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Barp L, Miklavčič Višnjevec A, Moret S. Analytical Determination of Squalene in Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Olive Processing By-Products, and Its Valorization as an Ingredient in Functional Food-A Critical Review. Molecules 2024; 29:5201. [PMID: 39519842 PMCID: PMC11547617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29215201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a bioactive compound with significant health benefits, predominantly found in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and its processing by-products. This critical review explores the analytical determination of squalene in EVOO and various by-products from olive oil production, highlighting its potential as a valuable ingredient in functional foods. An overview of existing analytical methods is provided, focusing on different approaches to sample preparation before analytical determination, evaluating their effectiveness in quantifying squalene concentrations. Studies not primarily centered on analytical methodologies or squalene quantification were excluded. A critical gap identified is the absence of an official method for squalene determination, which hinders comparability and standardization across studies, underscoring the importance of developing a reliable, standardized method to ensure accurate quantification. The valorization of squalene involves advocating for its extraction from olive oil processing by-products to enhance sustainability in the olive oil industry. By recovering squalene, the industry can not only reduce waste but also enhance functional food products with this health-promoting compound. Additionally, there is a need for economically sustainable and environmentally friendly extraction techniques that can be scaled up for industrial application, thus contributing to a circular economy within the olive oil sector.
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Ismaiel L, Fanesi B, Kuhalskaya A, Barp L, Moret S, Pacetti D, Lucci P. The Determination of Triacylglycerols and Tocopherols Using UHPLC-CAD/FLD Methods for Assessing the Authenticity of Coffee Beans. Foods 2023; 12:4197. [PMID: 38231645 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The authenticity of coffee beans was addressed in this study using an analytical method with minimal sample preparation to achieve simple oil extraction and through the implementation of cost-effective equipment. For this purpose, methods using UHPLC with CAD and FLD detectors were applied to detect triglycerides and tocopherols in coffee, respectively. The coffee samples included two main varieties: Arabica from Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia, and Uganda, as well as the Robusta variety from Cambodia, Guatemala, India, and Vietnam. The samples were either in their green state or subjected to different roasting levels. The used methods successfully distinguished the Arabica and Robusta variants targeted in this study based on their tocopherols and TAG profiles, with the latter being particularly effective for discriminating the origins of the Arabica coffee, while tocopherols excelled at differentiating the origin of the Robusta coffee. TAGs and tocopherols were not affected by the type of roasting, from medium to very dark, suggesting it is possible to distinguish between coffee varieties independently from their degree of roasting. The obtained results hold valuable implications for future research regarding coffee fraud and authenticity.
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Srbinovska A, Lucci P, Conchione C, Barp L, Moret S. Endogenous n-Alkanes in Vegetable Oils: Validation of a Rapid Offline SPE-GC-FID Method, Comparison with Online LC-GC-FID and Potential for Olive Oil Quality Control. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114393. [PMID: 37298869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of endogenous n-alkane profiling for the assessment of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) adulteration (blends with cheaper vegetable oils) has been studied by relatively few authors. Analytical methods used for this purpose often involve tedious and solvent-intensive sample preparation prior to analytical determination, making them unattractive. A rapid and solvent-sparing offline solid phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography (GC) flame ionization detection (FID) method for the determination of endogenous n-alkanes in vegetable oils was, therefore, optimized and validated. The optimized method demonstrated good performance characteristics in terms of linearity (R2 > 0.999), recovery (on average 94%), and repeatability (residual standard deviation, RSD < 11.9%). The results were comparable to those obtained with online high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-GC- FID ( RSD < 5.1%). As an example of an application to prove the potentiality of endogenous n-alkanes in revealing frauds, the data set obtained from 16 EVOO, 9 avocado oils (AVO), and 13 sunflower oils (SFO), purchased from the market, was subjected to statistical analysis and principal component analysis. Two powerful indices, namely (n-C29 + n-C31)/(n-C25 + n-C26) and n-C29/n-C25, were found to reveal the addition of 2% SFO in EVOO and 5% AVO in EVOO, respectively. Further studies are needed to confirm the validity of these promising indices.
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Barp L, Višnjevec AM, Moret S. Pressurized Liquid Extraction: A Powerful Tool to Implement Extraction and Purification of Food Contaminants. Foods 2023; 12:foods12102017. [PMID: 37238835 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) is considered an advanced extraction technique developed in the mid-1990s with the aim of saving time and reducing solvent with respect to traditional extraction processes. It is commonly used with solid and semi-solid samples and employs solvent extraction at elevated temperatures and pressures, always below the respective critical points, to maintain the solvent in a liquid state throughout the extraction procedure. The use of these particular pressure and temperature conditions changes the physicochemical properties of the extraction solvent, allowing easier and deeper penetration into the matrix to be extracted. Furthermore, the possibility to combine the extraction and clean-up steps by including a layer of an adsorbent retaining interfering compounds directly in the PLE extraction cells makes this technique extremely versatile and selective. After providing a background on the PLE technique and parameters to be optimized, the present review focuses on recent applications (published in the past 10 years) in the field of food contaminants. In particular, applications related to the extraction of environmental and processing contaminants, pesticides, residues of veterinary drugs, mycotoxins, parabens, ethyl carbamate, and fatty acid esters of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol and 2-monochloro-1,3-propanediol from different food matrices were considered.
