Extreme ultraviolet narrow band emission from electron cyclotron resonance plasmas

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is considered as the most promising solution at and below dynamic random access memory 32 nm half pitch among the next generation lithography, and EUV light sources with high output power and sufficient lifetime are crucial for the realization of EUVL. However, there is no EUV light source completely meeting the requirements for the commercial application in lithography yet. Therefore, ECR plasma is proposed as a novel concept EUV light source. In order to investigate the feasibility of ECR plasma as a EUV light source, the narrow band EUV power around 13.5 nm emitted by two highly charged ECR ion sources -- LECR2M and SECRAL -- was measured with a calibrated EUV power measurement tool. Since the emission lines around 13.5 nm can be attributed to the 4d-5p transitions of Xe XI or the 4d-4f unresolved transition array of Sn VIII-XIII, xenon plasma was investigated. The dependence of the EUV throughput and the corresponding conversion efficiency on the parameters of the ion source, such as the rf power and the magnetic confinement configurations, were preliminarily studied.

Direct identification of propargyl radical in combustion flames by vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry

We have developed an effusive laser photodissociation radical source, aiming for the production of vibrationally relaxed radicals. Employing this radical source, we have measured the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectrum of the propargyl radical (C(3)H(3)) formed by the 193 nm excimer laser photodissociation of propargyl chloride in the energy range of 8.5-9.9 eV using high-resolution (energy bandwidth = 1 meV) multibunch synchrotron radiation. The VUV-PIE spectrum of C(3)H(3) thus obtained is found to exhibit pronounced autoionization features, which are tentatively assigned as members of two vibrational progressions of C(3)H(3) in excited autoionizing Rydberg states. The ionization energy (IE = 8.674 +/- 0.001 eV) of C(3)H(3) determined by a small steplike feature resolved at the photoionization onset of the VUV-PIE spectrum is in excellent agreement with the IE value reported in a previous pulsed field ionization-photoelectron study. We have also calculated the Franck-Condon factors (FCFs) for the photoionization transitions C(3)H(3) (+)(X;nu(i),i = 1-12)<--C(3)H(3)(X). The comparison between the pattern of FCFs and the autoionization peaks resolved in the VUV-PIE spectrum of C(3)H(3) points to the conclusion that the resonance-enhanced autoionization mechanism is most likely responsible for the observation of pronounced autoionization features. We also present here the VUV-PIE spectra for the mass 39 ions observed in the VUV synchrotron-based photoionization mass spectrometric sampling of several premixed flames. The excellent agreement of the IE value and the pattern of autoionizing features of the VUV-PIE spectra observed in the photodissociation and flames studies has provided an unambiguous identification of the propargyl radical as an important intermediate in the premixed combustion flames. The discrepancy found between the PIE spectra obtained in flames and photodissociation at energies above the IE(C(3)H(3)) suggests that the PIE spectra obtained in flames might have contributions from the photoionization of vibrationally excited C(3)H(3) and/or the dissociative photoionization processes involving larger hydrocarbon species formed in flames.

[Analysis and structure identification of trace constituent in the total ginkgolide by using LC/DAD/ESI/MS]

AIM

To identify the trace constituents in the total ginkgolide from leaves of Ginkgo biloba.

METHODS

The extract was analyzed by using LC/DAD/ESI/MS combination technology, both UV and mass spectrums of each compound were recorded simultaneously. UV, IR, MS and NMR spectra were employed for structural identification.

RESULTS

With higher sensitivity of the MS detector, three trace constituents were found as well as the known compounds ginkgolide A (GA), ginkgolide B (GB), ginkgolide C (GC) and bilobalide (BD).

CONCLUSION

Two compounds (tR 57.8 and 56.7 min) were identified as 1, 10-dihydroxy-3, 14-didehydroginkgolide and 10-hydroxy-3, 14-didehydroginkgolide, named as ginkgolide K and ginkgolide L, respectively, according to the characteristics of their UV, MS, IR and NMR spectra. It is the first time of finding the ginkgolide compounds containing double bond.

[Study on photodegradation kinetics of lomefloxacin hydrochloride aqueous solution]

AIM

To investigate the photodegradation kinetic characteristics of lomefloxacin hydrochloride aqueous solution.

