MicroRNA let-7a, -7e and -133a attenuate hypoxia-induced atrial fibrosis via targeting collagen expression and the JNK pathway in HL1 cardiomyocytes

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is becoming an enormous public health challenge, and it is associated with major cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There is a need for a better understanding of the causes and consequences of the hypoxia-related development of AF and atrial remodeling. Fibrosis is a hallmark of atrial structural remodeling. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) have been reported to have an impact on the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. Evidence that specific miRNAs can influence AF related to atrial structural remodeling and fibrosis via the modulation of collagens under myocardial hypoxic conditions is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miRNAs in the modulation of fibrotic molecular mechanisms in response to hypoxic conditions, which may mediate atrial fibrosis.

Methods

Hypoxia was induced by cobalt chloride and hypoxia chamber respectively. MiRNA arrays were used to identify the specific miRNAs associated with the modulation of fibrotic genes. Luciferase assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to investigate the effects of miRNAs on the expressions of the fibrotic markers collagen I and III (COL1A, COL3A) and phosphorylation levels of the stress kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in cultured HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes cell line.

Results

COL1A and COL3A were found to be the direct regulatory targets of miR-let-7a, miR-let-7e and miR-133a in hypoxic atrial cardiac cells in vitro. The expressions of COL1A and COL3A were influenced by treatment with miRNA mimic and antagomir. The delivery of miR-133a, miR-let-7a or miR-let-7e inhibited hypoxia-induced collagen expression. The JNK pathway was critical in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrosis. Inhibition of JNK phosphorylation (JNK inhibitor SP600125) could be able to increase expression of miRNAs and repressed the fibrotic markers COL1A and COL3A which in turn might reduce the arrhythmogenic atrial remodeling. This study highlights the important role of miRNA in hypoxia-related atrial remodeling as well as atrial fibrosis.

Conclusion

MiRNA let-7a, miR-let-7e and miR-133a play important roles in hypoxia-related atrial fibrosis by inhibiting collagen expression and post-transcriptional repression by the JNK pathway. These novel findings may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): This work was supported by the grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan, ROC Regulation of cardiac fibrosisRegulation of collagen types by miRNAs

[Bimatoprost promotes hair growth of reconstructed hair follicles in mice through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway]

Objective: To investigate effect of Bimatoprost (BimP) on growth of reconstructed hair follicles in recipient nude mice. Methods: Primary epidermal and dermal cells were isolated from newborn C57BL/6J mice (1-day-old) skins, and the reconstructed hair follicles was implanted in the dorsal skin of Balb/c-nu nude mice using a silicon chamber protocol, then, the 18 nude mice were randomly divided into control group, BimP group and minoxidil group, with 6 mice in each group. After 2 weeks, topical treatment was applied to the grafted area of the nude mice by 2% minoxidil 100 μl, 0.03% BimP 100 μl and saline 100 μl, respectively, once daily for 2 weeks. At day 14 after treatment, the mice were euthanized to measure the length of dorsal hair, and the number and hair cycle of the reconstructed follicles was observed histologically. The total mRNA and proteins expression of Wnt3a, LEF1, β-catenin and Frizzled7 were determined by qPCR and Western Blotting. The distribution and expression of β-catenin in the reconstructed follicles was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Results: As compared to the control group, the BimP group had thicker and longer hair [(0.57±0.07) vs (0.36±0.05) cm, P<0.01], no significant difference was seen between the BimP and minoxidil group. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt3a (2.73±0.17 vs 1.00±0.14, P<0.01)、LEF1(1.71±0.12 vs 1.00±0.19, P<0.01)、β-catenin (2.37±0.21vs 1.00±0.11, P<0.01) and Frizzled7 (2.62±0.15vs 1.00±0.18, P<0.01) were significantly increased in BimP group compared with the control group. Western Blotting showed the same results, the protein expression levels of Wnt3a (1.44±0.21vs 1.00±0.13, P<0.05)、LEF1 (1.36±0.15 vs 1.00±0.09, P<0.05)、β-catenin (1.60±0.13 vs 1.00±0.16, P<0.01) and Frizzled7 (1.52±0.15 vs 1.00±0.21, P<0.05) in BimP group were higher than those in control group, and the difference was statistically significant. Immunofluorescence staining showed that β-catenin was strongly expressed in hair bulb cells and sebaceous gland cells of reconstructed hair follicles in BimP group and minoxidil group, whereas barely seen in the control group. Conclusion: BimP directly promotes growth of reconstructed hair follicles in mice by activating canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Analysis of Characteristics and Relevant Factors of 1 340 Cases of Intentional Injury Cases in Southwest China

Abstract

Objective To investigate the characteristics and patterns of factors such as victims' information, injury tools and time of occurrence of intentional injury cases in southwest China. Methods One thousand three hundred and forty intentional injury cases from several places in southwest China from 2014 to 2016 assessed as minor injury level Ⅱ and above had been randomly selected. Data on victims' information, motives, injury tools, sites of occurrence, time of occurrence, injured parts and degrees of injury were classified and gathered, and then association analyses of motives and types of injury tools as well as degrees of injury and injury tools were made. Results Most of the victims were young adults between 20-50 years （65.2%）, male （82.3%）, rural household registration （62.8%）; the motives were mainly dispute （45.8%）. Injury tools were mostly blunt （54.6%） or sharp （36.0%）. Specifically, injuries were mostly made bare-handed （36.9%） and by cutting tools （33.2%）; the cases mainly occurred in public areas （59.0%）. Cases occurred more frequently in January （11.3%）, February （13.1%）, March （11.6%） and from 22：00 to 01：00 every night. Injuries mainly involved the craniofacial region. The wounds were mainly assessed as minor injury level Ⅱ （61.6%）. There was statistical significance in the difference of types of injury tools among cases with different motives （P<0.05）. There was statistical significance in the difference of the distribution of injury tools among cases with different degrees of injury （P<0.05）. Conclusion The occurrence of intentional injury cases in southwest China has potential patterns and relevant influencing factors. Prevention and analysis of such cases need to be comprehensively considered from the aspects such as victims' information, injury tools and time of occurrence.

Using bispecific antibodies in forced degradation studies to analyze the structure-function relationships of symmetrically and asymmetrically modified antibodies

Forced degradation experiments of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) aid in the identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs) by studying the impact of post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as oxidation, deamidation, glycation, and isomerization, on biological functions. Structure-function characterization of mAbs can be used to identify the PTM CQAs and develop appropriate analytical and process controls. However, the interpretation of forced degradation results can be complicated because samples may contain mixtures of asymmetrically and symmetrically modified mAbs with one or two modified chains. We present a process to selectively create symmetrically and asymmetrically modified antibodies for structure-function characterization using the bispecific DuoBody® platform. Parental molecules mAb1 and mAb2 were first stressed with peracetic acid to induce methionine oxidation. Bispecific antibodies were then prepared from a mixture of oxidized or unoxidized parental mAbs by a controlled Fab-arm exchange process. This process was used to systematically prepare four bispecific mAb products: symmetrically unoxidized, symmetrically oxidized, and both combinations of asymmetrically oxidized bispecific mAbs. Results of this study demonstrated chain-independent, 1:2 stoichiometric binding of the mAb Fc region to both FcRn receptor and to Protein A. The approach was also applied to create asymmetrically deamidated mAbs at the asparagine 330 residue. Results of this study support the proposed 1:1 stoichiometric binding relationship between the FcγRIIIa receptor and the mAb Fc. This approach should be generally applicable to study the potential impact of any modification on biological function.

