Cairns P, Hetherington JW, Richards FM, Jones MH, Bentley E, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA, Maher ER. Molecular genetic investigation of sporadic renal cell carcinoma: analysis of allele loss on chromosomes 3p, 5q, 11p, 17 and 22. Br J Cancer 1994; 69:230-4. [PMID: 8297719 PMCID: PMC1968700 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of tumour-suppressor genes on the short arm of chromosome 3 in the mechanism of tumorigenesis in non-familial renal cell carcinoma, we analysed 55 paired blood-tumour DNA samples for allele loss on chromosome 3p and in the region of known or putative tumour-suppressor genes on chromosomes 5, 11, 17 and 22. Sixty-four per cent (35/55) of informative tumours showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of at least one locus on the short arm of chromosome 3, compared with only 13% at the p53 tumour-suppressor gene and 6% at 17q21. LOH at chromosome 5q21 and 22q was uncommon (2-3%). Detailed analysis of the regions of LOH on chromosome 3p suggested that, in addition to the VHL gene in chromosome 3p25-p26, mutations in one or more tumour-suppressor genes in chromosome 3p13-p24 may be involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We also confirmed previous suggestions that chromosome 3p allele loss is not a feature of papillary RCC (P < 0.05).
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Lassailly F, Foster K, Lopez-Onieva L, Currie E, Bonnet D. Multimodal imaging reveals structural and functional heterogeneity in different bone marrow compartments: functional implications on hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2013; 122:1730-40. [PMID: 23814020 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-467498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy of the calvarium is the only noninvasive method for high-resolution imaging of the bone marrow (BM) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niches. However, it is unclear if the calvarium is representative of all BM compartments. Using the combination of whole body optical imaging, intravital microscopy, and "in vivo fluorescence trapping," a thorough comparison of HSCs and putative HSC niches in the calvaria, epiphyses, and diaphyses, at steady state or after HSC transplantation, can be made. We report substantial heterogeneity between different BM compartments in terms of bone-remodeling activity (BRA), blood volume fraction (BVF), and hypoxia. Although BVF is high in all BM compartments, including areas adjacent to the endosteum, we found that compartments displaying the highest BVF and BRA were preferentially seeded and engrafted upon HSC transplantation. Unexpectedly, the macroanatomical distribution of HSCs at steady state is homogeneous across these 3 areas and independent of these 2 parameters and suggests the existence of "reconstituting niches," which are distinct from "homeostatic niches." Both types of niches were observed in the calvarium, indicating that endochondral ossification, the process needed for the formation of HSC niches during embryogenesis, is dispensable for the formation of HSC niches during adulthood.
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Banham GD, Flint SM, Torpey N, Lyons PA, Shanahan DN, Gibson A, Watson CJE, O'Sullivan AM, Chadwick JA, Foster KE, Jones RB, Devey LR, Richards A, Erwig LP, Savage CO, Smith KGC, Henderson RB, Clatworthy MR. Belimumab in kidney transplantation: an experimental medicine, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet 2018; 391:2619-2630. [PMID: 29910042 PMCID: PMC7617033 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells produce alloantibodies and activate alloreactive T cells, negatively affecting kidney transplant survival. By contrast, regulatory B cells are associated with transplant tolerance. Immunotherapies are needed that inhibit B-cell effector function, including antibody secretion, while sparing regulators and minimising infection risk. B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a cytokine that promotes B-cell activation and has not previously been targeted in kidney transplant recipients. We aimed to determine the safety and activity of an anti-BLyS antibody, belimumab, in addition to standard-of-care immunosuppression in adult kidney transplant recipients. We used an experimental medicine study design with multiple secondary and exploratory endpoints to gain further insight into the effect of belimumab on the generation of de-novo IgG and on the regulatory B-cell compartment. METHODS We undertook a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of belimumab, in addition to standard-of-care immunosuppression (basiliximab, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and prednisolone) at two centres, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK, and Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK. Participants were eligible if they were aged 18-75 years and receiving a kidney transplant and were planned to receive standard-of-care immunosuppression. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either intravenous belimumab 10 mg per kg bodyweight or placebo, given at day 0, 14, and 28, and then every 4 weeks for a total of seven infusions. The co-primary endpoints were safety and change in the concentration of naive B cells from baseline to week 24, both of which were analysed in all patients who received a transplant and at least one dose of drug or placebo (the modified intention-to-treat [mITT] population). This trial has been completed and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01536379, and EudraCT, 2011-006215-56. FINDINGS Between Sept 13, 2013, and Feb 8, 2015, of 303 patients assessed for eligibility, 28 kidney transplant recipients were randomly assigned to receive belimumab (n=14) or placebo (n=14). 25 patients (12 [86%] patients assigned to the belimumab group and 13 [93%] patients assigned to the placebo group) received a transplant and were included in the mITT population. We observed similar proportions of adverse events in the belimumab and placebo groups, including serious infections (one [8%] of 12 in the belimumab group and five [38%] of 13 in the placebo group during the 6-month on-treatment phase; and none in the belimumab group and two [15%] in the placebo group during the 6-month follow-up). In the on-treatment phase, one patient in the placebo group died because of fatal myocardial infarction and acute cardiac failure. The co-primary endpoint of a reduction in naive B cells from baseline to week 24 was not met. Treatment with belimumab did not significantly reduce the number of naive B cells from baseline to week 24 (adjusted mean difference between the belimumab and placebo treatment groups -34·4 cells per μL, 95% CI -109·5 to 40·7). INTERPRETATION Belimumab might be a useful adjunct to standard-of-care immunosuppression in renal transplantation, with no major increased risk of infection and potential beneficial effects on humoral alloimmunity. FUNDING GlaxoSmithKline.