METHODS

The HPLC method was used to determine the photodegradation kinetic parameters of lomefloxacin hydrochloride aqueous solution (10 micrograms.mL-1) under various pH buffer solutions, various ionic strength of different ions and various dielectric constant conditions.

RESULTS

With comparative regression analysis of linear fit, the photodegradation kinetic order of lomefloxacin hydrochloride aqueous solution was determined as n = 1. The lomefloxacin hydrochloride aqueous solution is most unstable at pH 5.08-9.40 and is relatively stable at pH 2.02-5.08 and 9.40-11.10. The higher the ionic strength in lomefloxacin hydrochloride aqueous solution, the higher the photodegradation kinetic rate constant is. The chloride ion has important effect on photodegradation in aqueous solution of lomefloxacin and results in producing chlorine derivative as the highest photodegradation product. As the dielectric constant of solution increased, the photodegradation kinetic rate constant was also increased.

CONCLUSION

It was found that the photodegradation of lomefloxacin followed apparent first-order kinetics. The photodegradation kinetic rate was affected by pH remarkably and showed positive correlation with ionic strength and dielectric constant.

[High performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric characterization of recombinant L-asparaginase II]

AIM

To characterize the primary structure of recombinant L-asparaginase II product.

METHODS

The molecular weight of the protein was measured by pneumatically-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with flow injection mode. Subsequently, tryptic peptide mapping was performed by high performance liquid chromatography on a C8 column with tandem UV and MS detection. An easy-to-use and simple denaturation process with trichloroacetic acid was conducted prior to tryptic digest so as to release the digest resistance from the protein structure. The amino acid sequences of the tryptic peptides were elucidated based on their in-source collision-induced dissociation spectra.

RESULTS

The measured molecular mass was different from the theoretical value. Three amino acid variations were unambiguously detected along the peptide backbone derived from the gene-encoding sequence.

CONCLUSION

This paper revealed that LC/ESI/MS had provided a promising and robust technique in primary structure analysis and quality control of DNA-derived recombinant protein pharmaceuticals.

[HPLC/ESI MS and MALDI/TOF MS analysis of microheterogeneity of the N-linked oligosaccharides of recombinant human erythropoietin]

AIM

To elucidate the microheterogeneity of three N-linked oligosaccharide sites of the Chinese-made recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO).

METHODS

Glu-C digestion, RP-HPLC separation, online HPLC/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The sialic acid was analyzed directly. Almost every oligosaccharide was acetylated, the acetylation of tetraantennary + 2LacNAc + 4SA and tetraantennary + 2LacNAc + 4SA were reported.

CONCLUSION

The acetylation of multi-antennary oligosaccharide will improve the activity of rHuEPO in vivo. The biantennary oligosaccharide was found mainly existing at N-24. For the first time, the carbohydrate structures of each N-linked glycosylated site of Chinese-made rHuEPO were reported.

Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release capsule of 5-isosorbide mononitrate in 20 healthy Chinese young men

AIM

To compare the pharmacokinetics of domestic and imported sustained-release capsule of 5-isosorbide mononitrate (5-IM).

METHODS

A single and 5-d-repeated oral doses of 5-IM 50 mg were performed on 2 groups of 20 Chinese healthy subjects (10 subjects for each group) in a randomized crossover protocol. The 5-IM in plasma were measured by gas chromatography with electron-captured detector method. Data were analyzed automatically by using a CAPP program on a PC computer.

RESULTS

Fitting the 5-IM concentration-time curves to one-compartment model or following trapezoidal rule, the parameters such as Tmax, Cmax, Ke, MRT, and AUC were calculated and there were no significant differences between the two kinds of capsule. The major pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic and imported 5-IM sustained-release capsule with a 5-d multiple dose were respectively: Cmax (677 +/- 103) and (702 +/- 76) micrograms.L-1; Tmax (5.1 +/- 2.0) and (5.6 +/- 1.3) h; MRT (11.5 +/- 0.5) and (11.4 +/- 0.7) h; AUC0-infinity (12,121 +/- 1346) and (12,352 +/- 988) micrograms.h.L-1. The fraction of drug absorbed in vivo was correlated well with the percentage amount of drug released in vitro at corresponding time (P < 0.05), and the fluctuation indices on d 5 in multiple dose study were not significantly different between the two formulations (P > 0.05). The relative bioavailability of the domestic capsule for single and multiple dose were 96% +/- 11% and 98% +/- 10%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Domestic 5-IM sustained-release capsule showed bioequivalence compared with the imported capsule and provided the same nitrate-low interval in the latter part of the 24-h dosing interval.