Syncope caused by complete heart block and ventricular arrhythmia as early manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in a pregnant patient: a case report

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can affect all heart structures including the conduction system, with either reversible or permanent derangement. However, only a few cases of adult SLE and complete atrioventricular (AV) block have been reported. We describe a young pregnant woman who initially presented with complete AV block on electrocardiography before the diagnosis of SLE. Syncope subsequently developed during the postpartum period due to frequent nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, suggesting lupus myocarditis. The ventricular arrhythmia was successfully treated by intravenous corticosteroids, lidocaine and implantation of a permanent pacemaker. This may represent the first report of complete AV block with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, which was identified before the other clinical features of SLE fully manifested. SLE should be considered if a patient presents with complete AV block without other clinical features. It may warn for early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of SLE including lupus-related heart disease.

Cross-cultural adaptation and implementation of Good Life with osteoarthritis in Denmark (GLA:D™): group education and exercise for hip and knee osteoarthritis is feasible in Canada

OBJECTIVE

Adapt and evaluate the feasibility of implementing Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark (GLA:D^TM) in Canada for people with mild to severe hip/knee osteoarthritis.

METHODS

Patients triaged to non-surgical management participated in two education sessions and 12 supervised, neuromuscular exercise classes. We used the RE-AIM implementation framework evaluating outcomes of Reach, Effectiveness/Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance. Patients completed surveys pre-program and at 3 months follow-up. Program fidelity was evaluated at four observations against a priori criteria. We conducted semi-structured interviews with therapists post-program.

RESULTS

72 patients consented to participate, 59 started the program and one withdrew on physician advice. The remaining 58 provided follow-up data. Mean age was 67 years; 78% were female and 52% had body mass index (BMI) >25. The effect of the program was demonstrated: 40% improvement in pain with 59% achieving a clinically important improvement of ≥2 points on the Numeric Pain Rating scale. Statistically significant improvement also occurred in the Hip disability/Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score subscales. 24% reported increased physical activity. Program fidelity was demonstrated with all criteria met. Therapists emphasized that rolling recruitment allowed appropriate supervision and resulted in participants encouraging each other. 99% of participants indicated they benefitted from and were satisfied with the program and 90% reported using the knowledge daily. 52% were willing to pay >$250 Cdn for the program.

CONCLUSION

GLA:D^TM implementation was feasible in the Canadian context with results similar to those of >7,000 participants in Denmark. Implementation and evaluation of GLA:D^TM Canada is now occurring nationally.

Relationship between physical activity and hip pain in persons with and without cam or pincer morphology: a population-based case-control study

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of the study was to determine if physical activity (PA) is a risk factor for persistent or recurrent hip pain in young and middle-aged persons with and without radiographic findings of cam or pincer morphology (CPM).

METHODS

A population sample of persons aged 20-49 with (cases) and without (controls) hip pain in Metro Vancouver, Canada, was selected through random digit dialing (RDD). Self-reported PA was expressed as average energy expenditure (MET-hours) per year, over lifetime. CPM was defined as alpha angle >55°, lateral centre edge angle (LCE) >40°, or positive cross-over sign.

RESULTS

Data were obtained for 500 subjects, 269 cases and 231 controls. Prevalence of radiographic CPM was 49% in the cases and 44% in the controls. In a logistic regression model adjusted for age, gender and CPM, total lifetime PA, including occupational, domestic and recreational activities, was significantly associated with hip pain (Odds ratio (OR) 1.30 per 1000 MET-hours, 95% CI 1.15-1.38). The effect of total PA was observed in those with CPM (1.44, 1.17-1.78) and without CPM (1.23, 1.04-1.45). For domestic activities, the association was seen only in those with CPM (significant interaction). When PA was categorized into quartiles, higher levels of PA were associated with a greater risk of pain.

CONCLUSIONS

PA, as measured by average energy expenditure over lifetime is a risk factor for hip pain in young and middle-aged persons. For some activities, the risk is likely increased in persons with radiographic evidence of CPM.

Patient and health care professional perspectives on using telehealth to deliver pulmonary rehabilitation

The objective of this study was to identify the necessary features of pulmonary telerehabilitation (P-TR) from the perspectives of individuals living with chronic lung disease and health care professionals (HCPs) who deliver pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Focus groups were carried out with patients (n = 26) and HCPs (n = 26) to elicit and explore their opinions about the critical elements of in-person PR and ideas for how these elements could be supported using technology. A questionnaire was used to assess technology use, PR experience, and general health status. Four key elements of PR were identified as critical to P-TR: the social aspect of PR; communicating with HCPs for education and support; using biosensors for monitoring and promoting self-knowledge; and the evolution of support with progress over time. A range of technology-enabled devices and programs were suggested as means to recreate aspects of these integral elements. Consultations with patients and HCPs suggest that users are interested in technology and want to ensure it recreates the important aspects of PR. Patients and HCPs identified similar key elements for P-TR. The opinions and suggestions of patients and HCPs should be the driving force of innovation if P-TR is to succeed in improving health outcomes.

Role of Nrf2 signal pathway in rats with deep hypothermia ischemia/reperfusion injury undergoing remote postconditioning

We investigated the protective effects of remote postconditioning (RPC) in the lungs of rats with deep hypothermia ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and the role of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling in this process. Forty-nine rats were randomly divided into a sham control group, deep hypothermia I/R group, RPC group, I/R+all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) group, I/R+RPC+ATRA group, I/R+tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) group, and I/R+RPC+tBHQ group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis were used to examine Nrf2 mRNA and protein expression, respectively. Compared with the sham control group, Nrf2 expression, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio were significantly increased in the I/R group, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly decreased. Pulmonary Nrf2 expression and SOD activity was significantly increased, and MDA content and the W/D ratio were significantly decreased in the RPC group compared with the I/R group. Compared with the I/R group, MDA and W/D ratio significantly decreased and SOD activity remarkably increased in I/R+tBHQ group. After ATRA intervention in the I/R+ATRA group, MDA content and W/D ratio increased and SOD activity decreased compared to the I/R group. MDA content and W/D ratio in the RPC+tBHQ group significantly decreased and SOD activity increased compared with in the RPC group (P < 0.01). In the RPC+ATRA group, MDA content and W/D ratio decreased while SOD activity increased compared with the RPC group (P < 0.01). RPC alleviated deep hypothermia I/R injury; the Nrf2 signaling pathway may be involved in the protective effects induced by RPC.

Evolutionary divergence of β-expansin structure and function in grasses parallels emergence of distinctive primary cell wall traits

Expansins are wall-loosening proteins that promote the extension of primary cell walls without the hydrolysis of major structural components. Previously, proteins from the EXPA (α-expansin) family were found to loosen eudicot cell walls but to be less effective on grass cell walls, whereas the reverse pattern was found for EXPB (β-expansin) proteins obtained from grass pollen. To understand the evolutionary and structural bases for the selectivity of EXPB action, we assessed the extension (creep) response of cell walls from diverse monocot families to EXPA and EXPB treatments. Cell walls from Cyperaceae and Juncaceae (families closely related to grasses) displayed a typical grass response ('β-response'). Walls from more distant monocots, including some species that share with grasses high levels of arabinoxylan, responded preferentially to α-expansins ('α-response'), behaving in this regard like eudicots. An expansin with selective activity for grass cell walls was detected in Cyperaceae pollen, coinciding with the expression of genes from the divergent EXPB-I branch that includes grass pollen β-expansins. The evolutionary origin of this branch was located within Poales on the basis of phylogenetic analyses and its association with the 'sigma' whole-genome duplication. Accelerated evolution in this branch has remodeled the protein surface in contact with the substrate, potentially for binding highly substituted arabinoxylan. We propose that the evolution of the divergent EXPB-I group made a fundamental change in the target and mechanism of wall loosening in the grass lineage possible, involving a new structural role for xylans and the expansins that target them.

