1
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Yoshida S, Hase K, Heim O, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. Doppler detection triggers instantaneous escape behavior in scanning bats. iScience 2024; 27:109222. [PMID: 38524366 PMCID: PMC10960053 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Animals must instantaneously escape from predators for survival, which requires quick detection of approaching threats. Although the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of looming objects have been extensively studied in the visual system, little is known about their auditory counterparts. Echolocating bats use their auditory senses to perceive not only the soundscape, but also the physical environment through active sensing. Although object movement induces both echo delay changes and Doppler shifts, the actual information required to perceive movement has been unclear. Herein, we addressed this question by playing back phantom echoes mimicking an approaching target to horseshoe bats and found that they relied only on Doppler shifts. This suggests that the bats do not perceive object motion in the spatiotemporal dimension (i.e., positional variation), as in vision, but rather take advantage of acoustic sensing by directly detecting velocity, thereby enabling them to respond instantaneously to approaching threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Yoshida
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kazuma Hase
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Olga Heim
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kohta I. Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0394, Japan
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2
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Teshima Y, Mogi M, Nishida H, Tsuchiya T, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. Discrimination of object information by bat echolocation deciphered from acoustic simulations. R Soc Open Sci 2024; 11:231415. [PMID: 38269077 PMCID: PMC10805595 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
High-precision visual sensing has been achieved by combining cameras with deep learning. However, an unresolved challenge involves identifying information that remains elusive for optical sensors, such as occlusion spots hidden behind objects. Compared to light, sound waves have longer wavelengths and can, therefore, collect information on occlusion spots. In this study, we investigated whether bats could perform advanced sound sensing using echolocation to acquire a target's occlusion information. We conducted a two-alternative forced choice test on Pipistrellus abramus with five different targets, including targets with high visual similarity from the front, but different backend geometries, i.e. occlusion spots or textures. Subsequently, the echo impulse responses produced by these targets, which were difficult to obtain with real measurements, were computed using three-dimensional acoustic simulations to provide a detailed analysis consisting of the acoustic cues that the bats obtained through echolocation. Our findings demonstrated that bats could effectively discern differences in target occlusion spot structure and texture through echolocation. Furthermore, the discrimination performance was related to the differences in the logarithmic spectral distortion of the occlusion-related components in the simulated echo impulse responses. This suggested that the bats obtained occlusion information through echolocation, highlighting the advantages of utilizing broadband ultrasound for sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Teshima
- Acoustic Navigation Research Center, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
- Project Team for System Development of Marine Environmental Impact Assessment / SIP Ocean Program, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| | - Mayuko Mogi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Hare Nishida
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Takao Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kohta I. Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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3
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Yoshino-Hashizawa K, Nishiuchi Y, Hiragochi M, Kihara M, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. The distress context of social calls evokes a fear response in the bat Pipistrellus abramus. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246271. [PMID: 37921105 PMCID: PMC10714146 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Bats primarily use sound information, including echolocation, for social communication. Bats under stressful conditions, for example when confronted by a predator, will emit aggressive social calls. The presentation of aggressive social calls, including distress calls (DCs), is known to increase heart rate (fH), but how this change in fH is related to the bat's sound perception and how this evokes behaviors such as the fear response is unknown. Herein, we show that the perception of a distress context induces freezing behavior as a fear response in bats. We found that bats responded by freezing and displayed increased fH when they were presented with a conspecific donor bat in a distress situation evoked by gentle poking with a cotton swab. In addition, when we presented two types of auditory oddball paradigms with different probabilities of DCs and echolocation calls (ECs), the bats' fH increased when DCs were presented as deviant or control stimuli within standard ECs but did not increase when DCs were presented as standard stimuli. These results suggest that the situational context created by the frequency of sound presentation, rather than simply a single sound feature, induces fH increases and freezing as fear responses in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yoshino-Hashizawa
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yuna Nishiuchi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Midori Hiragochi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Motoki Kihara
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kohta I. Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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4