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Barp L, Moret S, Purcaro G. Monitoring and Occurrence of Heavy PAHs in Pomace Oil Supply Chain Using a Double-Step Solid-Phase Purification and HPLC-FLD Determination. Foods 2022; 11:2737. [PMID: 36140863 PMCID: PMC9498164 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental and processing contaminants generated by both spontaneous and anthropogenic incomplete combustion processes of organic matter. Contamination of PAHs in vegetable oils can result from several factors and processes, including environmental contamination, oil processing, and migration from food contact materials. The determination of PAHs in edible oil presents a challenge because of the complexity of the matrix. Since PAHs are present at lower levels than triglycerides, it is necessary to isolate the compounds of interest from the rest of the matrix. To this purpose, a new purification approach based on a double solid-phase extraction (SPE) step followed by high performance liquid chromatography-fluorometric detector (HPLC-FLD) analysis was developed. The method involves a first purification step by using a 5 g silica SPE cartridge, previously washed with dichloromethane (20 mL), dried completely, and then conditioned with n-hexane (20 mL). The triglycerides are retained by the silica, while the PAH-containing fraction is eluted with a mixture of n-hexane/dichloromethane (70/30, v/v). After evaporation, the residue is loaded on a 5 g amino SPE cartridge and eluted with n-hexane/toluene (70/30, v/v) before HPLC-FLD analysis. The focus was the evaluation of the contribution of the various phases of the pomace oil supply chain in terms of the heavy PAHs (PAH8) concentration. Data collected showed that pomace contamination increased (by 15 times) as storage time increased. In addition, the process of pomace drying, which is necessary to reduce its moisture content before solvent extraction of the residual oil, appeared to significantly contribute to the total heavy PAHs content, with increases in value by up to 75 times.
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Multari S, Carafa I, Barp L, Caruso M, Licciardello C, Larcher R, Tuohy K, Martens S. Effects of Lactobacillus spp. on the phytochemical composition of juices from two varieties of Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck: ‘Tarocco’ and ‘Washington navel’. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Roman T, Tonidandel L, Nicolini G, Bellantuono E, Barp L, Larcher R, Celotti E. Evidence of the Possible Interaction between Ultrasound and Thiol Precursors. Foods 2020; 9:E104. [PMID: 31963855 PMCID: PMC7023353 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of ultrasound (20 kHz, 153 μm) on the prefermentation extraction mechanisms in Sauvignon Blanc grapes was studied, focusing on 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH) and 4-mercapto-4-methyl-pentan-2-one (4MMP) precursors linked to glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cys). The treatment determined a positive extraction trend between the duration (untreated, 3 and 5 min) and the conductivity or the concentration of catechins and total phenols, significantly differentiated after 5 min. Nevertheless, the concentration of the thiol precursors in grape juice not only remained undifferentiated, but that of 3-S-glutathionyl mercaptohexan-1-ol showed a negative trend with the treatment time applied (168 ± 43, 156 ± 36, and 149 ± 32 μg/L, respectively, for control, 3 and 5 min). The divergence on the effect between families of compounds suggests an interaction between the sonication treatment and thiol precursor molecules. In order to evaluate the possible degradation properly, ultrasound was applied in a model solution spiked with 3MH and 4MMP precursors, reproducing the conditions of grapes. Except for Cys-3MH, the mean concentration (n = 5) for the rest of the precursors was significantly lower in treated samples, predominantly in those linked to glutathione (~-22% and ~18% for GSH-3MH and GSH-4MMP) rather than to cysteine (~-6%~-8% for Cys-3MH and Cys-4MMP). The degradation of precursors was associated with a significant increase of 3MH and 4MMP. The formation of volatile thiols following sonication is interesting from a technological point of view, as they are key aroma compounds of wine and potentially exploitable in the wine industry through specific vinification protocols.
