1
|
Yeo AJ, Halpern LF, Flagg AM, Lin B. Discrimination and depressive symptoms among Black and Asian American college students: Shared and group-specific processes of self-concept. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 2024; 30:83-94. [PMID: 35511523 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Black and Asian American emerging adults are at higher risk of experiencing racial/ethnic discrimination and related distress. Racial/ethnic discrimination may increase vulnerability for depressive symptoms by diminishing individuals' positive self-concept. While low global self-esteem has been noted as a crucial process linking discrimination and depressive symptoms, it is unclear if it plays a unique role beyond other relevant aspects of one's self-concept: racial/ethnic private regard and centrality. Moreover, although different racial/ethnic groups are known to experience discrimination in distinctive ways, little is known about how relative processes of self-esteem and racial/ethnic identity may differ across these groups. We investigated the generalizability and specificity of discrimination to distress linkages across Asian and Black Americans. METHOD Undergraduate Black (N = 109) and Asian American (N = 90) students self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination, depressive symptoms, and self-concept. RESULTS Global self-esteem indirectly linked the association between discrimination and depressive symptoms among Black Americans beyond the effects of racial/ethnic identity. Only among Black Americans, discrimination was associated with lower private regard. CONCLUSIONS Finding highlight group-specific processes underlying Black and Asian Americans' experiences of discrimination and depressive symptoms. Findings also demonstrate shared processes of discrimination-depressive symptoms linkage across groups and underscore the need to address the pervasive issues of racism and discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Yeo
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University at New York
| | | | - Amanda M Flagg
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University at New York
| | - Betty Lin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University at New York
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yeo AJ, Ledsham V, Halpern LF, Lin B, Riddick L, Sima D, Wohlfahrt KM, Jones N. Differential Contributions of Parental Warmth and Mindfulness to Child Executive Function and Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Management. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022; 43:e598-e604. [PMID: 35976702 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Positive parenting (e.g., parental warmth, mindful parenting) has been posited to promote effective pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) management. This promotive effect may partly be conferred by fostering child self-regulatory development, such as executive function (EF). However, no research has examined whether better child EF serves as a mechanism underlying associations between positive parenting and child blood glucose levels (HbA1c). Moreover, it is unclear whether mindful parenting offers a unique benefit beyond that of parental warmth-a key pillar of effective parental involvement in T1DM management. METHODS Primary caregivers of children with T1DM (N = 101; Mage = 12.02) reported on parenting behaviors and child EF. Children's medical information was obtained through chart review. Path analysis was used to examine direct and indirect relations in the cross-sectional data. RESULTS The path analysis indicated that only parental warmth, not mindful parenting, was significantly associated with lower HbA1c. Both parental warmth and mindful parenting were significantly related to better child EF, but child EF did not mediate the associations between parenting and HbA1c. CONCLUSION Parental warmth may constitute a key parenting behavior promoting effective pediatric T1DM management. Enhancing parental warmth may be an important target of interventions aiming to improve HbA1c. Although child EF was unrelated to HbA1c in this sample, given positive associations between parental warmth and mindfulness and child EF, longitudinal research is warranted to examine whether these positive parenting behaviors may confer long-term benefits for T1DM self-management through improved EF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Yeo
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University at New York, Albany, NY
| | - Victoria Ledsham
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University at New York, Albany, NY
| | - Leslie F Halpern
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY; and
| | - Betty Lin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University at New York, Albany, NY
| | - Linda Riddick
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY
| | - Daniela Sima
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY
| | | | - Nancy Jones
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yeo AJ, Halpern LF, Lin B, Riddick L, Sima D, Wohlfahrt KM, Jones N. Youth Temperament Moderates Associations Between Parental Involvement and Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Treatment Outcome. J Pediatr Psychol 2022; 47:795-803. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Both youth self-regulation and quality of parental involvement have been associated with blood glucose levels (HbA1c) of youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, it is unclear whether and how youth and parental factors interact in their relation to youth HbA1c. The differential susceptibility hypothesis proposes that youth with high negative affectivity (NA) and low effortful control (EC) may be more susceptible to the deleterious impact of lower quality parenting behaviors but also reap greater benefit from higher quality parenting behaviors. This study investigated whether youth temperament would moderate the link between diabetes-specific parental assistance (e.g., checking blood sugar) or support (e.g., encouraging, praising) and HbA1c among youth with T1DM.