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Ito Y, Matsumoto H, Kobayasi KI. Subjective Audibility Modulates the Susceptibility to Sound-Induced Flash Illusion: Effect of Loudness and Auditory Masking. Multisens Res 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37775097 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-bja10109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
When a brief flash is presented along with two brief sounds, the single flash is often perceived as two flashes. This phenomenon is called a sound-induced flash illusion, in which the auditory sense, with its relatively higher reliability in providing temporal information, modifies the visual perception. Decline of audibility due to hearing impairment is known to make subjects less susceptible to the flash illusion. However, the effect of decline of audibility on susceptibility to the illusion has not been directly investigated in subjects with normal hearing. The present study investigates the relationship between audibility and susceptibility to the illusion by varying the sound pressure level of the stimulus. In the task for reporting the number of auditory stimuli, lowering the sound pressure level caused the rate of perceiving two sounds to decrease on account of forward masking. The occurrence of the illusory flash was reduced as the intensity of the second auditory stimulus decreased, and was significantly correlated with the rate of perceiving the two auditory stimuli. These results suggest that the susceptibility to sound-induced flash illusion depends on the subjective audibility of each sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Organization for Research initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hanaka Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
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5
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Narukawa S, Nishimura M, Kuze I, Ohno I, Fukunaga M, Kobayasi KI, Murai SA. Cortico-striatal activity associated with fidget spinner use: an fMRI study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15860. [PMID: 37740116 PMCID: PMC10517120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fidget spinners are said to be a very successful toy, and it's said that it has a good impact on attention for children with ADHD and hand motor control. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support these claims, and there is a lack of data on neurobiological responses to rotating fidget spinners. To better understand the mechanism whereby fidget spinners affect motor behavior, we tried to identify the neural correlates of rotating fidget spinners using functional magnetic resonance imaging and non-magnetic fidget spinners with five types of ease of rotation. As a result, we confirmed that the pre/postcentral gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, supplementary motor area (SMA), cerebellum, and striatum are activated when rotating spinners. Furthermore, the SMA was activated more with easier-to-rotate spinners. Additionally, a psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed increased functional connectivity between the SMA and the caudate while rotating fidget spinners compared to just holding them. These results suggest that the fine motor control associate with spinning a fidget spinner is supported by the cortico-striatal circuits involved in planning and reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzuka Narukawa
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Momoka Nishimura
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Izumi Kuze
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Ibuki Ohno
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan.
| | - Shota A Murai
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan.
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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6
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Uenaka M, Nagamura H, Okamoto A, Hiryu S, Kobayasi KI, Tamai Y. Feasibility evaluation of transtympanic laser stimulation of the cochlea from the outer ear. J Acoust Soc Am 2022; 152:1850. [PMID: 36182303 DOI: 10.1121/10.0014241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Infrared laser stimulation has been studied as an alternative approach to auditory prostheses. This study evaluated the feasibility of infrared laser stimulation of the cochlea from the outer ear, bypassing the middle ear function. An optic fiber was inserted into the ear canal, and a laser was used to irradiate the cochlea through the tympanic membrane in Mongolian gerbils. A pulsed infrared laser (6.9 mJ/cm2) and clicking sound (70 peak-to-peak equivalent sound pressure level) were presented to the animals. The amplitude of the laser-evoked cochlear response was systematically decreased following insertion of a filter between the tympanic membrane and cochlea; however, the auditory-evoked cochlear response did not decrease. The filter was removed, and the laser-evoked response returned to around the original level. The amplitude ratio and the relative change in response amplitude before and during filter insertion significantly decreased as the absorbance of the infrared filter increased. These results indicate that laser irradiation could bypass the function of the middle ear and directly activate the cochlea. Therefore, laser irradiation from the outer ear is a possible alternative for stimulating the cochlea, circumventing the middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miku Uenaka
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nagamura
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aya Okamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Tamai