Matrix solubilization and cell wall weakening by β-expansin (group-1 allergen) from maize pollen

Beta-expansins accumulate to high levels in grass pollen, a feature apparently unique to grasses. These proteins, which are major human allergens, facilitate pollen tube penetration of the maize stigma and style (the silk). Here we report that treatment of maize silk cell walls with purified β-expansin from maize pollen led to solubilization of wall matrix polysaccharides, dominated by feruloyated highly substituted glucuronoarabinoxylan (60%) and homogalacturonan (35%). Such action was selective for cell walls of grasses, and indicated a target preferentially found in grass cell walls, probably the highly substituted glucuronoarabinoxylan. Several tests for lytic activities by β-expansin were negative and polysaccharide solubilization had weak temperature dependence, which indicated a non-enzymatic process. Concomitant with matrix solubilization, β-expansin treatment induced creep, reduced the breaking force and increased the plastic compliance of wall specimens. From comparisons of the pH dependencies of these processes, we conclude that matrix solubilization was linked closely to changes in wall plasticity and breaking force, but not so closely coupled to cell wall creep. Because matrix solubilization and increased wall plasticity have not been found with other expansins, we infer that these novel activities are linked to the specialized role of grass pollen β-expansins in promotion of penetration of the pollen tube through the stigma and style, most likely by weakening the middle lamella.

Exercise prescription after fragility fracture in older adults: a scoping review

The purpose of this study is to identify and chart research literature on safety, efficacy, or effectiveness of exercise prescription following fracture in older adults. We conducted a systematic, research-user-informed, scoping review. The population of interest was adults aged ≥45 years with any fracture. "Exercise prescription" included post-fracture therapeutic exercise, physical activity, or rehabilitation interventions. Eligible designs included knowledge synthesis studies, primary interventional studies, and observational studies. Trained reviewers independently evaluated citations for inclusion. A total of 9,415 citations were reviewed with 134 citations (119 unique studies) identified: 13 knowledge syntheses, 95 randomized or controlled clinical trials, and 11 "other" designs, representing 74 articles on lower extremity fractures, 34 on upper extremity, eight on vertebral, and three on mixed body region fractures. Exercise prescription characteristics were often missing or poorly described. Six general categories emerged describing exercise prescription characteristics: timing post-fracture, person prescribing, program design, functional focus, exercise script parameters, and co-interventions. Upper extremity and ankle fracture studies focused on fracture healing or structural impairment outcomes, whereas hip fracture studies focused more on activity limitation outcomes. The variety of different outcome measures used made pooling or comparison of outcomes difficult. There was insufficient information to identify evidence-informed parameters for safe and effective exercise prescription for older adults following fracture. Key gaps in the literature include limited numbers of studies on exercise prescription following vertebral fracture, poor delineation of effectiveness of different strategies for early post-fracture mobilization following upper extremity fracture, and inconsistent details of exercise prescription characteristics after lower extremity fracture.

Iontophoretic permeation of sodium cromoglycate through synthetic membrane and excised hairless mouse skin

The iontophoretic transport properties of sodium cromoglycate were characterized using a synthetic membrane and excised hairless mouse skin. The permeation rate of sodium cromoglycate through the synthetic membrane was found to be linearly dependent on the density of electrical current applied. Passive diffusion through the excised hairless mouse skin was not demonstrated for sodium cromoglycate; however, under iontophoresis, an appreciable permeation was exhibited by the drug through the animal skin, which was also found to be a function of the electrical current density.

β-induced Alfvén eigenmodes destabilized by energetic electrons in a Tokamak plasma

The β-induced Alfvén eigenmode (BAE) excited by energetic electrons has been identified for the first time both in the Ohmic and electron cyclotron resonance heating plasma in HL-2A. The features of the instability, including its frequency, mode number, and propagation direction, can be observed by magnetic pickup probes. The mode frequency is comparable to that of the continuum accumulation point of the lowest frequency gap induced by the shear Alfvén continuous spectrum due to finite β effect, and it is proportional to Alfvén velocity at thermal ion β held constant. The experimental results show that the BAE is related not only with the population of the energetic electrons, but also their energy and pitch angles. The results indicate that the barely circulating and deeply trapped electrons play an important role in the mode excitation.

Everyday ethics and help-seeking in early rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Sociological understandings of chronic illness have revealed tensions and complexities around help-seeking. Although ethics underpins healthcare, its application in the area of chronic illness is limited. Here we apply an ethical framework to interview accounts and identify ethical challenges in the early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience.

METHODS

In-depth interviews were conducted with eight participants who had been diagnosed with RA in the 12 months prior to recruitment. Applying the concepts of autonomous decision-making and procedural justice highlighted ethical concerns which arose throughout the help-seeking process. Analysis was based on the constant-comparison approach.

RESULTS

Individuals described decision-making, illness actions and the medical encounter. The process was complicated by inadequate knowledge about symptoms, common-sense understandings about the GP appointment, difficulties concerning access to specialists, and patient-practitioner interactions. Autonomous decision-making and procedural justice were compromised. The accounts revealed contradictions between the policy ideals of active self-management, patient-centred care and shared decision-making, and the everyday experiences of individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

For ethical healthcare there is a need for: public knowledge about early RA symptoms; more effective patient-practitioner communication; and increased support during the wait between primary and secondary care. Healthcare facilities and the government may consider different models to deliver services to people requiring rheumatology consults.

Strontium borate glass: potential biomaterial for bone regeneration

Boron plays important roles in many life processes including embryogenesis, bone growth and maintenance, immune function and psychomotor skills. Thus, the delivery of boron by the degradation of borate glass is of special interest in biomedical applications. However, the cytotoxicity of borate glass which arises with the rapid release of boron has to be carefully considered. In this study, it was found that the incorporation of strontium into borate glass can not only moderate the rapid release of boron, but also induce the adhesion of osteoblast-like cells, SaOS-2, thus significantly increasing the cyto-compatibility of borate glass. The formation of multilayers of apatite with porous structure indicates that complete degradation is optimistic, and the spread of SaOS-2 covered by apatite to form a sandwich structure may induce bone-like tissue formation at earlier stages. Therefore, such novel strontium-incorporated borosilicate may act as a new generation of biomaterial for bone regeneration, which not only renders boron as a nutritious element for bone health, but also delivers strontium to stimulate formation of new bones.

Rehabilitation in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: differences and similarities

The aim of the paper is to summarize and compare the best available evidence concerning the effectiveness of rehabilitative interventions and provide an overview of recommendations or international guidelines on non-pharmacological treatments in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).It was found that, compared to RA, there are relatively fewer non-pharmacological intervention studies in AS. Overall, the literature on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological treatment modalities in RA and AS supports the use of exercise and educational interventions with a cognitive behavioural component. The evidence on electro-physical modalities, balneotherapy, and dietary interventions and alternative or complementary interventions for managing RA and AS is generally weak or inconclusive.International practice guidelines on RA and AS management recommend non-pharmacological interventions as adjunctive interventions to medications.Areas for future research include non-pharmacological interventions in AS, studies on the effectiveness and costs of various health care delivery models, and the usage of alternative or complementary treatments.

