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O' Donovan DH, Baker D, Ciotta G, Degorce SL, Demanze S, Dockerill M, Escudero-Ibarz L, Ireland L, Mao Y, Packer MJ, Robinson J, Scarfe G, Tang H, Valge-Archer V. Discovery and characterisation of quinazolines and 8-Azaquinazolines as NLRP3 agonists with oral bioavailability in mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129518. [PMID: 37838344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that plays a critical role in activating the immune system in response to danger signals. Small molecule agonists of NLRP3 may offer clinical benefits in cancer immunology either as a monotherapy or in combination with checkpoint blockade, where it is hypothesised that their application can help to initiate an antitumor immune response. In this study, we report the discovery of quinazolines and 8-azaquinazolines as NLRP3 agonists and their chemical optimization to afford compounds with oral bioavailability in mice. We confirm that these compounds engage the NLRP3 inflammasome by verifying their dependence upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) priming for cytokine release and the activation of Caspase-1. We further demonstrate pathway engagement through loss of activity in an NLRP3-knockout THP1 cell line. Based on their pharmacokinetic profile and biological activity, these compounds represent valuable tools to evaluate the therapeutic potential of NLRP3 activation in a pre-clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H O' Donovan
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom.
| | - David Baker
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Ciotta
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien L Degorce
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Demanze
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Milly Dockerill
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Leire Escudero-Ibarz
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Ireland
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Yumeng Mao
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Packer
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - James Robinson
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Scarfe
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Haoran Tang
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Viia Valge-Archer
- Oncology R&D and Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, 1 Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
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2
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Dickson A, Mullooly N, Serrano A, Escudero-Ibarz L, Wiggins C, Gianni D. Highly scalable arrayed CRISPR mediated gene silencing in primary lung small airway epithelial cells. SLAS Discov 2023; 28:29-35. [PMID: 36649793 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) play a central role in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and are now becoming a crucial cellular model for target identification and validation in drug discovery. However, primary cell lines such as SAECs are often difficult to transfect using traditional lipofection methods; therefore, gene editing using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 is often carried out through ribonucleoprotein (RNP) electroporation. Here we have established a robust, scalable, and automated arrayed CRISPR nuclease (CRISPRn) screening workflow for SAECs which can be combined with a myriad of disease-specific endpoint assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dickson
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Niamh Mullooly
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Serrano
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Leire Escudero-Ibarz
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri Wiggins
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Gianni
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, United Kingdom.
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3
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Monkley S, Overed-Sayer C, Parfrey H, Rassl D, Crowther D, Escudero-Ibarz L, Davis N, Carruthers A, Berks R, Coetzee M, Kolosionek E, Karlsson M, Griffin LR, Clausen M, Belfield G, Hogaboam CM, Murray LA. Sensitization of the UPR by loss of PPP1R15A promotes fibrosis and senescence in IPF. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21584. [PMID: 34732748 PMCID: PMC8566588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a direct consequence of cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and a key disease driving mechanism in IPF. The resolution of the UPR is directed by PPP1R15A (GADD34) and leads to the restoration of normal ribosomal activity. While the role of PPP1R15A has been explored in lung epithelial cells, the role of this UPR resolving factor has yet to be explored in lung mesenchymal cells. The objective of the current study was to determine the expression and role of PPP1R15A in IPF fibroblasts and in a bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model. A survey of IPF lung tissue revealed that PPP1R15A expression was markedly reduced. Targeting PPP1R15A in primary fibroblasts modulated TGF-β-induced fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation and exacerbated pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin-challenged mice. Interestingly, the loss of PPP1R15A appeared to promote lung fibroblast senescence. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the major role of PPP1R15A in the regulation of lung mesenchymal cells, and regulation of PPP1R15A may represent a novel therapeutic strategy in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Monkley
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Overed-Sayer
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Helen Parfrey
- Cambridge Interstitial Lung Disease Service, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Damian Crowther
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicola Davis
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan Carruthers
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Berks
- Biological Services Group, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ewa Kolosionek
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Karlsson
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leia R Griffin
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maryam Clausen
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Graham Belfield
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Cedars-Sinai Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Lynne A Murray
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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4
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Moody S, Escudero-Ibarz L, Wang M, Clipson A, Ochoa Ruiz E, Dunn-Walters D, Xue X, Zeng N, Robson A, Chuang SS, Cogliatti S, Liu H, Goodlad J, Ashton-Key M, Raderer M, Bi Y, Du MQ. Significant association between TNFAIP3
inactivation and biased immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region 4-34 usage in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. J Pathol 2017; 243:3-8. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moody
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Leire Escudero-Ibarz
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Ming Wang
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Alexandra Clipson
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Eguzkine Ochoa Ruiz
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Deborah Dunn-Walters
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Inflammatory Disease; King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine; London UK
| | - Xuemin Xue
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Naiyan Zeng