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Furuyama T, Shigeyama T, Ono M, Yamaki S, Kobayasi KI, Kato N, Yamamoto R. Vocalization during agonistic encounter in Mongolian gerbils: Impact of sexual experience. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272402. [PMID: 35917294 PMCID: PMC9345364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviors and vocalizations associated with aggression are essential for animals to survive, reproduce, and organize social hierarchy. Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are highly aggressive and frequently emit calls. We took advantage of these features to study the relationship between vocalizations and aggressive behaviors in virgin and sexually experienced male and female Mongolian gerbils through the same-sex resident-intruder test. Both sexes of resident gerbils exhibited aggressive responses toward intruders. Multiparous females exhibited the most aggressive responses among the four groups. We also confirmed two groups of vocalizations during the encounters: high-frequency (>24.6 kHz) and low-frequency (<24.6 kHz). At the timing of high-frequency vocalizations observed during the tests, the vast majority (96.2%) of the behavioral interactions were non-agonistic. While, at the timing of low-frequency vocalizations observed during the tests, around half (45%) of the behavioral interactions were agonistic. Low-frequency vocalizations were observed mainly during encounters in which multiparous females were involved. These results suggest that high- and low-frequency vocalizations relate to non-agonistic and agonistic interactions, respectively. In addition to affecting aggressive behavior, sexual experience also affects vocalization during encounters. These findings provide new insights into the modulatory effects of sex and sexual experience on vocalizations during agonistic encounters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Furuyama
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (RY); (TF)
| | - Takafumi Shigeyama
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munenori Ono
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamaki
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kohta I. Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kato
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail: (RY); (TF)
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8
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Hase K, Kadoya Y, Takeuchi Y, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. Echo reception in group flight by Japanese horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon. R Soc Open Sci 2022; 9:211597. [PMID: 35154795 PMCID: PMC8825988 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect behaviourally relevant sensory information is crucial for survival. Especially when active-sensing animals behave in proximity, mutual interferences may occur. The aim of this study was to examine how active-sensing animals deal with mutual interferences. Echolocation pulses and returning echoes were compared in spaces of various sizes (wide and narrow) in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum nippon flying alone or in a group of three bats. We found that in the narrow space, the group-flying bats increased the duration and bandwidth of the terminal frequency-modulated component of their vocalizations. By contrast, the frequency of the returning echoes did not differ in the presence of conspecifics. We found that their own echo frequencies were compensated within the narrow frequency ranges by Doppler shift compensation. By contrast, the estimated frequencies of the received pulses emitted by the other bats were much more broadly distributed than their echoes. Our results suggest that the bat auditory systems are sharply tuned to a narrow frequency to filter spectral interference from other bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Hase
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yukimi Kadoya
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Yuki Takeuchi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kohta I. Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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9
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Murai S, Yang AN, Hiryu S, Kobayasi KI. Music in Noise: Neural Correlates Underlying Noise Tolerance in Music-Induced Emotion. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab061. [PMID: 34746792 PMCID: PMC8564766 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Music can be experienced in various acoustic qualities. In this study, we investigated how the acoustic quality of the music can influence strong emotional experiences, such as musical chills, and the neural activity. The music’s acoustic quality was controlled by adding noise to musical pieces. Participants listened to clear and noisy musical pieces and pressed a button when they experienced chills. We estimated neural activity in response to chills under both clear and noisy conditions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The behavioral data revealed that compared with the clear condition, the noisy condition dramatically decreased the number of chills and duration of chills. The fMRI results showed that under both noisy and clear conditions the supplementary motor area, insula, and superior temporal gyrus were similarly activated when participants experienced chills. The involvement of these brain regions may be crucial for music-induced emotional processes under the noisy as well as the clear condition. In addition, we found a decrease in the activation of the right superior temporal sulcus when experiencing chills under the noisy condition, which suggests that music-induced emotional processing is sensitive to acoustic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Murai
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Ae Na Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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10
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Fujitsuka Y, Sumiya M, Ashihara K, Yoshino K, Nagatani Y, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. Two-dimensional shape discrimination by sighted people using simulated virtual echoes. JASA Express Lett 2021; 1:011202. [PMID: 36154088 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new research method using psychoacoustic experiments and acoustic simulations is proposed for human echolocation research. A shape discrimination experiment was conducted for sighted people using pitch-converted virtual echoes from targets of dissimilar two-dimensional (2D) shapes. These echoes were simulated using a three-dimensional acoustic simulation based on a finite-difference time-domain method from Bossy, Talmat, and Laugier [(2004). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, 2314-2324]. The experimental and simulation results suggest that the echo timbre and pitch determined based on the sound interference may be effective acoustic cues for 2D shape discrimination. The newly developed research method may lead to more efficient future studies of human echolocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Fujitsuka