Methods
Primary caregivers of youth with T1DM (N = 101; M age = 12.02, SD = 2.43) completed surveys on diabetes-specific parental involvement and youth temperament. Medical information (i.e., HbA1c) was obtained from chart review.
Results
Multiple regression analyses indicated that youth NA and EC significantly interacted with parental assistance, but not support. Specifically, higher parental assistance was associated with higher HbA1c among youth with high NA or high EC. High assistance was only linked to lower HbA1c for youth with low NA.
Conclusions
Results suggest that optimal levels of parental involvement related to better T1DM outcomes depend on youth’s NA or EC. Consistent with the goodness-of-fit framework, when parenting approaches match youth’s temperament, youth with T1DM may be better able to maintain lower HbA1c. Family interventions for pediatric T1DM management may take into consideration youth temperament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Yeo
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University at New York, USA
| | | | - Betty Lin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University at New York, USA
| | - Linda Riddick
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Albany Medical Center, USA
| | - Daniela Sima
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Albany Medical Center, USA
| | | | - Nancy Jones
- Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Albany Medical Center, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fox JK, Ryan JL, Martin Burch J, Halpern LF. The Role of Parental Overcontrol in the Relationship between Peer Victimization, Social Threat Cognitions, and Social Anxiety in School-Age Children. School Mental Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-021-09466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Yeo AJ, O'Rourke EJ, Halpern LF, Bettcher J. The Mediated Moderation Model of Depressive Symptoms, Alcohol Use, and Consequences: The Protective Role of Executive Function. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1651-1661. [PMID: 34263715 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1949605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Heavy episodic drinking (HED) and negative drinking consequences represent prevalent and serious health concerns for college students. Depressive symptoms may elevate students' risk for engaging in HED and experiencing negative consequences, but levels of risk may vary by executive function (EF) capabilities. Growing evidence suggests that EF deficits are associated with comorbid depressive symptoms and alcohol misuse. Nevertheless, little is known about unique and shared risks that depressive symptoms and EF may interactively pose for HED and negative drinking consequences. Methods: To address these gaps, the study assessed depressive symptoms, multiple domains of EF via multimethod approach, HED, and negative drinking consequences in a sample of 446 undergraduate students. Mediated moderation models were conducted to examine associations between depressive symptoms and alcohol use behaviors and modulating roles of EF. Results: Depressive symptoms, poor planning, and self-reported executive dysfunction were significantly associated with HED and negative drinking consequences. HED mediated the effect of depressive symptoms and executive dysfunction on negative consequences. A significant interaction indicated that better EF (i.e. low or average self-reported executive dysfunction) may buffer the risk depressive symptoms present for negative drinking consequences. Conclusions: The current findings suggest that among college students, risk and resilience factors for HED and negative drinking consequences may vary. Effective EF capabilities may be especially helpful for reducing students' risk for more serious drinking consequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Yeo
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Elisabeth J O'Rourke
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Leslie F Halpern
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Bettcher
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scharff A, Breiner CE, Ueno LF, Underwood SB, Merritt EC, Welch LM, Fonda C, Weil Malatras J, Lin B, Hormes JM, Pieterse AL, Gordis EB, Halpern LF, Pazienza R, Litchford GB. Shifting a training clinic to teletherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: a trainee perspective. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070.2020.1786668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adela Scharff
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Courtney E. Breiner
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Luna F. Ueno
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Shannon B. Underwood
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Edward C. Merritt
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Laura M. Welch
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Carrie Fonda
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Weil Malatras
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Betty Lin
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Julia M. Hormes
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alex L. Pieterse
- Department of Education and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Elana B. Gordis
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Leslie F. Halpern
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rena Pazienza