Optical design of the NSRL undulator beamline

The optical design of the NSRL undulator beamline is presented. The NSRL undulator has 29 periods of 9.2 cm that produce a photon energy of 7.7-124 eV with the fundamental and third harmonics at a ring energy of 800 MeV. The beamline consists of a typical Kirkpatrick-Baez prefocusing mirror system, a modified spherical-grating monochromator (SGM) and a refocusing toroidal mirror. The monochromator has two including angles of 148 and 157 degrees with two plane mirrors inserted into the entrance arm in order to cover the wide energy range with high grating diffraction efficiency. Calculation shows that the resolving power of the monochromator can be greater than 5000 with the slits fully opened and 20000 with a 20 micro m opening of the slits. The spot at the sample is about 1.5 (H) mm x 0.5 (V) mm.

Analytical methods for the study of urinary thioether metabolites in the rat and guinea pig

Methods are described for the isolation and identification of three classes of bivalent sulfur metabolites characterized as neutral methylthio ethers, ethyl acetate-soluble acidic thioethers and ethyl acetate-insoluble acidic thioethers from rat and guinea pig urine. After extraction of the metabolites by the ammonium carbonate-ethyl acetate procedure, the individual metabolites are separated by capillary gas chromatography and/or by high-performance liquid chromatography with both mu Bondapak C18 and Porasil columns. Identification of the metabolites is based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (electron impact) and on fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Interesting species differences in metabolism were observed. The major ethyl acetate-soluble acidic thioethers in rat urine are mercapturic acids. In contrast, in the guinea pig a new pathway involving mercaptopyruvic, mercaptolactic and mercaptoacetic acids is operative. The thioether metabolites of styrene oxide and phenanthrene are described, but the procedures have been applied in studies of several drugs and environmental chemicals in our laboratory.

Synthesis and elimination reactions of methylsulfonium ions formed from styrene oxide and methylthio compounds related to methionine and cysteine

Methylsulfonium compounds were prepared through the nucleophilic addition of a number of methylthio reagents to styrene oxide. In the absence of water, methylsulfonium ions from styrene oxide were converted to 2-hydroxy-1-methylthio-1-phenylethane (I) and 1-hydroxy-2-methylthio-1-phenylethane (II) by brief heating. In the presence of water, the glycol 1,2- dihydroxyphenylethane (III) was obtained along with I and II. The addition and elimination reactions were combined in sequences that were carried out in an organic solvent (acetone) or in aqueous solutions containing acetone or methanol. With L-methionine as the reagent, both reactions proceeded in sequence at 37 degrees C in water/methanol (80:20) to give I, II, and III as reaction products. These methods can be used to prepare the methylthio metabolites of styrene oxide.

Metabolism of styrene oxide in the rat and guinea pig

The metabolism of styrene oxide has been studied in the rat and guinea pig, with emphasis upon bivalent sulfur metabolites. Methylthio analogs of phenylethylene glycol, with the methylthio group in both possible positions, were found as urinary metabolites in both species. These compounds were present in more than trace amounts. The excretion of 2-hydroxy-1-methylthio-1-phenylethane amounted to about 7% of the administered dose in the guinea pig, and about 2% in the rat, in o-24 hr urine samples. The positional isomer 1-hydroxy-2-methylthio-1-phenylethane was excreted in lesser amounts in both species. Acidic urinary metabolites derived from glutathione conjugates are species dependent. In this study, the only products observed in the rat were the mercapturic acids expected as a result of reaction of the oxide with glutathione. In the guinea pig, the major bivalent sulfur acids were the corresponding mercaptoacetic acids. Other related metabolites included a mercaptolactic and a mercaptopyruvic acid, together with one of the mercapturic acids. These metabolites result from partial acetylation or acetylation/deacetylation of cysteine or cysteinylglycine adducts. The hitherto unobserved dihydrodiol formed via an arene oxide was found as a minor metabolite for both styrene and styrene oxide.