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Boisseaux P, Rauert C, Dewapriya P, Delignette-Muller ML, Barrett R, Durndell L, Pohl F, Thompson R, Thomas KV, Galloway T. Deep dive into the chronic toxicity of tyre particle mixtures and their leachates. J Hazard Mater 2024; 466:133580. [PMID: 38295724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Particles from the tread of vehicle tyres are a global pollutant, which are emitted into the environment at an approximate rate of 1.4 kg.year-1 for an average passenger-car. In this study, popular tyre brands were used to generate a tyre tread microparticle mixture. The chronic toxicity of both particles and chemical leachates were compared on a planktonic test species (Daphnia magna). Over 21 days of exposure, pristine tyre tread microparticles were more toxic (LC50 60 mg.L-1) than chemical lechates alone (LC50 542 mg.L-1). Microparticles and leachates showed distinct effects on reproduction and morphological development at environmentally relevant concentrations, with dose-dependent uptake of particles visible in the digestive tract. Chemical characterization of leachates revealed a metal predominance of zinc, titanium, and strontium. Of the numerous organic chemicals present, at least 54 were shared across all 5 tyre brands, with many classified to be very toxic. Our results provide a critically needed information on the toxicity of tyre tread particles and the associated chemicals that leach from them to inform future mitigation measures. We conclude that tyre particles are hazardous pollutants of particular concern that are close to or possibly above chronic environmental safety limits in some locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Boisseaux
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, UK.
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Pradeep Dewapriya
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Delignette-Muller
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Robyn Barrett
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Lee Durndell
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Florian Pohl
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Richard Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, QLD, Australia
| | - Tamara Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD Exeter, UK
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Clark NJ, Fischer AC, Durndell L, Galloway TS, Thompson RC. Translocation of 14C-polystyrene nanoplastics into fish during a very-low concentration dietary exposure. Chemosphere 2023; 341:140058. [PMID: 37673182 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the dietary accumulation of nanoplastics in animals following very-low exposure concentrations is restricted due to analytical limitations. This study adapted a method for synthesising semi-stable 14C-PS NPs (through styrene polymerisation) in small volumes for deployment in environmental studies. The method was developed with non-labelled material where the final polystyrene product had a primary particle size of 35 ± 8 nm (as measured by transmission electron microscopy). This method was then applied to 14C-labelled styrene to produce radiolabelled polystyrene nanoplastics (14C-PS NPs). The 14C-PS NPs were added (top-dressed) to a commercially available fish feed, with a measured concentration of 27.9 ± 2.1 kBq kg-1 (n = 5), equating to 5.9 μg polystyrene kg-1 feed. Fish (rainbow trout; Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed this diet at a ration of 2% body weight per day for a period of two weeks. On day 3, 7 and 14, the fish were sampled for the mid intestine, hind intestine, kidney and liver, and measured for tissue radioactivity (determined by liquid scintillation counting). Some background activity was detected in the control samples (e.g., 1-16 and 4-11 Bq g-1 in the hind intestine and liver, respectively) which is due to natural background fluorescence. By the end of the experiment, the hind intestine and liver had significantly elevated radioactivity (25.3 and 15.0 Bq g-1, respectively) compared to the control, indicating the accumulation of nano polystyrene. In the liver, this equated to 1.8 μg polystyrene g-1 dry weight. This study confirms the accumulation of nano particles in vertebrates at low, environmentally relevant concentration, and highlights radiolabelling as a methodological approach suitable for exploring the bioaccumulation of nanoplastics and potential impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Clark
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Astrid C Fischer
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Lee Durndell
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Tamara S Galloway
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Richard C Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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Osatiashtiani A, Orr SA, Durndell L, Collado García I, Merenda A, Lee AF, Wilson K. Liquid phase catalytic transfer hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone over ZrO 2/SBA-15. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00538g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is an important bio-derived platform molecule whose atom- and energy efficient, and scalable, catalytic synthesis is highly desirable. Catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of ethyl levulinate (EL) to γ-valerolactone...
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