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Miwa Sumiya
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Seika-cho, 619-0289, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ashihara
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshino
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nagatani
- Pixie Dust Technologies, Inc., Chiyoda-ku, 101-0061, Japan , , , , , ,
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
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11
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Tamai Y, Ito Y, Furuyama T, Horinouchi K, Murashima N, Michimoto I, Hishida R, Shibuki K, Hiryu S, Kobayasi KI. Auditory cortical activity elicited by infrared laser irradiation from the outer ear in Mongolian gerbils. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240227. [PMID: 33057339 PMCID: PMC7561108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared neural stimulation has been studied for its potential to replace an electrical stimulation of a cochlear implant. No studies, however, revealed how the technic reliably evoke auditory cortical activities. This research investigated the effects of cochlear laser stimulation from the outer ear on auditory cortex using brain imaging of activity-dependent changes in mitochondrial flavoprotein fluorescence signal. An optic fiber was inserted into the gerbil’s ear canal to stimulate the lateral side of the cochlea with an infrared laser. Laser stimulation was found to activate the identified primary auditory cortex. In addition, the temporal profile of the laser-evoked responses was comparable to that of the auditory responses. Our results indicate that infrared laser irradiation from the outer ear has the capacity to evoke, and possibly manipulate, the neural activities of the auditory cortex and may substitute for the present cochlear implants in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tamai
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Furuyama
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Horinouchi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagomi Murashima
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itsuki Michimoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Hishida
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsuei Shibuki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohta I. Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Tachibana RO, Kanno K, Okabe S, Kobayasi KI, Okanoya K. USVSEG: A robust method for segmentation of ultrasonic vocalizations in rodents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228907. [PMID: 32040540 PMCID: PMC7010259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents' ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) provide useful information for assessing their social behaviors. Despite previous efforts in classifying subcategories of time-frequency patterns of USV syllables to study their functional relevance, methods for detecting vocal elements from continuously recorded data have remained sub-optimal. Here, we propose a novel procedure for detecting USV segments in continuous sound data containing background noise recorded during the observation of social behavior. The proposed procedure utilizes a stable version of the sound spectrogram and additional signal processing for better separation of vocal signals by reducing the variation of the background noise. Our procedure also provides precise time tracking of spectral peaks within each syllable. We demonstrated that this procedure can be applied to a variety of USVs obtained from several rodent species. Performance tests showed this method had greater accuracy in detecting USV syllables than conventional detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke O. Tachibana
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kouta Kanno
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Course of Psychology, Department of Humanities, Faculty of Law, Economics and the Humanities, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shota Okabe
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kohta I. Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Ito Y, Sato R, Tamai Y, Hiryu S, Uekita T, Kobayasi KI. Auditory-induced visual illusions in rodents measured by spontaneous behavioural response. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19211. [PMID: 31844094 PMCID: PMC6914771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
When two brief sounds are presented with a short flash of light, we often perceive that the flash blinks twice. This phenomenon, called the “sound-induced flash illusion”, has been investigated as an example of how humans finely integrate multisensory information, more specifically, the temporal content of perception. However, it is unclear whether nonhuman animals experience the illusion. Therefore, we investigated whether the Mongolian gerbil, a rodent with relatively good eyesight, experiences this illusion. The novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm was used to evaluate the gerbil’s natural (i.e., untrained) capacity for multimodal integration. A light-emitting diode embedded within an object presented time-varying visual stimuli (different flashing patterns). The animals were first familiarised with repetitive single flashes. Then, various sound stimuli were introduced during test trials. An increase in exploration suggested that the animals perceived a flashing pattern differently only when the contradicting sound (double beeps) was presented simultaneously with a single flash. This result shows that the gerbil may experience the sound-induced flash illusion and indicates for the first time that rodents may have the capacity to integrate temporal content of perception in a sophisticated manner as do humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ito
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yuta Tamai
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uekita
- Department of Psychology, Kyoto Tachibana University, 34 Yamada-cho, Oyake, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8175, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan.