- Department of Education and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - George B. Litchford
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany – State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fox JK, Halpern LF, Dangman BC, Giramonti KM, Kogan BA. Children’s anxious reactions to an invasive medical procedure: The role of medical and non-medical fears. J Health Psychol 2016; 21:1587-96. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105314559620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship of medical and non-medical fears to children’s anxiety, pain, and distress during an invasive medical procedure, the voiding cystourethrogram. Parents of 34 children completed the Fear Survey Schedule-II prior to their child’s procedure. Child distress behaviors during the procedure were audiotaped and coded using the Child–Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised. Ratings of child procedural anxiety and pain were obtained from children, parents, and examining technologists within minutes following the procedure. Associations were observed between medical fears, procedural anxiety (parent and staff reports), and coded distress behaviors. Findings may inform preparation efforts to reduce anxiety around invasive medical procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Fox
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, USA
| | - Leslie F Halpern
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, USA
| | | | - Karla M Giramonti
- Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, USA
- Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, USA
| | - Barry A Kogan
- Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, USA
- Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giramonti KM, Fox JK, LaRaia DK, Halpern LF, Dangman BC, Kogan BA. Is parental anxiety and coping associated with girls' distress during a VCUG? Preliminary findings. J Pediatr Urol 2012; 8:405-9. [PMID: 21945363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the relationship between parental anxiety/coping strategies and girls' distress during VCUGs. METHODS Parents of 32 girls (age 4-10, mean 5.8 years) completed a trait anxiety measure and a measure of parental reactions to children's distress. Post procedure, children, parents and radiology staff rated the level of anxiety, fear, pain and discomfort. RESULTS Trends indicated that parents who reported increased anxiety rated their children as experiencing increased distress (r = 0.27, p = 0.071), similarly for medical staff ratings (r = 0.28, p = 0.061). Parents with lower trait anxiety scores reported using more emotion- and problem-focused coping strategies (r = -0.37 and r = -0.40, p < 0.05, respectively). These were related to children experiencing less procedural distress (r = -0.30, p = 0.054; r = -0.33, p = 0.037, respectively) and parents rated as less anxious by staff (r = -0.40, p = 0.014; r = -0.31, p = 0.047, respectively). CONCLUSIONS There was a trend toward parental anxiety being related to their child's distress during VCUG. Parental coping strategies resulted in less distress among children and parents. Teaching coping techniques might obviate the need for sedation and help children deal with future stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla M Giramonti
- The Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, 23 Hackett Blvd, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Faust AH, Halpern LF, Danoff-Burg S, Cross RK. Psychosocial factors contributing to inflammatory bowel disease activity and health-related quality of life. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2012; 8:173-181. [PMID: 22675279 PMCID: PMC3365520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the contributions of coping and social constraint to disease activity and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and to examine group differences in disease activity and HRQOL between patients with high versus low anxiety or depression symptoms in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS This study was a retrospective analysis in which disease activity was measured with either the Harvey-Bradshaw Index or the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index. HRQOL was measured with the Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire. Coping was measured with a modified COPE questionnaire. Anxiety and depression symptoms were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Social constraint was measured with the Social Constraint Questionnaire. Correlational and regression analyses were performed to assess the relationships between social constraint, coping, anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and HRQOL and disease activity. RESULTS Data from 80 adults with IBD were reviewed. Social constraint, disengagement coping, anxiety symptoms, and depression symptoms were inversely correlated with HRQOL. Disengagement coping was positively correlated with disease activity. Regression analyses showed that smokers had significantly worse HRQOL than nonsmokers and that greater use of engagement coping was associated with significantly diminished HRQOL. Regression analyses also showed that patients diagnosed between 17 and 40 years of age were significantly less likely to have active disease than patients diagnosed before 16 years of age and that greater use of disengagement coping was associated with increased odds of having active disease. CONCLUSIONS Medical providers should be aware that coexisting social constraint and symptoms of anxiety and depression are common in patients with IBD. Screening for these factors, as well as patients' coping styles, should be strongly considered, and patients should be referred to mental health providers as appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra H Faust