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Barp L, Franchina FA, Purcaro G, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. In-pipette solid-phase extraction prior to flow-modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with dual detection for the determination of minor components in vegetable oils. Talanta 2017; 165:598-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Barp L, Biedermann M, Grob K, Blas-Y-Estrada F, Nygaard UC, Alexander J, Cravedi JP. Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in female Fischer 344 rats; accumulation of wax components; implications for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:319-333. [PMID: 28117154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Female Fischer 344 rats were exposed to three MOSH mixtures: oils largely below and above C25 (S-C25 and L-C25) and a 1:1 mixture of L-C25 with a wax; doses of 400, 1000 and 4000mg/kg feed were administered during 120days. MOSH were determined by on-line HPLC-GC-FID in liver, spleen, adipose tissue and the carcass. The composition of the hydrocarbons accumulated in the tissues was further analyzed by comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC). MOSH in the mass range of C26-30 were more strongly accumulated than those between C20-25, which does not support the present classification of MOSH differentiating at n-C25 for risk assessment. Compared to the total of the MOSH, n-alkanes and n-alkyl monocyclic naphthenes were generally enriched in adipose tissue. In liver and spleen, n-alkanes up to C25 were eliminated, but strongly accumulated at around C30. Based on this profile, poor solubility and the melting points, it is hypothesized that crystallization protects these wax components against metabolism and elimination. In the liver, relative retention of n-alkanes decreased again beyond C30, accentuated at high exposure, suggesting reduced absorption. Compared to the animal data, accumulation of n-alkanes from food sources, such as apples, into human tissues seems low, perhaps because of low absorption due to their presence in crystalline form. A series of dominant isoalkanes, accumulated in all tissues analyzed, was characterized, though without proposing a structure. Implications on present regulation of white mineral oil products are discussed.
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Barp L, Biedermann M, Grob K, Blas-Y-Estrada F, Nygaard UC, Alexander J, Cravedi JP. Accumulation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in female Fischer 344 rats: Comparison with human data and consequences for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1263-1278. [PMID: 27707572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Female Fischer 344 rats were orally exposed to a mixture of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) of broad molecular mass range at doses of 40, 400 and 4000mg/kg feed. Amounts and compositions of the MOSH were analyzed in liver, spleen, adipose tissue and the carcass after exposure during 30, 60, 90 and 120d as well as after 90d exposure followed by 30d depuration. At 40mg/kg in the feed, after 30d of exposure, 10.9% of the ingested MOSH were recovered from the animal body; after 90d plus 30d depuration it was 3.9%. In liver and spleen, the maximum retention in terms of molecular mass (simulated distillation) was at n-C29; in adipose tissue and carcass it was at n-C15/16. The differentiation between MOSH below and above n-C25 (Class I versus Class II and III oils), used for present regulation, is not supported by the present data on accumulation; structural characteristics seem more pertinent than molecular mass. Concentrations in the tissues increased far less than proportionally with the dose, rendering linear extrapolation to low doses questionable. No steady state was reached after 120d. In fact, comparing with the concentrations in human tissues at the estimated exposure, extrapolation from animal experiments seems to grossly underestimate human internal exposure. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) was used to characterize the MOSH residues in the tissues with the aim of identifying the most strongly accumulated types. In the liver and spleen, the highly branched hydrocarbons dominated, whereas in the adipose tissue it was the n-alkanes and species with main n-alkyl moieties. Strong MOSH accumulation is not of concern per se, but the safety at the high concentrations in human tissues needs to be re-evaluated, possibly taking into account also end points other than granuloma formation.
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Moret S, Scolaro M, Barp L, Purcaro G, Conte LS. Microwave assisted saponification (MAS) followed by on-line liquid chromatography (LC)–gas chromatography (GC) for high-throughput and high-sensitivity determination of mineral oil in different cereal-based foodstuffs. Food Chem 2016; 196:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Zoccali M, Barp L, Beccaria M, Sciarrone D, Purcaro G, Mondello L. Improvement of mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons determination in edible oil by liquid-liquid-gas chromatography with dual detection. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:623-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Barp L, Suman M, Lambertini F, Moret S. Migration of selected hydrocarbon contaminants into dry semolina and egg pasta packed in direct contact with virgin paperboard and polypropylene film. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1075176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Barp L, Purcaro G, Franchina FA, Zoccali M, Sciarrone D, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L. Determination of phthalate esters in vegetable oils using direct immersion solid-phase microextraction and fast gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 887:237-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Purcaro G, Barp L, Conte L. Comparison of different injection modes in edible oil minor components analysis. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2278-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Biedermann M, Barp L, Kornauth C, Würger T, Rudas M, Reiner A, Concin N, Grob K. Mineral oil in human tissues, part II: characterization of the accumulated hydrocarbons by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:644-55. [PMID: 25063713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons are by far the largest contaminant in the human body. Their composition differs from that in the mineral oils humans are exposed to, and varies also between different tissues of the same individual. Using the presently best technique for characterizing the composition of mineral oil hydrocarbons, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC), the hydrocarbons in human tissues were compared to those of various mineral oils. This provided information about the strongly accumulated species and might give hints on the flow path through the human body. The selectivity of accumulation is probably also of interest for the risk assessment of synthetic hydrocarbons (polyolefins). GC×GC grouped the MOSH into classes of n-alkanes, paraffins with a low degree of branching, multibranched paraffins and naphthenes (alkylated cyclic hydrocarbons) with 1-4 rings. Metabolic elimination was observed for constituents of all these classes, but was selective within each class. The MOSH in the subcutaneous abdominal fat tissues and the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) had almost the same composition and included the distinct signals observed in mineral oil, though in reduced amounts relative to the cloud of unresolved hydrocarbons. The MOSH in the liver and the spleen were different from those in the MLN and fat tissue, but again with largely identical composition for a given individual. Virtually all constituents forming distinct signals were eliminated, leaving an unresolved residue of highly isomerized hydrocarbons.