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14
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Ito T, Yamamoto R, Furuyama T, Hase K, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S, Honma S. Three forebrain structures directly inform the auditory midbrain of echolocating bats. Neurosci Lett 2019; 712:134481. [PMID: 31494222 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Echolocating bats emit various types of vocalizations for navigation and communication, and need to pay attention to vocal sounds. Projections from forebrain centers to auditory centers are involved in the attention to vocalizations, with the inferior colliculus (IC) being the main target of the projections. Here, using a retrograde tracer, we demonstrate that three forebrain structures, namely, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), amygdala, and auditory cortex (AC), send direct descending projections to the central nucleus of IC. We found that all three structures projected to the bilateral IC. A comparison of the patterns of retrogradely labeled cells across animals suggests that the ipsilateral AC-IC projection is topographically organized, whereas mPFC-IC or amygdala-IC projections did not show clear topographic organization. Together with evidence from previous studies, these results suggest that three descending projections to the IC form loops between the forebrain and IC to make attention to various vocal sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsufumi Ito
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takafumi Furuyama
- Department of Physiology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan; Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kazuma Hase
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Satoru Honma
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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15
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Sumiya M, Ashihara K, Yoshino K, Gogami M, Nagatani Y, Kobayasi KI, Watanabe Y, Hiryu S. Bat-inspired signal design for target discrimination in human echolocation. J Acoust Soc Am 2019; 145:2221. [PMID: 31046316 DOI: 10.1121/1.5097166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Echolocating bats exhibit sophisticated sonar behaviors using ultrasounds with actively adjusted acoustic characteristics (e.g., frequency and time-frequency structure) depending on the situation. In this study, the utility of ultrasound in human echolocation was examined. By listening to ultrasonic echoes with a shifted pitch to be audible, the participants (i.e., sighted echolocation novices) could discriminate the three-dimensional (3D) roundness of edge contours. This finding suggests that sounds with suitable wavelengths (i.e., ultrasounds) can provide useful information about 3D shapes. In addition, the shape, texture, and material discrimination experiments were conducted using ultrasonic echoes binaurally measured with a 1/7 scaled miniature dummy head. The acoustic and statistical analyses showed that intensity and timbre cues were useful for shape and texture discriminations, respectively. Furthermore, in the discrimination of objects with various features (e.g., acrylic board and artificial grass), the perceptual distances between objects were more dispersed when frequency-modulated sweep signals were used than when a constant-frequency signal was used. These suggest that suitable signal design, i.e., echolocation sounds employed by bats, allowed echolocation novices to discriminate the 3D shape and texture. This top-down approach using human subjects may be able to efficiently help interpret the sensory perception, "seeing by sound," in bat biosonar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Sumiya
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ashihara
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshino
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe, 651-2194, Japan
| | - Masaki Gogami
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe, 651-2194, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nagatani
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kobe City College of Technology, Kobe, 651-2194, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Watanabe
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
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Maitani Y, Hase K, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. Adaptive frequency shifts of echolocation sounds in Miniopterus fuliginosus according to the frequency-modulated pattern of jamming sounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.188565. [PMID: 30322982 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.188565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When flying in a group, echolocating bats have to separate their own echoes from pulses and echoes belonging to other individuals to extract only the information necessary for their own navigation. Previous studies have demonstrated that frequency-modulated (FM) bats change the terminal frequencies (TFs) of downward FM pulses under acoustic interference. However, it is not yet clear which acoustic characteristics of the jamming signals induce the TF shift according to the degree of acoustic interference. In this study, we examined changes in the acoustic characteristics of pulses emitted by Miniopterus fuliginosus while presenting jamming stimuli with different FM patterns to the bat flying alone. Bats significantly altered their TFs when responding to downward (dExp) and upward (uExp) exponential FM sounds as well as to a constant-frequency (CF) stimulus, by approximately 1-2 kHz (dExp: 2.1±0.9 kHz; uExp: 1.7±0.3 kHz; CF: 1.3±0.4 kHz) but not for linear FM sounds. The feature common to the spectra of these three jamming stimuli is a spectrum peak near the TF frequency, demonstrating that the bats shift the TF to avoid masking of jamming sounds on the TF frequency range. These results suggest that direct frequency masking near the TF frequency range induces the TF shift, which simultaneously decreases the similarity between their own echolocation sounds and jamming signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Maitani
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kazuma Hase
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan .,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan .,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Furuyama T, Hase K, Hiryu S, Kobayasi KI. Hearing sensitivity evaluated by the auditory brainstem response in Miniopterus fuliginosus. J Acoust Soc Am 2018; 144:EL436. [PMID: 30522325 DOI: 10.1121/1.5079904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the hearing sensitivity of Miniopterus fuliginosus, a frequency-modulating (FM) bat species, by measuring the auditory brainstem responses in the inferior colliculus. The average audiogram was U-shaped. The mean threshold decreased gradually as the frequency increased from 16 to 40 kHz and then decreased rapidly as the frequency reached 46 kHz, with the peak sensitivity occurring at the terminal portion of the echolocation pulse between frequencies of 44 and 56 kHz. The shape of audiogram of M. fuliginosus is consistent with other FM bats, and is compared with its vocalization behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Furuyama
