1
|
Ween MP, Moshensky A, Thredgold L, Bastian NA, Hamon R, Badiei A, Nguyen PT, Herewane K, Jersmann H, Bojanowski CM, Shin J, Reynolds PN, Crotty Alexander LE, Hodge SJ. E-cigarettes and health risks: more to the flavor than just the name. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L600-L614. [PMID: 33295836 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00370.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in regulating flavored E-liquids must incorporate understanding of the "flavoring profile" of each E-liquid-which flavorings (flavoring chemicals) are present and at what concentrations not just focusing on the flavor on the label. We investigated the flavoring profile of 10 different flavored E-liquids. We assessed bronchial epithelial cell viability and apoptosis, phagocytosis of bacteria and apoptotic cells by macrophages after exposure to E-cigarette vapor extract (EVE). We validated our data in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and alveolar macrophages (AM) from healthy donors. We also assessed cytokine release and validated in the saliva from E-cigarette users. Increased necrosis/apoptosis (16.1-64.5% apoptosis) in 16HBE cells was flavor dependent, and NHBEs showed an increased susceptibility to flavors. In THP-1 differentiated macrophages phagocytosis was also flavor dependent, with AM also showing increased susceptibility to flavors. Further, Banana and Chocolate were shown to reduce surface expression of phagocytic target recognition receptors on alveolar macrophages. Banana and Chocolate increased IL-8 secretion by NHBE, whereas all 4 flavors reduced AM IL-1β secretion, which was also reduced in the saliva of E-cigarette users compared with healthy controls. Flavorant profiles of E-liquids varied from simple 2 compound mixtures to complex mixtures containing over a dozen flavorants. E-liquids with high benzene content, complex flavoring profiles, high chemical concentration had the greatest impacts. The Flavorant profile of E-liquids is key to disruption of the airway status quo by increasing bronchial epithelial cell apoptosis, causing alveolar macrophage phagocytic dysfunction, and altering airway cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Moshensky
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - L Thredgold
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - N A Bastian
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R Hamon
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Badiei
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P T Nguyen
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Herewane
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - H Jersmann
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C M Bojanowski
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - J Shin
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - P N Reynolds
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - L E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - S J Hodge
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|