Using the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model to Support Mental Health in Schools

The COVID-19 pandemic increased already high rates of student mental health concerns and further underscored inequities and disparities in access to services and care. As schools continue to address the effects of the pandemic, they must prioritize student mental health and well-being. In this commentary, using feedback from the Maryland School Health Council, we present the connection between mental health in school and the Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC) model, a school health model commonly employed by schools and school districts. In doing so, we aim to highlight how school districts can use this model to address child mental health needs across a multi-tiered system of support.

Barriers and Enablers to the Implementation of School Wellness Policies: An Economic Perspective

BACKGROUND

Local wellness policies (LWPs) are mandated among school systems to enhance nutrition/physical activity opportunities in schools. Prior research notes disparities in LWP implementation. This study uses mixed methods to examine barriers/enablers to LWP implementation, comparing responses by student body income.

METHOD

Schools ( n = 744, 24 systems) completed an LWP implementation barriers/enablers survey. Semistructured interviews ( n = 20 random subsample) described barriers/enablers. Responses were compared by majority of lower (≥50% free/reduced-price meals; lower income [LI]) versus higher income (HI) student body.

RESULTS

In surveys, LI and HI schools identified common barriers (parents/families, federal/state regulations, students, time, funding) and enablers (school system, teachers, food service, physical education curriculum/resources, and staff). Interviews further elucidated how staffing and funding served as enablers for all schools, and provide context for how and why barriers differed by income: time, food service (HI schools), and parents/families (LI schools).

CONCLUSIONS

Findings support commonalities in barriers and enablers among all schools, suggesting that regardless of economic context, schools would benefit from additional supports, such as physical education and nutrition education resources integrated into existing curricula, additional funding, and personnel time dedicated to wellness programming. LI schools may benefit from additional funding to support parent and community involvement.

Androgen levels in women with various forms of ovarian dysfunction: associations with cardiometabolic features

STUDY QUESTION

Are differences in androgen levels among women with various forms of ovarian dysfunction associated with cardiometabolic abnormalities?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Androgen levels differed substantially between women with and without ovarian dysfunction, and increased androgen levels were associated with impaired cardiometabolic features in all women irrespective of their clinical condition.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Sex steroid hormones play important roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Extremes of low as well as high androgen levels have been associated with increased CVD risk in both men and women.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

This cross-sectional study included 680 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), natural post-menopausal women (NM), or regular menstrual cycles (RC) (170 women per group).

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Measurements of serum testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Assessments were taken of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipid profiles, glucose, insulin and SHBG, and the bioactive fraction of circulating testosterone was calculated using the free androgen index (FAI).

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

PCOS women were hyperandrogenic [median FAI = 4.9 (IQR 3.6-7.4)], and POI women were hypoandrogenic [FAI = 1.2 (0.8-1.7)], compared with RC women [FAI = 1.7 (1.1-2.8)], after adjustment for age, ethnicity, smoking and BMI (P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, there were no significant differences in androgens between POI and NM (P = 0.15) women and between NM and RC (P = 0.27) women, the latter indicating that chronological aging rather than ovarian aging influences the differences between pre- and post-menopausal women. A high FAI was associated with elevated triglycerides (β log FAI for PCOS: 0.45, P < 0.001, POI: 0.25, P < 0.001, NM: 0.20, P = 0.002), insulin (β log FAI for PCOS: 0.77, POI: 0.44, NM: 0.40, all P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (β log FAI for PCOS: 0.82, POI: 0.46, NM: 0.47, all P < 0.001) and mean arterial pressure (β log FAI for PCOS: 0.05, P = 0.002, POI: 0.07, P < 0.001, NM: 0.04, P = 0.04) in all women; with increased glucose (β log FAI for PCOS: 0.05, P = 0.003, NM: 0.07, P < 0.001) and decreased high-density lipoprotein (β log FAI for PCOS: -0.23, P < 0.001, NM: -0.09, P = 0.03) in PCOS and NM women; and with increased low-density lipoprotein (β log FAI for POI: 0.083, P = 0.041) in POI women. Adjustment for BMI attenuated the observed associations. Associations between FAI and cardiometabolic features were the strongest in PCOS women, even after adjustment for BMI.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Associations between androgen levels and cardiometabolic features were assessed in PCOS, POI and NM women only, due to a lack of available data in RC women. Due to the cross-sectional design of the current study, the potential associations between androgen levels and actual future cardiovascular events could not be assessed.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

