In Situ Insights into the Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms of Gold Nanoparticles on Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Biotemplated syntheses have emerged as an efficient strategy to control the assembly of metal nanoparticles (NPs) and generate promising plasmonic properties for sensing or biomedical applications. However, understanding the nucleation and growth mechanisms of metallic nanostructures on biotemplate is an essential prerequisite to developing well-controlled nanotechnologies. Here, we used liquid cell Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to reveal how the formation kinetics of gold NPs affects their size and density on Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). These in situ insights are used as a guideline to optimize bench-scale synthesis with the possibility to homogenize the coverage and tune the density of gold NPs on TMV. In line with in situ TEM observations, fluorescence spectroscopy confirms that the nucleation of NPs occurs on the virus capsid rather than in solution. The proximity of gold NPs on TMV allows shifting the plasmonic resonance of the assembly in the biological window.

Dynamic Plasmonic Platform To Investigate the Correlation between Far-Field Optical Response and SERS Signal of Analytes

The design of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platforms based on the coupling between plasmonic nanostructures and stimuli-responsive polymers has attracted considerable interest over the past decades for the detection of a wide range of analytes, including pollutants and biological molecules. However, the SERS intensity of analytes trapped inside smart hybrid nanoplatforms is subject to important fluctuations because of the spatial and spectral variation of the plasmonic near-field enhancement (i.e., its dependence with the distance to the nanoparticle surface and with the localized surface plasmon resonance). Such fluctuations may impair interpretation and quantification in sensing devices. In this paper, we investigate the influence of the plasmonic near-field profile upon the Raman signal intensity of analytes trapped inside thermoresponsive polymer-coated gold nanoarrays. For this, well-defined plasmonic arrays (nanosquares and nanocylinders) were modified by poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes using surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization. Molecular probes were trapped inside these Au@PNIPAM nanostructures by simple physisorption or by covalent grafting at the end of PNIPAM brushes, using click chemistry. The SERS spectra of molecular probes were studied along various heating/cooling cycles, demonstrating a strong correlation between SERS intensities and near-field spectral profile of underlying nanoparticles, as confirmed by simulations based on the finite difference time domain method. Thermoresponsive plasmonic devices thus provide an ideal dynamic SERS platform to investigate the influence of the near-field plasmonic profile upon the SERS response of analytes.

Plasmon-mediated chemical surface functionalization at the nanoscale

Controlling the surface grafting of species at the nanoscale remains a major challenge, likely to generate many opportunities in materials science. In this work, we propose an original strategy for chemical surface functionalization at the nanoscale, taking advantage of localized surface plasmon (LSP) excitation. The surface functionalization is demonstrated through aryl film grafting (derived from a diazonium salt), covalently bonded at the surface of gold lithographic nanostripes. The aryl film is specifically grafted in areas of maximum near field enhancement, as confirmed by numerical calculation based on the discrete dipole approximation method. The energy of the incident light and the LSP wavelength are shown to be crucial parameters to monitor the aryl film thickness of up to ∼30 nm. This robust and versatile strategy opens up exciting prospects for the nanoscale confinement of functional layers on surfaces, which should be particularly interesting for molecular sensing or nanooptics.

Highly stable silica-coated gold nanorods dimers for solution-based SERS

A bottom-up approach enabled us to have novel core–shell Au@SiO₂ dimers highly stable in water (at least 5 months) with substantially improved SERS performances as compared to isolated nanorods.

Water-soluble plasmonic nanosensors with synthetic receptors for label-free detection of folic acid

We describe an original approach to graft molecularly imprinted polymers around gold nanorods by combining the diazonium salt chemistry and the iniferter method. This chemical strategy enables fine control of the imprinting process at the nanometer scale and provides water-soluble plasmonic nanosensors.

Oxadiazole-2-thiol adsorption on gold nanorods: a joint theoretical and experimental study by using SERS, XPS, and DFT

The chemisorption of 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (ODT) on gold nanorods has been investigated by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and density functional theory (DFT). Although most of the SERS spectra have remarkable similarity to the normal Raman spectra of the pure analyte, the adsorption of ODT on a gold surface leads to a drastic change in its Raman spectrum and distinct vibrational features are obtained with gold nanorods and spherical nanoparticles. Simulated Raman spectra for hybrid systems that consist of an oxadiazole moiety coordinated to a Au20 gold cluster provided valuable information about the coordination mode and enabled us to assign vibration modes.

Silica-coated gold nanorod arrays for nanoplasmonics devices

A facile method for growing silica layer on lithographically designed gold nanorod arrays (GNRAs) using a convenient sol-gel method is presented herein. The silica layer thickness was controlled on GNRAs with the reaction time. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra of these hybrid metal/dielectric nanoparticles were recorded before and after the coating and the effect of different solvents on the LSPR were also assessed. The change in the fluorescence and SERS intensities of a probe molecule (Rh6G) deposited on GNRAs and silica-coated GNRAs revealed that the as-fabricated silica layer does inhibit the quenching of molecular excited states and enhances photophysical/photochemical processes. This kind of hybrid metal/dielectric nanoparticle arrays hence turn out to be real good candidates to design new "plasmonic-active" devices.

Water-soluble, redox-active organometallic calcium chelators

This paper describes a new series of organometallic water-soluble chelators combining a redox moiety (ferrocene) and a selective Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA) separated by an ethynyl bridge. We report the synthesis and characterization of organometallic derivatives of the BAPTA chelator featuring one (2a) and two ferrocenyl (2b) moieties. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis on these chelators revealed unexpected conformations for the ferrocenyl substituent with respect to the phenyl ring of the BAPTA unit. DFT calculations on a model system of the ferrocenyl-ethynyl-BAPTA molecule were carried out to evaluate the energy separation between the two limiting conformations observed experimentally in the solid state, and to check the effective electronic communication between the binding pocket and the redox probe. The binding affinity of 2a–b for Ca2+, as probed by UV-Vis and cyclic voltammetry, revealed distinct behaviors in the presence of a metal ion depending on whether BAPTA is substituted by one or two ferrocenyl groups.

An organometallic derivative of a BAPTA ligand: towards electrochemically controlled cation release in biocompatible media

The combination of a ferrocenyl moiety with BAPTA provides a novel, water-soluble, redox-active chelator. This chelator behaving as a conformational sensor exhibits an unexpected electrochemical response with high affinity and selectivity for calcium.