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Bahl A, Alsbrooks K, Zazyczny KA, Johnson S, Hoerauf K. An Improved Definition and SAFE Rule for Predicting Difficult Intravascular Access (DIVA) in Hospitalized Adults. J Infus Nurs 2024; 47:96-107. [PMID: 38377305 PMCID: PMC10913859 DOI: 10.1097/nan.0000000000000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Patients with difficult intravascular access (DIVA) are common, yet the condition is often ignored or poorly managed, leading to patient dissatisfaction and misuse of health care resources. This study sought to assess all published risk factors associated with DIVA in order to promote prospective identification and improved management of patients with DIVA. A systematic literature review on risk factors associated with DIVA was conducted. Risk factors published in ≥4 eligible studies underwent a multivariate meta-analysis of multiple factors (MVMA-MF) using the Bayesian framework. Of 2535 unique publications identified, 20 studies were eligible for review. In total, 82 unique DIVA risk factors were identified, with the 10 factors found in ≥4 studies undergoing MVMA-MF. Significant predictors of DIVA included vein visibility, vein palpability, history of DIVA, obesity (body mass index [BMI] >30), and history of intravenous (IV) drug abuse, which were combined to create the mnemonic guideline, SAFE: See, Ask (about a history of DIVA or IV drug abuse), Feel, and Evaluate BMI. By recognizing patients with DIVA before the first insertion attempt and treating them from the outset with advanced vein visualization techniques, patients with DIVA could be subject to less frequent painful venipunctures, fewer delays in treatment, and a reduction in other DIVA-associated burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bahl
- Emergency Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan (Bahl and Johnson), Becton Dickinson and Co, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey (Alsbrooks and Hoerauf), and Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (Zazyczny)
- Amit Bahl, MD, is a physician scientist with board certification in emergency medicine and subspeciality expertise in point-of-care ultrasound. He is the recipient of several foundation and industry grants for research and has authored numerous peer-reviewed manuscripts in high-impact medical journals. Dr Bahl is a passionate speaker who presents internationally on the complications of vascular access devices and strategies to improve patient outcomes
- Kim Alsbrooks has over 30 years of experience in the medical field. She started as a Radiologic Technologist then Registered Nurse, working on specialized hospital teams in Oncology and Vascular Access. She has worked at BARD/Becton, Dickinson, and Company, where she is now the Sr Director of Medical Affairs, for the past 20 years. Her work is mostly focused on vascular access evidence generation and research. Kim speaks across the US and internationally on vascular access topics
- Kelly Ann Zazyczny, BSN, RN, RT (R), VA-BC, is the director of nursing of the Psychiatric, Women, and Children's Division at Bryn Mawr Hospital, Vascular Access Nursing Services for the Main Line Health System. She has been a clinical leader for over 25 years, holding positions at Main Line Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. Her clinical focus has been on pediatrics, vascular access, radiology, and research. She has been named one of the Top Nurses in Nursing Management by Main Line Today for the last 3 years
- Steven Johnson, DO, is a board-certified emergency medicine physician and critical care fellow at the University of Southern California. He also conducts catheter-related research in his work as a research scientist at Beaumont Health. He developed a passion for improving peripheral venous access after witnessing firsthand how poor catheter performance affects patient outcomes and overall health
- Klaus Hoerauf, MD, PhD, currently serves as worldwide vice president of medical affairs, medication delivery solutions, at Becton, Dickinson, and Company. In this role, he leads Medical & Scientific Affairs and Health Economics and Outcomes Research departments. He has an MD and a Doctorate in Cardiology from the Medical University of Münster and has been appointed as associate professor of anesthesiology and intensive care medicine at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. He is certified in anesthesiology and intensive care medicine, emergency medicine, and pain therapy
| | - Kimberly Alsbrooks
- Corresponding Author: Kimberly Alsbrooks, BSN, RN, RT (R), VA-BC, Becton Dickinson and Company, 18-03 NJ-208, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA 07417 ()
| | - Kelly Ann Zazyczny
- Emergency Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan (Bahl and Johnson), Becton Dickinson and Co, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey (Alsbrooks and Hoerauf), and Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (Zazyczny)
- Amit Bahl, MD, is a physician scientist with board certification in emergency medicine and subspeciality expertise in point-of-care ultrasound. He is the recipient of several foundation and industry grants for research and has authored numerous peer-reviewed manuscripts in high-impact medical journals. Dr Bahl is a passionate speaker who presents internationally on the complications of vascular access devices and strategies to improve patient outcomes