This study affirms the potent effect of androgens on cardiometabolic features, indicating that androgens should indeed be regarded as important denominators of women's health. Future research regarding the role of androgens in the development of CVD and potential modulatory effects of BMI is required.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS

N.M.P.D. is supported by the Dutch Heart Foundation (grant number 2013T083). L.J. and O.H.F. work in ErasmusAGE, a center for aging research across the life course, funded by Nestlé Nutrition (Nestec Ltd), Metagenics Inc. and AXA. M.K. is supported by the AXA Research Fund. Nestlé Nutrition (Nestec Ltd), Metagenics Inc. and AXA had no role in the design and conduct of the study; the collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; or the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. J.S.E.L. has received fees and grant support from the following companies (in alphabetical order): Ferring, Merck-Serono, Merck Sharpe & Dome, Organon, Schering Plough and Serono. In the last 5 years, B.C.J.M.F. has received fees and grant support from the following companies (in alphabetic order); Actavis, COGI, Euroscreen, Ferring, Finox, Genovum, Gedeon-Richter, Merck-Serono, OvaScience, Pantharei Bioscience, PregLem, Roche, Uteron and Watson laboratories. With regard to potential conflicts of interest, there is nothing further to disclose.

Identification and allele-specific silencing of the mutant huntingtin allele in Huntington's disease patient-derived fibroblasts

Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expression of mutant huntingtin protein (Htt). Suppression of Htt expression, using RNA interference, might be an effective therapy. However, if reduction of wild-type protein is not well tolerated in the brain, it may be necessary to suppress just the product of the mutant allele. We present a small interfering RNA (siRNA) that selectively reduces the endogenous mRNA for a heterozygous HD donor's pathogenic allele by approximately 80% by specifically targeting a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located several thousand bases downstream from the disease-causing mutation. In addition, we show selective suppression of endogenous mutant Htt protein, using this siRNA. We further present a method, using just a heterozygous patient's own mRNA, to determine which SNP variants correspond to the mutant allele. The method may be useful in any disorder in which a targeted SNP is far downstream from the pathogenic mutation. These results indicate that allele-specific treatment for Huntington's disease may be clinically feasible and practical.

Review: Bupropion and SSRI-induced side effects

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a first line treatment option for millions of patients, due to the positive balance between efficacy and tolerability. However, some side effects associated with their use, can impair quality of life and compliance with treatment. This paper reviews the prevalence of sexual dysfunction, weight gain and emotional detachment during SSRI treatment, the profile of bupropion for each of these events and the ability of bupropion to reverse them. Double-blind trials, open-label trials and anecdotical reports derived from Medline were included. First, there is robust evidence that SSRIs can induce sexual side effects and that bupropion causes less sexual dysfunction than SSRIs. There is limited, mainly open-label evidence that bupropion can reverse SSRI-induced sexual side effects. Second, there is good evidence that long-term treatment with some SSRIs can result in weight gain and that long-term treatment with bupropion can result in a small weight loss. There is only anecdotical evidence that bupropion can reverse SSRI-induced weight gain. Third, treatment with SSRIs has been associated with ;emotional detachment', although controversy exists about this concept. No data are available on the profile of bupropion for ;emotional detachment' or for the reversal of SSRI-induced ;emotional detachment' by bupropion-addition.