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuma Hase
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan , , ,
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan , , ,
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan , , ,
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18
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Ito T, Furuyama T, Hase K, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S, Riquimaroux H. Organization of subcortical auditory nuclei of Japanese house bat (Pipistrellus abramus) identified with cytoarchitecture and molecular expression. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2824-2844. [PMID: 30168138 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The auditory system of echolocating bats shows remarkable specialization likely related to analyzing echoes of sonar pulses. However, significant interspecies differences have been observed in the organization of auditory pathways among echolocating bats, and the homology of auditory nuclei with those of non-echolocating species has not been established. Here, in order to establish the homology and specialization of auditory pathways in echolocating bats, the expression of markers for glutamatergic, GABAergic, and glycinergic phenotypes in the subcortical auditory nuclei of Japanese house bat (Pipistrellus abramus) was evaluated. In the superior olivary complex, we identified the medial superior olive and superior paraolivary nuclei as expressing glutamatergic and GABAergic phenotypes, respectively, suggesting these nuclei are homologous with those of rodents. In the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (NLL), the dorsal nucleus was found to be purely GABAergic, the intermediate nucleus was a mixture of glutamatergic and inhibitory neurons, the compact part of the ventral nucleus was purely glycinergic, and the multipolar part of the ventral nucleus expressed both GABA and glycine. In the inferior colliculus (IC), the central nucleus was found to be further subdivided into dorsal and ventral parts according to differences in the density of terminals and the morphology of large GABAergic neurons, suggesting specialization to sonar pulse structure. Medial geniculate virtually lacked GABAergic neurons, suggesting that the organization of the tectothalamic pathway is similar with that of rodents. Taken together, our findings revealed that specialization primarily occurs with regard to nuclei size and organization of the NLL and IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsufumi Ito
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.,Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takafumi Furuyama
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuma Hase
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Ito T, Furuyama T, Hase K, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. Organization of projection from brainstem auditory nuclei to the inferior colliculus of Japanese house bat (Pipistrellus abramus). Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01059. [PMID: 29999234 PMCID: PMC6085899 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Echolocating bats show remarkable specialization which is related to analysis of echoes of biosonars in subcortical auditory brainstem pathways. The inferior colliculus (IC) receives inputs from all lower brainstem auditory nuclei, i.e., cochlear nuclei, nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and superior olivary complex, and create de novo responses to sound, which is considered crucial for echolocation. Inside the central nucleus of the IC (ICC), small domains which receive specific combination of extrinsic inputs are the basis of integration of sound information. In addition to extrinsic inputs, each domain is interconnected by local IC neurons but the cell types related to the interconnection are not well-understood. The primary objective of the current study is to examine whether the ascending inputs are reorganized and terminate in microdomains inside the ICC. METHODS We made injection of a retrograde tracer into different parts of the ICC, and analyzed distribution of retrogradely labeled cells in the auditory brainstem of Japanese house bat (Pipistrellus abramus). RESULTS Pattern of ascending projections from brainstem nuclei was similar to other bat species. Percentages of labeled cells in several nuclei were correlated each other. Furthermore, within the IC, we identified that large GABAergic (LG) and glutamatergic neurons made long-range connection. CONCLUSIONS Synaptic organization of IC of Japanese house bat shows specialization which is likely to relate for echolocation. Input nuclei to the IC make clusters which terminate in specific part of the ICC, implying the presence of microdomains. LG neurons have roles for binding IC microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsufumi Ito
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takafumi Furuyama
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Kazuma Hase
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Neuroethology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
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20
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Hase K, Kadoya Y, Maitani Y, Miyamoto T, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. Bats enhance their call identities to solve the cocktail party problem. Commun Biol 2018; 1:39. [PMID: 30271924 PMCID: PMC6123623 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Echolocating bats need to solve the problem of signal jamming by conspecifics when they are in a group. However, while several mechanisms have been suggested, it remains unclear how bats avoid confusion between their own echoes and interfering sounds in a complex acoustic environment. Here, we fixed on-board microphones onto individual frequency-modulating bats flying in groups. We found that group members broaden the inter-individual differences in the terminal frequencies of pulses, thereby decreasing the similarity of pulses among individuals. To understand what features most affect similarity between pulses, we calculated the similarity of signals mimicking pulses. We found that the similarity between those artificial signals was decreased most by manipulation of terminal frequency. These results demonstrate that the signal jamming problem is solved by this simple strategy, which may be universally used by animals that use active sensing, such as echolocating bats and electric fish, thereby transcending species and sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Hase
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan.