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fox JK, Halpern LF, Forsyth JP. Mental health checkups for children and adolescents: A means to identify, prevent, and minimize suffering associated with anxiety and mood disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
AIMS Studies have shown cognitive problems in adults treated with anticholinergics. It is unclear if children are also susceptible to anticholinergic adverse effects. This study evaluates the effects of long-acting oxybutynin and tolterodine on short-term memory and attention in children with urgency and urge incontinence. METHODS Children with urgency or urge incontinence were recruited to take part in a prospective, randomized double-blinded placebo controlled trial using long-acting oxybutynin or tolterodine. Patients underwent a baseline test of their memory/recall ability and attention span using a standardized developmental/neuropsychological assessment tool. They were then randomized to either medication or placebo with retesting in 2 weeks, at which time they were crossed. They were retested after the second 2 weeks. RESULTS Fourteen children (9 boys and 5 girls), ranging in age from 5 to 11 (M = 7.7) participated in the study. Attention and memory scores increased over time in all children, however, the analyses showed no significant negative effects of anticholinergic medications on attention or memory. Indeed, though not statistically significant, trends were for improvement in test scores in both areas. CONCLUSIONS Our results in a double blinded cross-over trial suggest that long-acting oxybutynin and tolterodine do not have a deleterious effect on children's attention and memory. Other cognitive functions may be affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla M Giramonti
- Division of Urology, The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Halpern LF, Brand KL, Malone AF. Parenting stress in mothers of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) and full-term infants: a function of infant behavioral characteristics and child-rearing attitudes. J Pediatr Psychol 2001; 26:93-104. [PMID: 11181885 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/26.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the moderating effects of child-rearing attitudes on the relation between parenting stress and infant behavioral characteristics for mothers of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) and full-term infants. METHODS Fifty-six 9-month-old infants (23 VLBW and 33 full-term) and their mothers were the participants. Mothers completed measures of parenting stress, child-rearing attitudes, infant temperament, and infant behavioral problems. RESULTS The VLBW infants had a higher frequency of behavioral problems, and their mothers reported more child health concerns than the mothers of the full-term infants. Regression analyses showed that the relation between parenting stress and infant distress was moderated at medium and high levels of parental strictness for only the VLBW infants. CONCLUSIONS The amount of stress the mothers of the VLBW infants experienced was a result of the congruence between their infant's behavioral characteristics and their own child-rearing attitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Halpern
- Dept. of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany 12222, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Halpern LF, Garcia Coll CT, Bendersky K, Meyer EC. The cognitive development of full-term Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) infants at 12 and 18 months of age. Infant Behav Dev 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-6383(98)91657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
Bendersky K, Halpern LF, Coll CG. IUGR infants and predictors of delayed cognitive functioning: A short-term longitudinal study. Infant Behav Dev 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
16
|
Halpern LF, Malkemus SA. Temperament in IUGR and non-IUGR infants: A comparison of two behavioral measures. Infant Behav Dev 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Halpern LF, Anders TF, Garcia Coll C, Hua J. Infant temperament: Is there a relation to sleep-wake states and maternal nighttime behavior? Infant Behav Dev 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0163-6383(94)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
This study examines falling asleep and night waking in human infants during the first 8 months of life. All-night time-lapse video recordings were obtained at 3 weeks and 3 months of age; a Sleep Habits Interview was completed at these ages and repeated at 8 months of age by telephone interview. At the 3-week and 3-month ages, self-report measures of maternal psychologic distress, depression, and self-esteem were also obtained. The data are examined from both cross-sectional (age group) and longitudnal (individual) perspectives. Parent-infant interactions at bedtime and during the middle of the night changed significantly with increasing age. At 3 weeks of age, most infants were put into their cribs for the night already asleep. When they awakened in the middle of the night, they were removed from their cribs. By the time they