Correlated electric fluctuations in GaN nanowire devices

We report an experimental study on the correlation spectrums between different sections of a multi-contact GaN nanowire device. Our results indicate that there exists a negative correlation between the voltage fluctuations of adjacent sections of the nanowire separated by a metal contact in the transition region between the low-frequency 1/f noise and the high-frequency white thermal noise. We suggest that this correlation is caused by the voltage fluctuation under the contact area.

Moist-Heat Sterilization and the Chemical Stability of Heat-Labile Parenteral Solutions

The impact of moist-heat sterilization (autoclaving) on the chemical stability of parenteral solutions was examined using two heat-labile products, clindamycin phosphate and succinylcholine chloride injections, as examples. A nonisothermal kinetic model was used to predict the extent of product degradation during autoclaving. The predicted results were found to be in close agreement with the experimental data. For the same peak temperature, a greater loss of product was shown by using a cycle with a higher F0. On the other hand, a higher peak-temperature cycle resulted in less product degradation for the same F0 value. The benefit of a high-temperature cycle was further illustrated by the fact that less chemical degradation for both products was produced by a 122 degrees C cycle with an F0 of 11 as compared to that which occurred during a 116.5 degrees C cycle with an F0 of 8. Although clindamycin phosphate was found to be highly unstable during a conventional autoclaving process, predicted data indicate that a UHT (Ultra-High Temperature) process may be used to sterilize this product with acceptable degradation.

A group-1 grass pollen allergen influences the outcome of pollen competition in maize

Worldwide, 400 million people suffer from hay fever and seasonal asthma. The major causative agents of these allergies are pollen specific proteins called the group-1 grass pollen allergens. Although details of their antigenicity have been studied for 40 years with an eye towards immunotherapy, their function in the plant has drawn scant attention. Zea m 1 constitutes a class of abundant grass pollen allergens coded for by several genes that loosen the walls of grass cells, including the maize stigma and style. We have examined the impact of a transposon insertion into one of these genes (EXPB1, the most abundant isoform of Zea m 1) on the production of Zea m 1 protein, pollen viability, and pollen tube growth, both in vitro and in vivo. We also examined the effect of the insertional mutation on the competitive ability of the pollen by experimentally varying the sizes of the pollen load deposited onto stigmas using pollen from heterozygous plants and then screening the progeny for the presence of the transposon using PCR. We found that the insertional mutation reduced the levels of Zea m 1 in maize pollen, but had no effect on pollen viability, in vitro pollen tube growth or the proportion of progeny sired when small pollen loads are deposited onto stigmas. However, when large pollen loads are deposited onto the stigmas, the transposon mutation is vastly underrepresented in the progeny, indicating that this major pollen allergen has a large effect on pollen tube growth rates in vivo, and plays an important role in determining the outcome of the pollen-pollen competition for access to the ovules. We propose that the extraordinary abundance (4% of the extractable protein in maize pollen) of this major pollen allergen is the result of selection for a trait that functions primarily in providing differential access to ovules.

Crystal structure and activities of EXPB1 (Zea m 1), a beta-expansin and group-1 pollen allergen from maize

Expansins are small extracellular proteins that promote turgor-driven extension of plant cell walls. EXPB1 (also called Zea m 1) is a member of the beta-expansin subfamily known in the allergen literature as group-1 grass pollen allergens. EXPB1 induces extension and stress relaxation of grass cell walls. To help elucidate expansin's mechanism of wall loosening, we determined the structure of EXPB1 by x-ray crystallography to 2.75-A resolution. EXPB1 consists of two domains closely packed and aligned so as to form a long, shallow groove with potential to bind a glycan backbone of approximately 10 sugar residues. The structure of EXPB1 domain 1 resembles that of family-45 glycoside hydrolase (GH45), with conservation of most of the residues in the catalytic site. However, EXPB1 lacks a second aspartate that serves as the catalytic base required for hydrolytic activity in GH45 enzymes. Domain 2 of EXPB1 is an Ig-like beta-sandwich, with aromatic and polar residues that form a potential surface for polysaccharide binding in line with the glycan binding cleft of domain 1. EXPB1 binds to maize cell walls, most strongly to xylans, causing swelling of the cell wall. Tests for hydrolytic activity by EXPB1 with various wall polysaccharides proved negative. Moreover, GH45 enzymes and a GH45-related protein called "swollenin" lacked wall extension activity comparable to that of expansins. We propose a model of expansin action in which EXPB1 facilitates the local movement and stress relaxation of arabinoxylan-cellulose networks within the wall by noncovalent rearrangement of its target.

Total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides promotes early restoration of ultimate stress of healing patellar tendon in a rat model

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has long been used for treatment of tendon injuries. Comparing to the modern way of treatments, Traditional Chinese medicine also stresses on strategies to promote the inherent healing capacity of tendons. Hippophae rhamnoides, known as Shaji, is one of Chinese herbal drugs that are traditionally used to promote tendon and ligament injuries. The total flavones of H. rhamnoides (TFH), with major constituents including quercetin, isorhamnetin and kaempferol, have been demonstrated with most of the bioactive properties of Shaji. In the present study, we evaluated the potential effect of TFH in the restoration of ultimate stress of healing patellar tendon in a well-established gap wound model in rats. A 0.1 mg TFH was injected to wound 1 day after the injury, and the ultimate stress of the healing tendon was measured at day 14 post-injury. The results showed that the ultimate stress of the healing tendon was significantly promoted by injection of TFH, increasing from 30 to 50% as compared to saline control. Excessive fibrotic response was not found in TFH-treated animals, but an enhanced collagen deposition and a better fibre alignment were observed. The results suggest that TFH may improve the ultimate stress of healing tendons at early stages, which implies possible earlier rehabilitation programme and better recovery.

The economic burden associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hypertension: a comparative study

OBJECTIVE

To compare the economic burden to society incurred by patients with RA, OA, or high blood pressure (HBP) in Ontario, Canada.

METHODS

Consecutive subjects recruited by 52 rheumatologists (RA) and 76 family physicians (OA and HBP) were interviewed at baseline and 3 months. Information was collected on demographics, health status, and any comorbidities. A detailed, open ended resource utilisation questionnaire inquired about the use of medical and non-medical resources and patient and care giver losses of time and related expenses. Annual costs were derived as recommended by national costing guidelines and converted to American dollars (year 2000). Statistical comparisons were made using ordinary least squares regression on raw and log transformed costs, and generalised linear modelling with adjustment for age, sex, educational attainment, and presence of comorbidities.

RESULTS

Baseline and 3 month interviews were completed by 253/292 (86.6%) patients with RA and 473/585 (80.9%) patients with OA and/or HBP. Baseline and total annual disease costs for RA (n = 253), OA and HBP (n = 191), OA (n = 140), and HBP (n = 142), respectively, were $9300, $4900, $5700, and US$3900. Indirect costs related to RA were up to five times higher than indirect costs incurred by patients with OA or HBP, or both. The presence of comorbidities was associated with disease costs for all diagnoses, cancelling out potential effects of age or sex.

CONCLUSION

The economic burden incurred by RA significantly exceeds that related to OA and HBP, while differences between patients with a diagnosis of OA without HBP or a diagnosis of HBP alone were non-significant, largely owing to the influence of comorbidities.