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Yukimi Kadoya
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Yosuke Maitani
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Takara Miyamoto
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan.
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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21
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Furuyama T, Kobayasi KI, Riquimaroux H. Acoustic characteristics used by Japanese macaques for individual discrimination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:3571-3578. [PMID: 28778999 PMCID: PMC5665434 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.154765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The vocalizations of primates contain information about speaker individuality. Many primates, including humans, are able to distinguish conspecifics based solely on vocalizations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acoustic characteristics used by Japanese macaques in individual vocal discrimination. Furthermore, we tested human subjects using monkey vocalizations to evaluate species specificity with respect to such discriminations. Two monkeys and five humans were trained to discriminate the coo calls of two unfamiliar monkeys. We created a stimulus continuum between the vocalizations of the two monkeys as a set of probe stimuli (whole morph). We also created two sets of continua in which only one acoustic parameter, fundamental frequency (f0) or vocal tract characteristic (VTC), was changed from the coo call of one monkey to that of another while the other acoustic feature remained the same (f0 morph and VTC morph, respectively). According to the results, the reaction times both of monkeys and humans were correlated with the morph proportion under the whole morph and f0 morph conditions. The reaction time to the VTC morph was correlated with the morph proportion in both monkeys, whereas the reaction time in humans, on average, was not correlated with morph proportion. Japanese monkeys relied more consistently on VTC than did humans for discriminating monkey vocalizations. Our results support the idea that the auditory system of primates is specialized for processing conspecific vocalizations and suggest that VTC is a significant acoustic feature used by Japanese macaques to discriminate conspecific vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Furuyama
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Riquimaroux
- Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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Hase K, Miyamoto T, Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S. Rapid frequency control of sonar sounds by the FM bat, Miniopterus fuliginosus, in response to spectral overlap. Behav Processes 2016; 128:126-33. [PMID: 27157002 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of multiple flying conspecifics, echolocating bats avoid jamming by adjusting the spectral and/or temporal features of their vocalizations. However, little is known about how bats alter their pulse acoustic characteristics to adapt to an acoustically jamming situation during flight. We investigated echolocation behavior in a bat (Miniopterus fuliginosus) during free flight under acoustic jamming conditions created by downward FM jamming sounds mimicking bat echolocation sounds. In an experimental chamber, the flying bat was exposed to FM jamming sounds with different terminal frequencies (TFs) from loudspeakers. Echolocation pulses emitted by the flying bat were recorded using a telemetry microphone (Telemike) mounted on the back of the bat. The bats immediately (within 150ms) shifted the TFs of emitted pulses upward when FM jamming sounds were presented. Moreover, the amount of upward TF shift differed depending on the TF ranges of the jamming sounds presented. When the TF range was lower than or overlapped the bat's mean TF, the bat TF shifted significantly upward (by 1-2kHz, Student's t-test, P<0.05), corresponding to 3-5% of the total bandwidth of their emitted pulses. These findings indicate that bats actively avoid overlap of the narrow frequency band around the TF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Hase
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan
| | - Takara Miyamoto
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kohta I Kobayasi
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan
| | - Shizuko Hiryu
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe 610-0321, Japan; JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Kobayasi KI, Usami A, Riquimaroux H. Behavioral evidence for auditory induction in a species of rodent: Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). J Acoust Soc Am 2012; 132:4063-4068. [PMID: 23231135 DOI: 10.1121/1.4763546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
When a segment of sound of interest is interrupted by a loud extraneous noise, humans perceive that the missing sound continues during the intrusive noise. This restoration of auditory information occurs in perceptions of both speech and non-speech sounds (e.g., tone bursts), a phenomenon referred to as auditory induction. In this study, Mongolian gerbils were trained with standard Go/No-Go operant conditioning to discriminate continuous tone bursts (the Go stimulus) from tone bursts with a silent gap in the middle (the No-Go stimulus). Noise was added to Go and No-Go stimuli to determine the condition under which induction would occur. The Mongolian gerbils engaged in Go responses to No-Go stimuli only when the noise spectrally surrounding the tone was of the same duration as the silent portion of the No-Go stimulus; these results match those previously reported in primates (humans and macaque monkeys). The result presents not only the evidence of the auditory induction in a rodent species but also suggests that similar mechanisms for restoring missing sounds are shared among mammals. Additionally, our findings demonstrated that the rodent can serve as a valuable animal model for future studies of perceptual restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta I Kobayasi
- Department of Biomedical Information, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe-city, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
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Kobayasi KI, Hiryu S, Shimozawa R, Riquimaroux H. Vocalization of echolocation-like pulses for interindividual interaction in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). J Acoust Soc Am 2012; 132:EL417-EL422. [PMID: 23145704 DOI: 10.1121/1.4757695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about the echolocation of horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.), little is known about the characteristics and function of their communication calls. This study focused on a stereotyped behavior of a bat approaching a companion animal in the colony, and examined their interaction and vocalization during this behavior. The bats emit echolocation-like vocalizations when approaching each other and these vocalizations contain a "buildup" pulse sequence, in which the frequency of the pulse increases gradually to normal echolocation pulse frequencies. The results suggest that the echolocation-like pulses serve an important role in communication within the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta I Kobayasi
- Department of Biomedical Information, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan.