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - Alistair Robson
- Department of Dermatopathology; St John's Institute of Dermatology; London UK
| | | | - Sergio Cogliatti
- Institute of Pathology; State Hospital St Gallen; St Gallen Switzerland
| | - Hongxiang Liu
- Molecular Malignancy Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Cambridge UK
| | - John Goodlad
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital; NHS Lothian University Hospitals Trust; Edinburgh UK
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Trust; Southampton UK
| | - Markus Raderer
- Department of Medicine I, Clinical Division of Oncology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Yingwen Bi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Department of Pathology, Eye & ENT Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai PR China
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- Molecular Malignancy Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Cambridge UK
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Cambridge UK
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Escudero-Ibarz
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ming Wang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, UK
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6
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Okosun J, Wolfson RL, Wang J, Araf S, Wilkins L, Castellano BM, Escudero-Ibarz L, Al Seraihi AF, Richter J, Bernhart SH, Efeyan A, Iqbal S, Matthews J, Clear A, Guerra-Assunção JA, Bödör C, Quentmeier H, Mansbridge C, Johnson P, Davies A, Strefford JC, Packham G, Barrans S, Jack A, Du MQ, Calaminici M, Lister TA, Auer R, Montoto S, Gribben JG, Siebert R, Chelala C, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM, Fitzgibbon J. Recurrent mTORC1-activating RRAGC mutations in follicular lymphoma. Nat Genet 2016; 48:183-8. [PMID: 26691987 PMCID: PMC4731318 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma is an incurable B cell malignancy characterized by the t(14;18) translocation and mutations affecting the epigenome. Although frequent gene mutations in key signaling pathways, including JAK-STAT, NOTCH and NF-κB, have also been defined, the spectrum of these mutations typically overlaps with that in the closely related diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Using a combination of discovery exome and extended targeted sequencing, we identified recurrent somatic mutations in RRAGC uniquely enriched in patients with follicular lymphoma (17%). More than half of the mutations preferentially co-occurred with mutations in ATP6V1B2 and ATP6AP1, which encode components of the vacuolar H(+)-ATP ATPase (V-ATPase) known to be necessary for amino acid-induced activation of mTORC1. The RagC variants increased raptor binding while rendering mTORC1 signaling resistant to amino acid deprivation. The activating nature of the RRAGC mutations, their existence in the dominant clone and their stability during disease progression support their potential as an excellent candidate for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Okosun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachel L Wolfson
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shamzah Araf
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lucy Wilkins
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Brian M Castellano
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leire Escudero-Ibarz
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahad Fahad Al Seraihi
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Julia Richter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan H Bernhart
- Transcriptome Bioinformatics, LIFE Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sameena Iqbal
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Janet Matthews
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Clear
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Csaba Bödör
- MTA-SE Lendulet Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hilmar Quentmeier
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Peter Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew Davies
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sharon Barrans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew Jack
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, UK
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Calaminici
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - T Andrew Lister
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Auer
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Montoto
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claude Chelala
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Zoncu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jude Fitzgibbon
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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7
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Wang M, Escudero-Ibarz L, Moody S, Zeng N, Clipson A, Huang Y, Xue X, Grigoropoulos NF, Barrans S, Worrillow L, Forshew T, Su J, Firth A, Martin H, Jack A, Brugger K, Du MQ. Somatic Mutation Screening Using Archival Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues by Fluidigm Multiplex PCR and Illumina Sequencing. J Mol Diagn 2015; 17:521-32. [PMID: 26165823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput somatic mutation screening using FFPE tissues is a major challenge because of a lack of established methods and validated variant calling algorithms. We aimed to develop a targeted sequencing protocol by Fluidigm multiplex PCR and Illumina sequencing and to establish a companion variant calling algorithm. The experimental protocol and variant calling algorithm were first developed and optimized against a series of somatic mutations (147 substitutions, 12 indels ranging from 1 to 33 bp) in seven genes, previously detected by Sanger sequencing of DNA from 163 FFPE lymphoma biopsy specimens. The optimized experimental protocol and variant calling algorithm were further ascertained in two separate experiments by including the seven genes as a part of larger gene panels (22 or 13 genes) using FFPE and high-molecular-weight lymphoma DNAs, respectively. We found that most false-positive variants were due to DNA degradation, deamination, and Taq polymerase errors, but they were nonreproducible and could be efficiently eliminated by duplicate experiments. A small fraction of false-positive variants appeared in duplicate, but they were at low alternative allele frequencies and could be separated from mutations when appropriate threshold value was used. In conclusion, we established a robust practical approach for high-throughput mutation screening using archival FFPE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leire Escudero-Ibarz
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Moody
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Naiyan Zeng
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Clipson
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanxue Huang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xuemin Xue
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas F Grigoropoulos
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Barrans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Worrillow
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Forshew
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Su
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Firth
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Howard Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Jack
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St. James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Brugger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ming-Qing Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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