returned to their cribs, they were again asleep. By 3 months of age, infants who were put into the crib awake at bedtime and allowed to fall asleep on their own were more likely to return to sleep on their own after awakenings later in the night. In contrast, infants who were put into the crib already asleep at the beginning of the night were significantly more likely to be removed from the crib following a subsequent nighttime awakening. Thus, the pattern of bedtime sleep onset was related to sleep onset following an awakening in the middle of the night. This association was present at 8 months as well. Infants who used sleep aids were more likely to be put into their cribs awake at bedtime and were also more likely to return to sleep on their own after a nighttime awakening at both 3 and 8 months of age. At 8 months of age, 7 of the 21 infants were identified by their mothers as problem sleepers. All were male infants who were still put into their cribs asleep at the beginning of the night. These individuals could not be predicted from 3-week or 3-month observations of video-recorded sleep-wake state organization or mother-infant interaction. The authors speculate about the interplay between sleep-wake state regulation, nighttime interactions, problem sleep, temperament and maternal factors such as depression, self-esteem, and stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T F Anders
- Sleep Disorders Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
MacLean WE, Ellis DN, Galbreath HN, Halpern LF, Baumeister AA. Rhythmic motor behavior of preambulatory motor impaired, Down syndrome and nondisabled children: a comparative analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1991; 19:319-30. [PMID: 1830892 DOI: 10.1007/bf00911234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The developmental course of rhythmic motor behavior was followed longitudinally for three groups of preambulatory children--normally developing, Down syndrome, and those with profound motor impairment. The groups differed in chronological age but were comparable with respect to motor age. The motor impaired subjects displayed significantly less rhythmic motor behavior than the nondisabled and Down syndrome groups. In comparing particular subtypes of rhythmic motor behavior, differences were found in both the average number of bouts and duration of subtypes among the groups. Longitudinal analyses of the data over the entire observation period revealed that the rhythmic motor behavior of the children with Down syndrome was more similar to that exhibited by the nondisabled children than was the rhythmic motor behavior of the children with motor impairment. However, there was considerable variability among the groups in several particular subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E MacLean
- Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
It has been argued that a recently developed measure, vagal tone (V), is a significant advancement over other existing methods of assessing the periodic variation in heart rate associated with respiration (respiratory sinus arrhythmia). It has been further suggested that, as a noninvasive measure of vagal nerve efferent activity, V may facilitate the early identification of infants at risk for developmental disabilities. This study addressed the relationship between V and other measures of cardiac activity and behavioral state and the stability of V across repeated measures. Twelve samples of cardiac activity were collected from each of 20 full term infants, 6 samples on each of two consecutive days. V values were derived using a spectral analysis program comparable to Porges' patented MXedit process. Measures of behavioral states were collected by continuous observation. Heart period and heart period variability were highly correlated with V. Variation in V between behavioral states was also detected. Repeated assessments revealed that average V values collected in the same state were not significantly correlated across successive days. This short-term variability both between and within individuals does not support the notion that a single assessment of V can, by itself, be used to identify at-risk infants or predict developmental outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Arendt
- George Peabody College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37203
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Halpern LF, Andrasik F. The immediate and long-term effectiveness of overcorrection in treating self-injurious behavior in a mentally retarded adult. Appl Res Ment Retard 1986; 7:59-65. [PMID: 3963808 DOI: 10.1016/0270-3092(86)90018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A brief positive practice overcorrection procedure was used as a method of eliminating head-banging in a profoundly mentally retarded adult. Treatment produced an immediate reduction in head-banging episodes, with near zero occurrence of behavior during the third phase of treatment. One year later data collection was resumed on the subject for an 11-week period. Data from the long-term follow-up revealed that head-banging continued to occur, but mean weekly levels of episodes (M = 5.8) were still well below those recorded during the baseline period (M = 18.8). The overcorrection procedure produced immediate short-term effects and, in this case, was also effective in the long-term. Variables related to the maintenance of response suppression are discussed with respect to this intervention's success.
Collapse
|