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Solanki LA, Dinesh SS, Jain RK, Balasubramaniam A. Effects of titanium oxide coating on the antimicrobial properties, surface characteristics, and cytotoxicity of orthodontic brackets - A systematic review and meta analysis of in-vitro studies. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:553-562. [PMID: 37409325 PMCID: PMC10319217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this review is to systematically analyze the available literature on the effects of titanium oxide (TiO₂) coating on the antimicrobial properties, surface characteristics, and cytotoxicity of orthodontic brackets. Methods In-vitro studies reporting on the effects of Titanium oxide (TiO₂) coatings on antimicrobial properties, surface roughness, cytotoxic activity and bacterial adhesion of orthodontic brackets were included in the review. Electronic databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Google Scholar, were searched till September 2022. Risk of Bias was analyzed by using RoBDEMAT tool. Meta-analysis using Random Effects Model was performed for assessing the antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, C. albicans and L. Acidophilus. Results A total of 11 studies were included the RoB analysis revealed sufficient reporting across all the domains and inconsistent reporting in only two of the domains. On qualitative analysis, a significant antimicrobial effect of TiO2 coating on orthodontic brackets against Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was reported. The meta analysis revealed a significant overall antimicrobial effect with a high heterogeneity. (SMD: 3.5; p < 0.00001; i2 - 99.2%). Conclusion An overall significant antimicrobial effect of TiO₂ coated brackets against S. mutans, L. Acidophilus, C. Albicans was noted but with a high heterogeneity. The subgroup analysis revealed a significant antimicrobial effect on C albicans with a low heterogeneity but it was limited by a publication bias. The included studies reported reduced surface roughness, minimal bacterial adhesion and less cytotoxic activity with TiO₂ coated brackets than uncoated brackets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichi Ashwin Solanki
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 162, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S.P. Saravana Dinesh
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 162, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar Jain
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 162, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arthi Balasubramaniam
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 162, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
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Murugesan A, Dinesh SS, Pandian SM, Solanki LA, Alshehri A, Awadh W, Alzahrani KJ, Alsharif KF, Alnfiai MM, Mathew R, El-Bialy T, Baeshen HA, Bhandi S, Raj AT, Patil S. Evaluation of Orthodontic Mini-Implant Placement in the Maxillary Anterior Alveolar Region in 15 Patients by Cone Beam Computed Tomography at a Single Center in South India. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e937949. [PMID: 36284468 PMCID: PMC9620727 DOI: 10.12659/msm.937949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to evaluate orthodontic mini-implant placement in the maxillary anterior alveolar region by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 15 patients at a single center in South India. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 15 CBCT scans of orthodontic patients after completion of leveling and aligning stage were included. The thickness of labial alveolar bone, labio-palatal bone, and inter-radicular distance between the maxillary central incisors (U1-U1), maxillary central and lateral incisor (U1-U2), and maxillary lateral incisor and canine (U2-U3) at vertical levels 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm above the interdental cementoenamel junction were measured. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests were done to assess the differences among the groups. An independent t test was done to analyze differences by sex. RESULTS The thickness of cortical bone in the labial region was higher in the U2-U3 site than in the U1-U1 site, at a height of 4 mm. Also, there was a significant difference between 4 mm and 8 mm heights in the U2-U3 region. No significant difference was noted in bone dimensions among men and women and in the labio-palatal bone thickness among the different sites. The inter-radicular distance was the highest between the U2-U3 site, while it was the lowest in the U1-U2 site. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this center showed that when CBCT was used to evaluate orthodontic mini-implant placement in the maxillary anterior alveolar region, the U2-U3 and U1-U1 locations at heights between 6 mm to 8 mm apical to the interdental cementoenamel junction were optimal for placement of the mini-implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Murugesan
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - S.P. Saravana Dinesh
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Srirengalakshmi Muthuswamy Pandian
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Lichi Ashwin Solanki
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Abdulrahman Alshehri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Awadh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F. Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mrim M. Alnfiai
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reji Mathew
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Tarek El-Bialy
- Department of Orthodontics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, KatzGroup Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hosam Ali Baeshen
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shilpa Bhandi
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA,Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - A. Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT, USA,Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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