Six months clinical, angiographic, and IVUS follow-up after PTFE graft stent implantation in native coronary arteries

INTRODUCTION

Restenosis remains a problem even after stent implantation. An important breakthrough could be the use of graft stents, functioning as a mechanical barrier between the blood flow and the vessel wall, and possibly inducing less restenosis by more limited hyperplasia and minimal transgraft tissue penetration.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the acute and 6 months clinical, angiographic and IVUS results of a new balloon expandable coronary polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft stent (Jomed).

METHOD

Ten patients with a short (< or = 15 mm length) de novo proximal stenosis in a large (> or = 3 mm diameter) coronary artery were treated by elective implantation of a graft stent (19 mm stent, 15 mm graft). Clinical assessment, quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intracoronary ultrasound (IVUS) were performed before, immediately after and 6 months after implantation. A stress test was also done at 6 months.

RESULTS

The coronary arteries treated were: RCA in 7 patients, LCX in 2 patients, LAD in 1 patient. Mean balloon size was 3.7 mm diameter, and mean inflation pressure was 18 atm (min. 12, max. 23). Additional stenting was needed in 3 patients. Two patients showed a minimal rise in CK (< 250 IU/l) and 1 patient needed a transfusion. No patient experienced a (sub)acute nor late thrombosis. As shown in the table, no restenosis was seen in the body of the graft stent. In 2 patients a restenosis was detected in the proximal and/or distal parts of the stent which are not covered by the graft. In 1 patient a restenosis was found outside the stent. All patients remained asymptomatic with a negative stress test at 6 months follow-up (FU). [table in text]

CONCLUSIONS

A graft stent could indeed reduce the restenosis rate after stenting, in the part of the stent covered by the graft, but the uncovered distal and proximal parts are the weak points in this type of stent. For this reason, technical ameliorations in the construction of this graft stent are needed, e.g. a complete coverage of the stent by the PTFE graft and less rigidity of the stent causing reduced vessel trauma at the edges of the stent during implantation.

Coronary NIR stent implantation for refractory variant angina

A 44-year-old woman with severe variant angina refractory to maximal medical therapy and at risk of sudden death was successfully treated by a NIR stent implantation on a moderate lesion of LAD. Six months later she was asymptomatic, without in-stent restenosis. This procedure represents an alternative treatment for patients with refractory vasospastic angina.

Coronary embolization of the membrane fixing a "Multilink" stent to its delivery balloon

We report on a case of coronary embolization of an elastic membrane fixing the ACS RX Multilink stent over its balloon, after a successful stent delivery. The membrane was dislodged from the balloon in the ostium of the right coronary artery as the delivery balloon was being pulled back into the guiding catheter. All attempts to retrieve the membrane, to cover it with another stent, or to push it into a terminal segment of the artery to limit the jeopardized myocardial mass were unsuccessful. No CABG was performed because the left coronary system was normal and the procedure occurred 2 months after an incomplete inferior myocardial infarction. There was no increase in cardiac enzymes nor electrocardiographic signs of a new myocardial infarction at discharge or at 1-mo follow-up. It seems preferable to avoid further use of stents tied to their balloons with an intermediary, and possibly detachable, element.

Frequency of a positive modified Allen's test in 1,000 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization

The modified Allen's test (A.T.) is used to prove the adequacy of the blood supply through the ulnar artery to the hand. The test is considered normal if, after compression of both the ulnar and radial arteries followed by repeated clenching of the fingers to squeeze out the blood, the normal or a slightly more pronounced red color of the palm of the hands returns within < 10 sec after release of only the ulnar artery. It is important to perform the test whenever intravascular access to the radial artery is planned. The objective of this study was to determine the percentage of patients presenting a clearly positive (< 5 sec), a moderately positive (between 5-9 sec), or a negative A.T. (10 sec and more), We performed an A.T. on 1,000 consecutive and different patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, on the right wrist, two times, each time by a different examinator trained in this test. An A.T. was performed on 1,000 patients:640 men, 360 women, mean age 62.3 yr (range 28-90 yr). In our population of patients, the relative percentages of a clearly positive (< 5 sec), moderately positive (between 5-9 sec), or negative modified Allen's test (10 sec and more) is 49%, 24%, and 27%, respectively.