Ambulatory care or home-based treatment? An economic evaluation of two physiotherapy delivery options for people with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVE

To assess the difference in costs of home-based versus clinic-based physiotherapy (PT) for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from a societal perspective.

METHODS

A cost analysis was performed using statistical and financial information provided by The Arthritis Society, Ontario Division, from April 1, 1997 to March 30, 1998. Cost estimates included treatment costs and costs borne by patients. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the effect of altering the valuation of treatment time and patient employment status.

RESULTS

Total costs per case were $210.87 for the home setting, and $183.87 for the clinic setting when patients were employed. Sensitivity analysis did not change the trend of the results. The estimated start-up costs for an arthritis clinic were between $302.90 and $652.40. From the perspective of the health care system, these costs would be recovered after serving 4 to 8 RA patients at a clinic.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that ambulatory PT care is less costly than home-based services for people with RA based on The Arthritis Society model. Further studies should be conducted to examine the effectiveness and the possible adverse consequences of alternative settings for service delivery.

Purification and characterization of four beta-expansins (Zea m 1 isoforms) from maize pollen

Four proteins with wall extension activity on grass cell walls were purified from maize (Zea mays) pollen by conventional column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Each is a basic glycoprotein (isoelectric point = 9.1-9.5) of approximately 28 kD and was identified by immunoblot analysis as an isoform of Zea m 1, the major group 1 allergen of maize pollen and member of the beta-expansin family. Four distinctive cDNAs for Zea m 1 were identified by cDNA library screening and by GenBank analysis. One pair (GenBank accession nos. AY104999 and AY104125) was much closer in sequence to well-characterized allergens such as Lol p 1 and Phl p 1 from ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Phleum pretense, whereas a second pair was much more divergent. The N-terminal sequence and mass spectrometry fingerprint of the most abundant isoform (Zea m 1d) matched that predicted for AY197353, whereas N-terminal sequences of the other isoforms matched or nearly matched AY104999 and AY104125. Highly purified Zea m 1d induced extension of a variety of grass walls but not dicot walls. Wall extension activity of Zea m 1d was biphasic with respect to protein concentration, had a broad pH optimum between 5 and 6, required more than 50 micro g mL(-1) for high activity, and led to cell wall breakage after only approximately 10% extension. These characteristics differ from those of alpha-expansins. Some of the distinctive properties of Zea m 1 may not be typical of beta-expansins as a class but may relate to the specialized function of this beta-expansin in pollen function.

Development of a topical suspension containing three active ingredients

The objective of this study was to develop a topical suspension that contains sarafloxacin hydrochloride (1 mg/mL), triamcinolone acetonide (1 mg/mL), and clotrimazole (10 mg/mL), and is stable at room temperature (15-28 degrees C) for clinical usage. Due to the difference in the physicochemical properties and chemical stability profiles of these three active ingredients, it is a challenge to develop a stable suspension formulation containing these three drugs. In this study, the stability of these drugs in different buffer solutions was determined under different accelerated isothermal conditions. The Arrhenius equation was subsequently utilized to predict the room-temperature stability of these three drugs in these buffer solutions. By knowing the room-temperature solubility of the drugs in the buffer solution, the stability of the drugs in suspension was predicted. As a result, a 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.02% (w/v)polysorbate 20, 1% (w/v) NaCl, and 0.1% (w/v) EDTA was determined to be an acceptable medium. In addition, 0.35% (w/v) high-viscosity carboxymethylcellulose (HV-CMC) was first selected as the suspending agent to enhance the redispersibility of the suspension. Stability data further supported that all three drugs were stable in the suspension containing HV-CMC with less than 5% potency loss for at least 6 months at 40 degrees C and 12 months at 25 degrees C. However, the viscosity drop of this HV-CMC formulation at 25 degrees C and 40 degrees C became a product stability concern. To improve the viscosity stability of the suspension, the medium-viscosity carboxymethylcellulose (MV-CMC) was selected to replace the HV-CMC as the suspending agent. The optimal combination of MV-CMC and sodium chloride in achieving the most desirable dispersion properties for the formulation was determined through the use of a 32 factorial design. The optimal formulation containing 1% MV-CMC and 1% sodium chloride has shown improved viscosity stability during storage and has been used for clinical studies.

CpG hypermethylation of the promoter region inactivates the estrogen receptor-beta gene in patients with prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The down-regulation of the estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) gene is associated with several malignancies, including prostate carcinoma. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mechanisms of ERbeta inactivation through the analysis of CpG methylation of the promoter region of ERbeta gene.

METHODS

ERbeta protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 23 cases of human prostate carcinoma and 40 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). DNA was extracted from these tissues and processed for sodium bisulfite genomic sequencing. The percentage of methylation of CpG sites in the promoter region of ERbeta (-376 to -117), which contains 19 CpG sites, was determined from genomic sequencing data. The prostate carcinoma cell lines DU145 and ND1 were treated with the demethylating agent 5-AZAC and ERbeta mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

In BPH tissues, ERbeta protein expression was found mainly in epithelial cells. ERbeta protein expression was lacking in 83% of prostate carcinoma samples (19 of 23 samples) whereas all cases of BPH (40 of 40) demonstrated expression of ERbeta protein. The mechanism of inactivation of the ERbeta gene in prostate carcinoma was CpG methylation because the degree of methylation at all CpG sites within the promoter region between -376 and -117 was higher in prostate carcinoma samples compared with BPH tissues. Nine of 19 CpG sites within the promoter region of ERbeta displayed significant differences in methylation between prostate carcinoma and BPH samples. The prostate carcinoma cell lines appeared to lack ERbeta expression. However, 5-AZAC treatment restored ERbeta expression in those cell lines, suggesting that methylation inactivates the ERbeta gene in prostate carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the current study demonstrate, for what we believe to be the first time, that the inactivation of the ERbeta gene in prostate carcinoma occurs through CpG methylation of the promoter region of this gene.

CpG methylation of promoter region inactivates E-cadherin gene in renal cell carcinoma

CpG methylation in the promoter region has been shown to be important in the regulation of genes implicated in malignant transformation. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that CpG methylation of the promoter region of the E-cadherin gene may inactivate its expression in renal cell carcinoma. To test this hypothesis, five kidney cancer cell lines and 34 microdissected renal cell carcinoma samples were analyzed for gene and protein expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. CpG methylation in the promoter regions of the E-cadherin gene was analyzed by the sodium bisulfite genome sequencing technique. Our results show that all normal renal tissue expressed the E-cadherin gene and protein. Of the renal cancer tissues analyzed, 67% (23 of 34) lacked E-cadherin expression, with an associated increase in methylation, compared with normal tissue. E-cadherin gene promoter was methylated in all renal cancer cell lines and was accompanied by a loss of E-cadherin gene and protein expression. The treatment of renal cancer cell lines with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored E-cadherin mRNA expression in all renal cancer cell lines. This is the first report that shows inactivation of the E-cadherin gene and protein in renal cell carcinoma through CpG hypermethylation in the promoter region of this gene. The results of these experiments may contribute to an understanding of the role of E-cadherin inactivation in renal cell carcinoma.

Methylation of the E-cadherin gene promoter correlates with progression of prostate cancer

PURPOSE

We studied the methylation status of E-cadherin gene promoter in prostate cancer and its relationship with E-cadherin inactivation in prostate cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seven human prostate cell lines and 35 microdissected prostate cancer specimens were analyzed for E-cadherin promoter methylation using the bisulfite genome sequencing technique. E-cadherin messenger (m)RNA expression and protein expression were also studied in prostate cell lines by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in prostate cancer specimens by immunostaining, respectively.

