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Ferdousi J, Post A, Karton C, Doelle K, Gilchrist MD, Hoshizaki TB. Head trauma analysis of laboratory reconstructed headers using 1966 Slazenger Challenge and 2018 Telstar 18 soccer balls. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18575. [PMID: 37903796 PMCID: PMC10616227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retired soccer players are presenting with early onset neurodegenerative diseases, potentially from heading the ball. It has been proposed that the older composition of soccer balls places higher strains on brain tissues. The purpose of this research was to compare the dynamic head response and brain tissue strain of laboratory reconstructed headers using replicas of the 1966 Slazenger Challenge and 2018 Telstar 18 World Cup soccer balls. Head-to-ball impacts were physically conducted in the laboratory by impacting a Hybrid III head form at three locations and four velocities using dry and wet soccer ball conditions, and computational simulation was used to measure the resulting brain tissue strain. This research showed that few significant differences were found in head dynamic response and maximum principal strain between the dry 1966 and 2018 balls during reconstructed soccer headers. Headers using the wet 1966 soccer ball resulted in higher head form responses at low-velocity headers and lower head responses as velocities increased. This study demonstrates that under dry conditions, soccer ball construction does not have a significant effect on head and brain response during headers reconstructed in the laboratory. Although ball construction didn't show a notable effect, this study revealed that heading the ball, comparable to goalkeeper kicks and punts at 22 m/s, led to maximum principal strains exceeding the 50% likelihood of injury risk threshold. This has implications for the potential risks associated with repetitive heading in soccer for current athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Post
- Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Clara Karton
- Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Klara Doelle
- Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael D Gilchrist
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Parker E, Aboghazleh R, Mumby G, Veksler R, Ofer J, Newton J, Smith R, Kamintsky L, Jones CMA, O'Keeffe E, Kelly E, Doelle K, Roach I, Yang LT, Moradi P, Lin JM, Gleason AJ, Atkinson C, Bowen C, Brewer KD, Doherty CP, Campbell M, Clarke DB, van Hameren G, Kaufer D, Friedman A. Concussion susceptibility is mediated by spreading depolarization-induced neurovascular dysfunction. Brain 2021; 145:2049-2063. [PMID: 34927674 PMCID: PMC9246711 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the complications of mild traumatic brain injury, including post-concussion syndrome, post-impact catastrophic death, and delayed neurodegeneration remain poorly understood. This limited pathophysiological understanding has hindered the development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and has prevented the advancement of treatments for the sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury. We aimed to characterize the early electrophysiological and neurovascular alterations following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury and sought to identify new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of individuals at risk of severe post-impact complications. We combined behavioural, electrophysiological, molecular, and neuroimaging techniques in a rodent model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. In humans, we used dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to quantify blood–brain barrier dysfunction after exposure to sport-related concussive mild traumatic brain injury. Rats could clearly be classified based on their susceptibility to neurological complications, including life-threatening outcomes, following repetitive injury. Susceptible animals showed greater neurological complications and had higher levels of blood–brain barrier dysfunction, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling, and neuroinflammation compared to resilient animals. Cortical spreading depolarizations were the most common electrophysiological events immediately following mild traumatic brain injury and were associated with longer recovery from impact. Triggering cortical spreading depolarizations in mild traumatic brain injured rats (but not in controls) induced blood–brain barrier dysfunction. Treatment with a selective TGFβ receptor inhibitor prevented blood–brain barrier opening and reduced injury complications. Consistent with the rodent model, blood–brain barrier dysfunction was found in a subset of human athletes following concussive mild traumatic brain injury. We provide evidence that cortical spreading depolarization, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, and pro-inflammatory TGFβ signalling are associated with severe, potentially life-threatening outcomes following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Diagnostic-coupled targeting of TGFβ signalling may be a novel strategy in treating mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Parker
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Refat Aboghazleh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Griffin Mumby
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ronel Veksler
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jonathan Ofer
- Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jillian Newton
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Rylan Smith
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lyna Kamintsky
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Casey M A Jones
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Eoin O'Keeffe
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin Kelly
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Academic Unit of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Klara Doelle
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Isabelle Roach
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lynn T Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pooyan Moradi
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jessica M Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Allison J Gleason
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christina Atkinson
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Chris Bowen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Kimberly D Brewer
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Colin P Doherty
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Academic Unit of Neurology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David B Clarke
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gerben van Hameren
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute & Berkeley Stem Cell Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Departments of Physiology and Cell Biology, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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