- Kim Alsbrooks has over 30 years of experience in the medical field. She started as a Radiologic Technologist then Registered Nurse, working on specialized hospital teams in Oncology and Vascular Access. She has worked at BARD/Becton, Dickinson, and Company, where she is now the Sr Director of Medical Affairs, for the past 20 years. Her work is mostly focused on vascular access evidence generation and research. Kim speaks across the US and internationally on vascular access topics
- Kelly Ann Zazyczny, BSN, RN, RT (R), VA-BC, is the director of nursing of the Psychiatric, Women, and Children's Division at Bryn Mawr Hospital, Vascular Access Nursing Services for the Main Line Health System. She has been a clinical leader for over 25 years, holding positions at Main Line Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. Her clinical focus has been on pediatrics, vascular access, radiology, and research. She has been named one of the Top Nurses in Nursing Management by Main Line Today for the last 3 years
- Steven Johnson, DO, is a board-certified emergency medicine physician and critical care fellow at the University of Southern California. He also conducts catheter-related research in his work as a research scientist at Beaumont Health. He developed a passion for improving peripheral venous access after witnessing firsthand how poor catheter performance affects patient outcomes and overall health
- Klaus Hoerauf, MD, PhD, currently serves as worldwide vice president of medical affairs, medication delivery solutions, at Becton, Dickinson, and Company. In this role, he leads Medical & Scientific Affairs and Health Economics and Outcomes Research departments. He has an MD and a Doctorate in Cardiology from the Medical University of Münster and has been appointed as associate professor of anesthesiology and intensive care medicine at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. He is certified in anesthesiology and intensive care medicine, emergency medicine, and pain therapy
| | - Steven Johnson
- Emergency Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan (Bahl and Johnson), Becton Dickinson and Co, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey (Alsbrooks and Hoerauf), and Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (Zazyczny)
- Amit Bahl, MD, is a physician scientist with board certification in emergency medicine and subspeciality expertise in point-of-care ultrasound. He is the recipient of several foundation and industry grants for research and has authored numerous peer-reviewed manuscripts in high-impact medical journals. Dr Bahl is a passionate speaker who presents internationally on the complications of vascular access devices and strategies to improve patient outcomes
- Kim Alsbrooks has over 30 years of experience in the medical field. She started as a Radiologic Technologist then Registered Nurse, working on specialized hospital teams in Oncology and Vascular Access. She has worked at BARD/Becton, Dickinson, and Company, where she is now the Sr Director of Medical Affairs, for the past 20 years. Her work is mostly focused on vascular access evidence generation and research. Kim speaks across the US and internationally on vascular access topics
- Kelly Ann Zazyczny, BSN, RN, RT (R), VA-BC, is the director of nursing of the Psychiatric, Women, and Children's Division at Bryn Mawr Hospital, Vascular Access Nursing Services for the Main Line Health System. She has been a clinical leader for over 25 years, holding positions at Main Line Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. Her clinical focus has been on pediatrics, vascular access, radiology, and research. She has been named one of the Top Nurses in Nursing Management by Main Line Today for the last 3 years
- Steven Johnson, DO, is a board-certified emergency medicine physician and critical care fellow at the University of Southern California. He also conducts catheter-related research in his work as a research scientist at Beaumont Health. He developed a passion for improving peripheral venous access after witnessing firsthand how poor catheter performance affects patient outcomes and overall health
- Klaus Hoerauf, MD, PhD, currently serves as worldwide vice president of medical affairs, medication delivery solutions, at Becton, Dickinson, and Company. In this role, he leads Medical & Scientific Affairs and Health Economics and Outcomes Research departments. He has an MD and a Doctorate in Cardiology from the Medical University of Münster and has been appointed as associate professor of anesthesiology and intensive care medicine at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. He is certified in anesthesiology and intensive care medicine, emergency medicine, and pain therapy
| | - Klaus Hoerauf
- Emergency Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan (Bahl and Johnson), Becton Dickinson and Co, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey (Alsbrooks and Hoerauf), and Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania (Zazyczny)