RESULTS

The overall methylation of E-cadherin promoter was evident in 14 of 20 grades III to V (70%) and in 5 of 15 grades I to II (33%) prostate cancer samples. It correlated with absent or reduced E-cadherin immunostaining. Methylation in low grade tumors was present mainly in the exon region, whereas in high grade tumors methylation was also present in the promoter region. Methylation was noted in 2 of 6 prostate cancer cell lines (33%) and correlated well with decreased E-cadherin mRNA in these cell lines. Treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored E-cadherin mRNA levels in the E-cadherin negative prostate cancer cell lines TSUPr1 and DuPro.

CONCLUSIONS

Methylation of the E-cadherin gene is common in prostate cancer and the severity of E-cadherin methylation correlates with tumor progression. This study implies that the invasion and metastasis suppressor function of E-cadherin may often be compromised in human prostate cancer by epigenetic rather than by mutational events.

Grass group I pollen allergens (beta-expansins) lack proteinase activity and do not cause wall loosening via proteolysis

Group I grass pollen allergens make up a subgroup of the beta-expansin family of cell wall loosening proteins in plants. A recent study reported that recombinant Phl p 1, the group I allergen from timothy grass pollen, was associated with papain-like proteinase activity and suggested that expansins loosen the plant cell wall via proteolysis. We tested this idea with three experimental approaches. First, we evaluated three purified native group I allergens from timothy grass, ryegrass and maize (Phl p 1, Lol p 1, Zea m 1) using five proteinase assays with a variety of substrates. The proteins had substantial wall loosening activity, but no detectable proteolytic activity. Thus we cannot confirm proteolytic activity in the pollen allergen class of beta-expansins. Second, we tested the ability of proteinases to induce cell wall extension in vitro. Tests included cysteine proteinases, serine proteinases, aspartic proteinases, metallo proteinases, and aggressive proteinase mixtures, none of which induced wall extension in vitro. Thus, wall proteins are unlikely to be important load-bearing components of the plant cell wall. Third, we tested the sensitivity of beta-expansin activity and native wall extension activity to proteinase inhibitors. The results show that a wide range of proteinase inhibitors (phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetic acid, Pefabloc SC, and others) inhibited neither activity. From these three sets of results we conclude proteolysis is not a likely mechanism of plant cell wall loosening and that the pollen allergen class of beta-expansins do not loosen cell walls via a proteolytic mechanism.

[Inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte adhesion to human synovial cell]

AIM

To investigate the inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) adhesion to human synovial cell (HSC), and to explore its mechanism.

METHODS

MTT colorimetry was used to determine the adhesion effect of PMN to HSC. Cell-ELISA and RT-PCR methods were used to determine the expression of adhesion molecular ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. EMSA method was also used to observe the activity of nucleus transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B).

RESULTS

Hydrocortisone inhibited TNF-alpha (50 U.mL-1 for 12 hours) and IL-1 beta (50 U.mL-1 for 12 hours)-induced adhesion of PMN to HSC (IC50 2.05 x 10(-6) mol.L-1 and 2.13 x 10(-7) mol.L-1, respectively) in a concentration-dependent manner. Adhesion molecular VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 protein and mRNA (rather than ICAM-1) expression in HSC induced by TNF-alpha (50 U.mL-1) were inhibited significantly by hydrocortisone at 1 x 10(-6)-10(-5) mol.L-1. The activity of NF-kappa B was also extensively inhibited by hydrocortisone at 1 x 10(-6)-10(-5) mol.L-1.

CONCLUSION

Hydrocortisone inhibited TNF-alpha-stimulated PMN-HSC adhesion, and expression of VCAM-1 by suppressing the activity of NF-kappa B.

[Inhibitory effects of isorhapotigenin on IL-8 production and mRNA expression induced with TNF alpha in normal human synovial cells]

AIM

To study the effects of isorhapotigenin (Iso) on interleukin-8 (IL-8) production and mRNA expression in normal human synovial cells (HSC) induced with TNF alpha.

METHODS

IL-8 were assayed with RIA method. The mRNA expression of IL-8 was detected by RT-PCR method.

RESULTS

It was shown that TNF alpha at concentrations of 0.05 to 0.5 U.mL-1 for 24 h significantly increased IL-8 production. The expression of IL-8 mRNA was also promoted by TNF alpha (0.25 U.mL-1) for 6 h. Iso at the concentrations of 1 x 10(-6) mol.L-1 to 1 x 10(-5) mol.L-1 showed inhibitory effects on IL-8 production induced with TNF alpha (0.25 U.mL-1). The further study indicated that Iso at the concentrations of 1 x 10(-6) mol.L-1 to 1 x 10(-5) mol.L-1 inhibited IL-8 mRNA expression in HSC induced with TNF alpha (0.25 U.mL-1).

CONCLUSION

TNF alpha promoted IL-8 production and mRNA expression in HSC. Iso inhibited IL-8 production and mRNA expression induced by TNF alpha (0.25 U.mL-1). This might be one of the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Iso.

Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on iontophoresis of hydrocortisone across hairless mouse skin

The purpose of the present work was to study the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, on the iontophoretic transport of a neutral drug hydrocortisone (HC) across hairless mouse skin. The transport studies were conducted using Side-Bi-Side diffusion apparatus and drug concentration in the receptor cell was analyzed using reversed-phase HPLC. A theoretical model was described, tested, and found to agree well with experimental data (R2 = 0.9766). Anodal iontophoresis significantly enhanced the transport of HC compared to cathodal iontophoresis and passive diffusion, suggesting that the transport of the neutral solute occurs via the electro-osmotic flow. The effect of SDS on the transport of HC was highly concentration-dependent and driving mode-dependent. Below the critical micelle concentration (cmc), increasing the concentration of SDS increased both the passive and the iontophoretic fluxes of HC, but the increase was most significant with anodal iontophoresis. Above the cmc, passive transport of HC continued to increase with an increase in the SDS concentration. The transport after anodal iontophoresis, however, reached a plateau and then leveled off. Further increase in SDS concentration decreased flux, suggesting that the transport of micellar-solubilized drug is retarded by anodal iontophoresis, possibly due to electrostatic attraction.

Expression analysis of Y chromosome genes in human prostate cancer

PURPOSE

We hypothesized that alterations in Y chromosome gene expression may be associated with prostate cancer. To test this hypothesis we analyzed the expression of 19 Y chromosome genes in benign and malignant prostate tissue.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To study the expression of Y chromosome genes RNA was extracted from prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue as well as from prostate cancer cell lines. RNA was reverse transcribed and polymerase chain reaction amplified using specific primers. These primers were designed for each gene sequence obtained from the gene data bank. We analyzed 19 Y chromosome genes using 6 cell lines, 7 BPH and 7 prostate cancer tissues. Normal testis RNA served as a positive control.