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Barp L, Suman M, Lambertini F, Moret S. Migration of selected hydrocarbon contaminants into dry pasta packaged in direct contact with recycled paperboard. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:271-83. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.999259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Barp L, Kornauth C, Wuerger T, Rudas M, Biedermann M, Reiner A, Concin N, Grob K. Mineral oil in human tissues, Part I: Concentrations and molecular mass distributions. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 72:312-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Purcaro G, Barp L, Beccaria M, Conte LS. Fingerprinting of vegetable oil minor components by multidimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with dual detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:309-19. [PMID: 25209809 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The potentiality of a multidimensional comprehensive gas chromatographic (GC × GC) method, employing a simultaneous dual detection (FID and mass spectrometer), to generate peculiar two-dimensional chromatograms to be used as a chemical fingerprint, was investigated to characterize minor compounds in edible oil, particularly olive oil. The best column combination for this application was investigated comparing two column sets (orthogonal or reverse-type), equivalent in terms of theoretical plate number, but differing in stationary phase combination. The apolar × mid-polar set gave a superior separation power, thus was used for further characterization. Different levels of information were extrapolated from the two-dimensional chromatogram. Using the FID, reliable quantification of the alkyl esters fatty acids and waxes was obtained, comparable to the results obtained using the official method, as required by the European legislation. However, thanks to a slight modification of the sample preparation method, the increased separation power obtained using the GC × GC method, and the support of the mass spectrometer detector, further diagnostic information was extrapolated considering the free sterol and tocopherol fractions. In particular, the profiles of extra virgin olive oil samples were compared with a hazelnut oil sample, highlighting that the latter was characterized by a larger number of compounds, completely absent in the extra virgin olive oil samples, which can be used to detect illegal admixtures.
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Moret S, Scolaro M, Barp L, Purcaro G, Sander M, Conte LS. Optimisation of pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) for rapid and efficient extraction of superficial and total mineral oil contamination from dry foods. Food Chem 2014; 157:470-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moret S, Sander M, Purcaro G, Scolaro M, Barp L, Conte LS. Optimization of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) for rapid determination of mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in cardboard and paper intended for food contact. Talanta 2013; 115:246-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Barp L, Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS. A high-sample-throughput LC-GC method for mineral oil determination. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3135-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Purcaro G, Tranchida PQ, Barp L, Moret S, Conte LS, Mondello L. Detailed elucidation of hydrocarbon contamination in food products by using solid-phase extraction and comprehensive gas chromatography with dual detection. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 773:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Moret S, Barp L, Grob K, Conte LS. Optimised off-line SPE–GC–FID method for the determination of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in vegetable oils. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Barbaro M, Baldazzi L, Balsamo A, Lajic S, Robins T, Barp L, Pirazzoli P, Cacciari E, Cicognani A, Wedell A. Functional studies of two novel and two rare mutations in the 21-hydroxylase gene. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:521-8. [PMID: 16541276 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is most commonly due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and presents with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from prenatal virilization and salt-wasting in the neonatal period to precocious pubarche and late-onset hyperandrogenic symptoms during adulthood. A limited number of mutations account for the majority of all mutated alleles, but a growing number of rare mutations are responsible for the disease in some patients. By sequence analysis of the CYP21A2 gene, we identified two novel (I171N and L446P) and two rare (R341P and R426H) mutations in seven Italian patients with CAH. One of the patients was diagnosed with mild non-classical CAH and was found to be a compound heterozygote (I171N/V281L), while all other patients showed severe phenotypes with latent or manifest salt-wasting. The residual activities measured after expression of the four mutant enzymes in COS-1 cells were all below 1% towards both natural substrates (17-OH-progesterone and progesterone) compared with the wild-type protein. All four mutations are, thus, associated with severe enzyme deficiency and are predicted to cause classic CAH if found in trans with other mutations causing severe enzyme deficiency.
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