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Clinical Trial, Phase II |
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Olichney JM, Murphy C, Hofstetter CR, Foster K, Hansen LA, Thal LJ, Katzman R. Anosmia is very common in the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76:1342-7. [PMID: 16170073 PMCID: PMC1739380 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.032003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory abnormalities are reported in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Anosmia appears to be common in dementia with Lewy bodies but not in pure Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE To determine whether anosmia improves discrimination between the Lewy body variant (LBV) of Alzheimer's disease and "pure" Alzheimer's disease. METHODS 106 cases of necropsy confirmed pure Alzheimer's disease (n = 89) or LBV (n = 17) were reviewed. All had received butanol odour threshold testing. Anosmia was defined as a score < or = 1.0 on a 0-9 point scale. Logistic regression analysis was used to model potential predictors (for example, parkinsonism, smoking, hallucinations) of neuropathological diagnosis and anosmia. RESULTS LBV cases had an increased prevalence of anosmia (65%) compared with Alzheimer's disease (23%; odds ratio (OR) = 6.3, p = 0.00045), or normal elderly people (6.7%). Within the dementia cases, the negative predictive value (92%) and specificity (78%) of anosmia were both good; sensitivity for detecting LBV was 65%, but the positive predictive value (PPV) was only 35%. Logistic regression models showed anosmia (OR = 5.4, p = 0.005) and visual hallucinations (OR = 7.3, p = 0.007) were strong independent predictors of Lewy body pathology. When anosmia was added as a core feature to consensus diagnostic criteria for probable Lewy body dementia, five additional cases of LBV were detected (29% increased sensitivity), but with four additional false positives (1% increased discrimination, 4% decreased specificity, 33% decreased PPV). CONCLUSIONS Anosmia is very common in LBV. Adding anosmia as a core feature improved sensitivity for detecting LBV, but did not improve discrimination between Alzheimer's disease and LBV owing to a concomitant increase in false positives.
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural |
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Abarrategi A, Foster K, Hamilton A, Mian SA, Passaro D, Gribben J, Mufti G, Bonnet D. Versatile humanized niche model enables study of normal and malignant human hematopoiesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:543-548. [PMID: 28067666 PMCID: PMC5272182 DOI: 10.1172/jci89364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The BM niche comprises a tightly controlled microenvironment formed by specific tissue and cells that regulates the behavior of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Here, we have provided a 3D model that is tunable in different BM niche components and useful, both in vitro and in vivo, for studying the maintenance of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Using scaffolds, we tested the capacity of different stromal cell types to support human HSCs. Scaffolds coated with human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) proved to be superior in terms of HSC engraftment and long-term maintenance when implanted in vivo. Moreover, we found that hMSC-coated scaffolds can be modulated to form humanized bone tissue, which was also able to support human HSC engraftment. Importantly, hMSC-coated humanized scaffolds were able to support the growth of leukemia patient cells in vivo, including the growth of samples that would not engraft the BM of immunodeficient mice. These results demonstrate that an s.c. implantation approach in a 3D carrier scaffold seeded with stromal cells is an effective in vivo niche model for studying human hematopoiesis. The various niche components of this model can be changed depending on the context to improve the engraftment of nonengrafting acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples.
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