RESULTS

Of the 19 genes analyzed in cell lines BPH-1 cells expressed the RPS4Y, USP9Y, TMSB4Y and DBY genes; DUPro expressed RPS4Y, USP9Y, TMSB4Y, DBY and UTY; DU145 expressed DAZ, RPS4Y, USP9Y, TMSB4Y, DBY, EIAFIY, PRKY and SMCY; LNCaP expressed TSPY, SRY, BPY1, PRY, DAZ, RBMIH, RPS4Y, DBY, EIAFIY, PRKY and SMCY; ND1 expressed DAZ, RPS4Y, USP9Y, TMSB4Y, DBY, EIAFIY, PRKY and SMCY; and PC3 expressed RPS4Y, USP9Y and DBY. BPH tissue expressed the SRY, PRY, DBY, PRKY, RPS4Y, TMSB4Y, USP9Y and ZFY genes. Prostate cancer tissue expressed the PRY, TSPY, USP9Y, UTY, DBY, SMCY, ZFY, EIAFIY, TMSB4Y and RPS4Y genes.

CONCLUSIONS

The differential expression of Y chromosome genes in prostate cancer, BPH tissue and prostate cancer cell lines indicates that they may have a role in prostate cancer.

Shift of the gastric T-cell response in gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The etiology and pathophysiology of stomach carcinoma is complex, and the mechanism whereby H. pylori directly or indirectly induces carcinoma remains unclear. In this study, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma were measured in the tissue culture supernatant of gastric organ cultures from subjects with chronic gastritis with or without H. pylori infection, and with or without gastric cancer and gastric dysplasia.

RESULTS

Interleukin-8 levels were higher in cancer- and H. pylori-infected gastritis subjects than in H. pylori-negative subjects (12.95 +/- 3.16, 10.48 +/- 1.55 and 4.49 +/- 1.28 ng/mL, respectively). Elevated levels of IFN-gamma were detected in both H. pylori-infected and non-infected subjects with uncomplicated gastritis (72.23 +/- 19.0 and 34.61 +/- 5.30 pg/mL) and in non-infected dysplasia subjects (88 +/- 20.5 pg/mL). Background levels of IL-4 (< or = 9.4 pg/mL) in uncomplicated gastritis subjects and relatively high levels of IL-4 in dysplasia subjects (25.8 +/- 7.3 pg/mL) were detected. In contrast, trace amounts of IFN-gamma (16.01 +/- 0.35 pg/mL) and high levels of IL-4 (42.81 +/- 8.49 pg/mL) in gastric biopsy culture supernatants were found in cancer subjects. Mucosal IL-4 levels (but not IL-8 levels) correlated with infection and mucosal anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibody.

CONCLUSIONS

The significant differences between gastritis with and without cancer and dysplasia indicated a shift from a Th1 to a Th2 helper cell pattern of cytokine secretion. This study has identified a local mucosal defect in gastric cancer. The near absence of IFN-gamma production from the mucosa at the margins of the tumor may be a critical factor in promoting growth of neoplastic cells.

Cloning and characterization of human estrogen receptor beta promoter

Estrogen receptors beta (ERbeta) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that play critical roles in regulating genes involved in a wide array of biological processes. To investigate regulation of tissue-specific expression of ERbeta, we cloned and characterized a 2.1-kilobase 5'-flanking region of the human ERbeta gene. Two major transcription start sites were identified by primer extension and rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA end. The human ERbeta proximal promoter contains both TATA box and initiator element (Inr) and is GC-rich with a GC content of 65%. An Alu repeat sequence containing an ER-dependent transcription enhancer exists between -1416 and -1703. The full-length 5'-flanking sequence of ERbeta fused to a luciferase reporter exhibited functional promoter activity in ERbeta-positive TSUPr1 cell, but not in ERbeta-negative DU145 cells. In addition, DNase I protection assays of the proximal promoter showed unique protection patterns with nuclear extracts from TSUPr1 cells and ERbeta negative HeLa cells, suggesting presence of cell-specific trans-acting factors that mediate tissue/cell-specific ERbeta expression. Serial deletion analysis revealed that a 293-bp region encompassing the TATA box and Inr element possesses basal promoter activity.

Sustained-release butorphanol microparticles

Various butorphanol-loaded microparticles have been prepared with a biodegradable copolymer P(FAD-SA) of erucic acid dimer (FAD) and sebacic acid (SA) and a copolymer P(CPP-SA) of carboxyphenoxypropane (CPP) and SA using a melt compounding and milling method. Drug release was measured in vitro following incubation of drug-loaded microparticles in water for injection at 37 degrees C. It was found that butorphanol was released in a sustained manner, yielding a cumulative drug release of about 100% over a period of 48 hr. Also, drug release was affected by drug loading and the size of the microparticles; however, it was not significantly influenced by the copolymer composition. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) results showed that most of the particles were irregular in shape with uneven surfaces. The molecular weights of the copolymers were not changed after this fabrication process. In addition, 20% butorphanol-encapsulated microspheres were prepared with copolymer P(FAD-SA) by spray-drying. The SEM micrograph shows that the particle sizes of the microspheres ranged from 2 to 10 microns, and the external surfaces appear smooth. Moreover, rapid drug release was observed for these microspheres, with more than 92% of the encapsulated drug released within the first 2 hr.

Particle size determination of a three-component suspension using a laser-scattering particle size distribution analyzer

In this study, a rapid and accurate particle size determination method using a light-scattering particle size analyzer was developed to measure the particle size and size distribution of a suspension containing three solid components: clotrimazole, triamcinolone, and sarafloxacin, which have different refractive indices. To ensure that data represent the size distribution of the primary particles of the suspension, the optimal sonication prior to and during measurement was determined. It was found that the results obtained using the average relative refractive index (RRI) of the three components agreed with the results obtained using three individual RRIs. In addition, the results from two analysts demonstrated good reproducibility of this method. The size distribution data of the suspension were also compared to those of the bulk drugs. The results showed that the median particle size of this three-component suspension is relatively close to that of clotrimazole, which accounts for 80% of solid particles in the suspension. Furthermore, the results obtained using the light-scattering technique were comparable to those obtained using a polarized light microscope equipped with an image analyzer, indicating acceptable accuracy of this technique.

[Stable inheritance of hpt gene in transgenic rice plants mediated by biolistic bombardment]

Japonica rice cv 77170 was transformed with pBI222 carrying hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hpt) by using biolistic bombardment and fertile transgenic rice plants were obtained. In T1 and most T2 generation the performance of hygromycin resistance was normal. Only in T2 progeny of SG-15 some lines showed decreased resistance. Mendelian inheritance of hygromycin resistance was showed as single dominant locus and proved by Southern blotting analysis in T1 and T2 generation of all transgenic plants. Multiple copies of hpt integrated into rice genome. These copies linked closely and inherited stablly. Msp I digested Southern blotting showed that methylation of hpt existed commonly in transgenic plants and their progeny, therefore uncomplete silencing of hpt in some T2 progeny of SG-15 was not associated with hpt methylation probably.

Identification of a yellow impurity in aged samples of aqueous butamben suspension: evidence for the oxidative degradation of poly(ethylene glycol)

Butamben (butyl p-aminobenzoate) has been formulated to provide long-acting treatment for chronic pain. The suspension, which contains poly(ethylene glycol) and polysorbate 80, was found to yellow under ambient conditions if not adequately protected from oxygen. The impurity responsible for the color was isolated and identified on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The compound is an oxalamidine, which is formally the condensation product of oxalic acid with four equivalents of butamben, and may be formed by the reaction of butamben with an oxidation product of poly(ethylene glycol).