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Abstract
The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) has been an important model system in auditory physiology, but its natural sounds are not well known. Vocalizations produced by colonies of adult gerbils were recorded during various social interactions in a standard laboratory animal-rearing facility. Sound recordings were made continuously for 24 h. This species exhibited a rich repertoire of vocalizations that varied in spectrotemporal structure. Calls were classified into 13 distinct syllable types. These syllables were further categorized into eight simple syllables and five composite syllables, which could be described by combinations of two to three simple syllables. The durations of individual syllables ranged from 30 to 330 ms with fundamental frequencies of 5 to 50 kHz. Those with lower fundamental frequencies typically contained more harmonic components (up to nine). Analysis of syllable sequences indicated that syllables may be combined into three types of simple phrases. These results provide a basis for future studies not only of the behavioral significance of vocalization, but also of the neural basis of vocal communication in the Mongolian gerbil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta I Kobayasi
- Department of Biomedical Information, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe-city, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
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Nishiyama K, Kobayasi KI, Riquimaroux H. Vocalization control in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) during locomotion behavior. J Acoust Soc Am 2011; 130:4148-57. [PMID: 22225069 DOI: 10.1121/1.3651815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The vocalization behavior of Mongolian gerbils, a model animal of auditory physiology, was examined. A pair of gerbils was placed in a chamber, and their species-specific vocalizations and locomotive behaviors were recorded and analyzed. Two types of calls were predominantly produced: high-frequency upward frequency-modulated (HU-FM) calls and low-frequency multi-harmonic frequency-modulated (LM-FM) calls. Emission rates of HU-FM calls significantly decreased as the distance between the two gerbils increased, and playback of simulated HU-FM calls increased the emission rates. Acoustic analysis of HU-FM calls showed that the calls exhibited a stereotypic spectro-temporal structure including a fixed inter-onset interval (100-175 ms) and that individual differences in the frequency could convey the body size of the callers. The timing of HU-FM calls was highly synchronized with jump movements when an animal vocalized while jumping, suggesting the existence of tight locomotor-vocal coupling. Conversely, LM-FM calls were observed only when the gerbils tactilely contacted with each other while fighting over a food. These results suggest that Mongolian gerbils change the rates of call emissions and call types (e.g., LM-FM or HU-FM calls) in response to changes in visual and possibly tactile and auditory information. The functions of both calls are discussed in terms of their acoustic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nishiyama
- Department of Biomedical Information, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe-city, Kyoto, 610-0321, Japan
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Yosida S, Kobayasi KI, Ikebuchi M, Ozaki R, Okanoya K. Antiphonal Vocalization of a Subterranean Rodent, the Naked Mole-Rat (Heterocephalus glaber). Ethology 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Estrildid finches have two song types: directed (courtship) and undirected (solo). These are acoustically identical and differ only in social context. Recent studies have shown that undirected singing is accompanied by strong activation of the basal ganglia pathway, whereas directed singing is not, which suggests a different degree of feedback control between the two. We examined whether the magnitude of the Lombard effect, i.e., vocal amplitude regulation in response to environmental noise, differed based on the song context. Our results indicate that Bengalese finches change the amplitude of undirected song based on background noise levels, but do not do so for directed song. This is the first behavioral evidence suggesting that feedback control of song output vary by social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohta I Kobayasi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Faculty Letters Chiba University, Japan
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