[Antibodies to lipoid A in the treatment of septic shock]

The protective effect of high-titer anti-lipid A hyperimmune globulin with respect to the course of the disease and the mortality rate was studied in patients with septicemia verified by positive blood cultures. Six patients were treated with anti-lipid A in an open study. Dramatic improvement in fever curves and clinical condition in some of the patients encouraged us to start a randomized double blind study. So far, 17 patients have entered the study, 16 of whom were evaluable. Immediately after a positive blood culture was found, patients received either high doses of anti-lipid A or placebo (saline solution) on two subsequent days. Before and after each infusion blood samples were taken in order to assess serum bactericidal activity and anti-lipid A titers. Because of the still small numbers of patients the results of both studies were summarized. In all patients treated with anti-lipid A clear-cut increases in anti-lipid A titers were shown. Patients with repeated gram-negative infections showed higher median anti-lipid A titers than patients without such a history. The patients treated with anti-lipid A immune globulin ran a significantly milder course than the placebo group. The severe signs of septic shock were reversed in seven of 15 patients on anti-lipid A compared to two of seven patients treated with placebo. In the anti-lipid A-treated group, three of 15 patients died, and in the placebo group two of seven. This difference is not statistically significant.

[Antibody to lipoid A in the treatment of septic shock]

The protective effect of high-titer anti-lipid A hyperimmune globulin with respect to the course of the disease and the mortality rate was studied in patients with septicemia verified by positive blood cultures. Six patients were treated with anti-lipid A in an open study. Dramatic improvement in fever curves and clinical condition in some of the patients encouraged us to start a randomized double blind study. So far, 17 patients have entered the study, 16 of whom were evaluable. Immediately after a positive blood culture was found, patients received either high doses of anti-lipid A or placebo (saline solution) on two subsequent days. Before and after each infusion blood samples were taken in order to assess serum bactericidal activity and anti-lipid A titers. Because of the still small numbers of patients the results of both studies were summarized. In all patients treated with anti-lipid A clear-cut increases in anti-lipid A titers were shown. Patients with repeated gram-negative infections showed higher median anti-lipid A titers than patients without such a history. The patients treated with anti-lipid A immune globulin ran a significantly milder course than the placebo group. The severe signs of septic shock were reversed in seven of 15 patients on anti-lipid A compared to two of seven patients treated with placebo. In the anti-lipid A-treated group, three of 15 patients died, and in the placebo group two of seven. This difference is not statistically significant.

Preliminary study on administration of high-titer lipid A antibody serum in sepsis and septic shock patients

To determine whether sera containing high titers of lipid A antibody may be applicable at effective doses in treating patients with septicemia, a pharmacokinetic study was performed in seven patients aged 24 to 73 years with gram-negative septicemia and various underlying diseases, one of whom received a placebo, and in one patient without infection. In this study, we attempted to determine the effective dosage, the number of infusions and appropriate administration interval for the prevention and treatment of endotoxin shock. Blood samples from each patient were tested for lipid A antibodies before and at regular intervals after administration using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Selected, pooled human immunoglobulin preparations containing high titers (expressed as exponents of 10) of IgG (titer = 3-4) and IgM (titer = 2-4) lipid A antibodies were administered first at a dosage of 8 ml/kg body weight. After administration, the mean lipid A antibody titer increased from 0.4 to 2.3 for IgG and from 2 to 2.4 for IgM. The initial increase was followed by a drop in titer within 24 h, which was perhaps due to antibody consumption. Following the second administration (24 h after the first) of only 4 ml/kg body weight, the mean IgG and IgM titers increased to 2.4 and 3.3, respectively, and dropped slower. A notable increase in circulating lipid A antibody titers was achieved, and four of six treated patients recovered from the sepsis. The two patients who died entered the study in a pre-terminal state. These studies encouraged us to initiate a randomized, double-blind controlled study.