A single nucleotide polymorphism in the E-cadherin gene promoter alters transcriptional activities

E-cadherin plays a critical role in many aspects of cell adhesion, epithelial development, and the establishment and maintenance of epithelial polarity. The loss of the adhesive function of E-cadherin is a critical step in the promotion of epithelial cells to a more malignant phenotype. We identified a C/A single nucleotide polymorphism at -160 from the transcriptional start site of the E-cadherin gene promoter. Transient transfection experiments showed that the A allele of this polymorphism decreased the transcriptional efficiency by 68% compared with the C allele (P<0.001). Electrophoretic mobility shift and footprinting assays revealed that the C allele had a stronger transcriptional factor binding strength than the A allele. These results indicate that the -160 C/A polymorphism has a direct effect on E-cadherin gene transcriptional regulation. This allelic variation may be a potential genetic marker that can help identify those individuals at higher risk for invasive/metastatic diseases.

Frequent methylation of estrogen receptor in prostate cancer: correlation with tumor progression

Prior studies have shown that the estrogen receptor (ER) gene is down-regulated in prostate cancer, but the mechanism of its inactivation is not known. We hypothesize that inactivation of the ER gene in prostate cancer is through promoter methylation. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the methylation status of the ER gene in prostate cancer cell lines, prostate cancer, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues samples using the bisulfite genomic sequencing method. Our results show that the ER gene promoter was methylated in 100% (six of six) of the prostate cancer cell lines tested and all were accompanied by loss of ER mRNA expression. Treatment of these cell lines with demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored ER mRNA expression in all of the ER-negative cell lines. In addition, elevated expression of DNA methyltransferase mRNA was found in all of the prostate cancer cell lines. Of the prostate tissue samples analyzed, 60% (6 of 10) in the BPH samples, 80% (8 of 10) in the low-grade cancer samples (grades I and II), and 95% (20 of 21) in the high-grade cancer samples (grades III-V) exhibited promoter methylation of the ER gene. The overall methylation levels in the cancer samples were higher than that in the BPH samples. The differences between the high-grade cancer samples and BPH samples were significant at all CpG sites. Only at three CpG sites were the differences significant between the low-grade cancer samples and BPH samples. This study presents the first evidence that ER gene is transcriptionally inactivated by DNA methylation in prostate cancer. Our data suggest that ER may be involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, as well as BPH.

[Comparison of genetic diversity among maize inbred lines based on RFLPs, SSRs, AFLPs and RAPDs]

RFLPs, SSRs, AFLPs and RAPDs were used to detect the genetic diversity among 15 maize inbred lines. A total of 56 probe enzyme combinations, 66 SSR primers, 20 RAPD primers and 9 AFLP primer combinations were identified with polymorphism among the entries, which produced 167, 201, 180 and 87 alleles respectively. SSR markers have the highest polymorphism information content (PIC, 0.47) and AFLP markers have the lowest value (0.36), while AFLP markers possess the highest assay efficiency index (Ai, 32.4). A comparison of genetic similarity matrices revealed that the estimates of correlation coefficients based on RFLPs, SSRs, AFLPs and RAPDs were significantly correlated, but the correlation of RAPD maker data with other markers was lower. These inbred lines were classified into five groups based on four molecular markers data, which are Tangsipingtou, Luda Red Cob, Lancaster, Reid, and PN group. They are consistent with the grouping based on the available pedigree data. Based on the results, we recommend RFLPs and SSRs for genetic diversity analysis among maize germplasm.

[Repair on the traumatic defect of metacarpophalangeal joint by the cartilage transplantation of metatarsophalangeal joint]

OBJECTIVE

To present a simple and reliable method for the reconstruction of metacarpophalangeal joint by the cartilage transplantation of metatarsophalangeal joint.

METHODS

From 1990, nine cases (11 sides) with traumatic metacarpophalangeal joint defect were treated by the autogenous cartilage transplantation of metatarsophalangeal joint followed by modified treatment. Appropriate biological mechanics was provided by internal fixation and collateral ligament repair.

RESULTS

Followed up 6 months to 7 years, the range of joint motion was increased 35.1 degrees. The fusion of donor phalanges was fine, and the range of joint motion was decreased, even ankylosis after plastic operation, but no pain and no effect on walk.

CONCLUSION

The key to successful operation is better matching of cartilage, reliable internal fixation, ligament reconstruction, thin cartilage and little bone of the donor, appropriate biological mechanical surroundings.

High frequency of deletion on chromosome 9p21 may harbor several tumor-suppressor genes in human prostate cancer

Chromosome 9p has been reported to be a critical region of loss in various cancers. Our present study was designed to determine the frequency of deletions at different loci of chromosome 9p in microdissected samples of normal prostatic epithelium and carcinoma from the same patients. For this purpose, DNA was extracted from the microdissected sections of normal and tumor cells of 40 prostate specimens, amplified by PCR and analyzed for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 9p using 15 microsatellite markers. Only 6 of 15 microsatellite markers exhibited LOH in prostate cancer specimens (D9S162, D9S1748, D9S171, D9S270, D9S273 and D9S153). LOH on chromosome 9p was identified in 29 of 40 cases (72.5%) with at least 1 marker. The main deletion was found on 9p21, at loci D9S1748 (50%), D9S171 (51.4%) and D9S270 (21.8%). There was also a deletion on 9p22 at locus D9S162 (8.3%), on 9p13 at locus D9S273 (13.8%) and on 9p11 at locus D9S153 (7.7%). LOH data were correlated with stage of prostate cancer and revealed a high frequency of LOH at 3 or more loci in samples with stage T(3)N(0)M(0) (46%) compared with stage T(2)N(0)M(0) (15%), which suggests a higher incidence of LOH in the advanced stage of prostate cancer. One of the candidate target tumor-suppressor genes, p16 (MTS-1/CDKN2), has been identified within the 9p21 deleted region in tumor cell lines. Expression of P16 protein was either absent or very low in prostate cancer samples, suggesting that loss of the p16 gene may be involved in prostatic carcinogenesis.

[Microdissection of M chromosome in Vicia faba and its library construction]

Microdissection and microcloning technique was employed to construct the library of M chromosome in Vicia faba. The M chromosomes were microdissected with a micromanipulator and were put into a 0.5 ml Eppendorf tube, then digested with Sau3A. Sau3A linker adaptors were ligated to the end of chromosome DNA fragments, and two rounds of PCR were carried out with one chain of linker adaptor as the primer. The PCR products ranged in size from 300 base pair (bp) to 3000 bp with predominant fragments from 500 bp to 1500 bp. Southern hybridization analysis confirmed that PCR products originated from Vicia faba genome. The second round PCR products were cloned and about 102,000 recombinants were obtained. 118 recombinants were selected randomly for analysis. The inserts ranged in size from 150 bp to 3000 bp with an average of 690 bp. Dot blot was carried out for 100 clones with DIG labeled Vicia faba genome DNA as probes. The result revealed that 51% were low and unique copy sequences, 49% were repetitive sequences. M chromosome DNA library has not been reported before.

A statistical experimental approach to cosolvent formulation of a water-insoluble drug

19-Nor-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D2, an analog of vitamin D2, is a nonpolar compound with limited solubility in water. An injectable solution was formulated using a cosolvent system consisting of water, ethanol, and propylene glycol. A statistical response surface approach was used to evaluate the effect of these three solvents on the solubility of the drug (25 degrees C) in the ternary cosolvent system. The data generated from five selected formulations were used to develop a multiple linear regression model that quantitatively defines the solubility of the drug as a function of the cosolvent composition. Close agreement was found between the experimental data and data calculated using the model. The capability of this model to predict drug solubility in cosolvent systems with various combinations of the three solvents was also verified.