- Amit Bahl, MD, is a physician scientist with board certification in emergency medicine and subspeciality expertise in point-of-care ultrasound. He is the recipient of several foundation and industry grants for research and has authored numerous peer-reviewed manuscripts in high-impact medical journals. Dr Bahl is a passionate speaker who presents internationally on the complications of vascular access devices and strategies to improve patient outcomes
- Kim Alsbrooks has over 30 years of experience in the medical field. She started as a Radiologic Technologist then Registered Nurse, working on specialized hospital teams in Oncology and Vascular Access. She has worked at BARD/Becton, Dickinson, and Company, where she is now the Sr Director of Medical Affairs, for the past 20 years. Her work is mostly focused on vascular access evidence generation and research. Kim speaks across the US and internationally on vascular access topics
- Kelly Ann Zazyczny, BSN, RN, RT (R), VA-BC, is the director of nursing of the Psychiatric, Women, and Children's Division at Bryn Mawr Hospital, Vascular Access Nursing Services for the Main Line Health System. She has been a clinical leader for over 25 years, holding positions at Main Line Health, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. Her clinical focus has been on pediatrics, vascular access, radiology, and research. She has been named one of the Top Nurses in Nursing Management by Main Line Today for the last 3 years
- Steven Johnson, DO, is a board-certified emergency medicine physician and critical care fellow at the University of Southern California. He also conducts catheter-related research in his work as a research scientist at Beaumont Health. He developed a passion for improving peripheral venous access after witnessing firsthand how poor catheter performance affects patient outcomes and overall health
- Klaus Hoerauf, MD, PhD, currently serves as worldwide vice president of medical affairs, medication delivery solutions, at Becton, Dickinson, and Company. In this role, he leads Medical & Scientific Affairs and Health Economics and Outcomes Research departments. He has an MD and a Doctorate in Cardiology from the Medical University of Münster and has been appointed as associate professor of anesthesiology and intensive care medicine at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. He is certified in anesthesiology and intensive care medicine, emergency medicine, and pain therapy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Head injury is the leading cause of death in abused children under 2 years of age. Evidence for establishing guidelines regarding screening for occult head injury in a neurologically asymptomatic child with other evidence of abuse is lacking. This is particularly important given that many children with acute inflicted head injury have evidence of old injury when they are diagnosed. The primary aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of occult head injury in a high-risk sample of abused children with normal neurologic examinations. The secondary aim was to describe characteristics of this population. METHODS Children under 2 years of age admitted to an urban children's hospital between January 1998 and December 2001 with injuries suspicious for child abuse were eligible for this study if they had a normal neurologic examination on admission. Subjects were selected if they met 1 of the following "high-risk" criteria: rib fractures, multiple fractures, facial injury, or age <6 months. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of neurologic dysfunction, seizures, respiratory arrest, or if their initial physical examination revealed scalp injury. RESULTS Of the 65 patients who met these criteria, 51 (78.5%) had a head computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in addition to skeletal survey. Of these 51 patients, 19 (37.3%, 95% confidence interval 24.2-50.4%) had an occult head injury. Injuries included scalp swelling (74%), skull fracture (74%), and intracranial injury (53%). All except 3 of the head-injured patients had at least a skull fracture or intracranial injury. Skeletal survey alone missed 26% (5/19) of the cases. Head-injured children were younger than non-head-injured children (median age 2.5 vs 5.1 months); all but 1 head-injured child was <1 year of age. Among the head-injured children, 72% came from single parent households, 37% had mothers whose age was <21 years, and 26% had a history of prior child welfare involvement in their families. Ophthalmologic examination was performed in 14 of the 19 cases; no retinal hemorrhages were noted. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a recommendation for universal screening in neurologically asymptomatic abused children with any of the high-risk criteria used in this study, particularly if that child is under 1 year of age. Ophthalmologic examination is a poor screening method for occult head injury, and one should proceed directly to computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Given the high prevalence of occult head injury detected in this study, further study is warranted to estimate the prevalence of occult head injury in lower risk populations of abused children.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Rubin
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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