Effects of oral treatment with chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine in an experimental model of metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis in horses

Background

Combined chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine (GlcN) has been widely used in oral formulations to prevent and treat osteoarthritis. CS is effective for controlling pain in osteoarthritic patients, whereas GlcN can stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis, thus reducing extracellular matrix degradation. Although several studies have been published on this topic, the effectiveness of treatment with oral CS and GlcN remains uncertain. The objective of this study was to analyze the progression of experimentally induced osteoarthritis in horses and verify the effectiveness of an oral compound based on CS and GlcN to treat and/or modulate this disease. The study analyzed the metacarpophalangeal joint of the left thoracic limb of 16 horses divided into two groups, with eight horses treated with CS and GlcN in the treated group (GT) and eight untreated horses in the control group (GC). Chondral lesions were induced through arthroscopy, which was defined as time-point zero (T0). Physical, ultrasonographic, and radiographic examinations and synovial fluid biomarkers measurements were performed on days 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120. At the end of the experiment (T4), arthroscopy was performed again to macroscopically evaluate the joints and collect material for microscopic analysis.

Results

Significant differences were observed between groups in some evaluated parameters, such as visual lameness assessment, synovial concentrations of prostaglandin E2, and ultrasound examination. However, the GT still presented slightly improved results for joint flexion angle, analysis of lameness using sensors, and histopathological analysis of chondral repair tissue, however, without the statistical significance (p>0.05).

Conclusions

The treatment was considered effective in the clinical modulation of experimental osteoarthritis, with improvement of some parameters in the GT. However, this type of treatment may not be entirely effective to change the catabolic process in articular cartilage and the progressive induced chondral damage.

Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells derived from the equine synovial fluid and membrane

Background

Isolation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in equines, has been reported for different tissues including bone marrow, adipose, umbilical cord, peripheral blood, and yolk sac. In regard to the MSCs derived from synovial fluid (SF) or membrane (SM), there is data available for humans, dogs, pigs, goats and horses. Especially in equines, these cells have being considered promising candidates for articular regeneration. Herein, we established and characterized MSCs obtained from equine SF and SM. Samples were obtained during arthroscopy and cultured using MEM (Minimum Essential Medium). MSCs were characterized by morphology and expression of specific markers for stem cells, pluripotency, inflammation, and cell cycle.

Results

The medium MEM was more effective (97 % ± 2) to maintain both cultures. The cultures were composed by adherent cells with fibroblast-like shape, which had a growth pattern represented by a sigmoidal curve. After the expansion, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for stem cells, inflammatory, and cell cycle markers, and both lineages showed significant expression of CD45, Oct3/4, Nanog, CD105, CD90, CD34, CD117, CD133, TRA-1-81, VEGF, and LY6a. In contrast, there were differences in the cell cycle phases between the lineages, which was not observed in relation to the mitochondrial electrical potential.

Conclusion

Given the large impact that joint pathology has on the athletic performance horses, our results suggested that the SF and SM are promising sources of stem cells with satisfactory characteristics of growth and gene expression that can be used in equine regenerative medicine.

Laparoscopic guided local injection in the X-linked muscular dystrophy mouse (mdx) diaphragm. An advance in experimental therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

PURPOSE

To investigate the development of a laparoscopy technique for local injection into the X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) diaphragm.

METHODS

It was used 10 mice Balb/C57 and 5 mdx mice and three differents decubitus type were tested: the right lateral, supine, and supine decubitus with 20 degrees elevation of the forelimb. Abdominal caudal face and the 10 intercostal space were tested as spot to introduce the needle into the diaphragm.

RESULTS

Supine position with elevation of 20 degrees forelimb and the 10th intercostal space are the beneficial position to apply a local injection.

CONCLUSION

It was proved to be possible to perform the laparoscopy technique in the X-linked muscular dystrophy diaphragm and this requires a specific position and technique during the surgery.

An experimental study to compare inflammatory response due to liquid or gas joint distension in horses submitted to arthroscopy

PURPOSE

To assess comparatively the inflammatory response that follows CO(2) or Ringer's lactate joint capsular distension of horses submitted to experimental arthroscopy

METHODS

Each animal was submitted to a bilateral tarsocrural arthroscopy employing gas distention in one joint and fluid distention in the contralateral joint. Synovial fluid was evaluated at 0, six, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-operative.

RESULTS

The use of CO(2) for arthroscopy causes an acute and mild synovitis alike to the liquid capsular distension, showing similar synovial fluid increase of leukocytes, TP, and TNF-α. Although synovial fluid PGE(2) content was higher in joints submitted to CO(2) distension, lower levels of hemoglobin and leukocytes oxidative burst after surgery indicates that CO(2) arthroscopy decreased intra-articular bleeding and activation of infiltrating leukocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of CO(2) for arthroscopic examination causes acute and mild synovitis that is similar to the effects caused by the liquid capsular distension. CO2 also seems to decrease intra-articular bleeding and activation of leukocytes.

Lesões das vias aéreas superiores após intubação endotraqueal em eqüinos

A intubação endotraqueal nos eqüinos atualmente é rotina nas salas cirúrgicas das grandes Faculdades, Jockeys Clubes, Hípicas, etc... É um procedimento invasivo, portanto, não deixa de apresentar riscos; porém suas vantagens excedem em muito suas desvantagens. O objetivo desse experimento foi procurar indícios de que a sonda endotraqueal possa causar lesões nas vias aéreas superiores dos eqüinos quando submetidos a intubação endotraqueal e quais suas possíveis conseqüências. Os resultados foram avaliados segundo tempo de execução do ato operatório, idade dos eqüinos, raça dos animais, peso, sexo, número de vezes que foram necessárias para realizar a intubação orotraqueal, diâmetro da sonda endotraqueal e pressão utilizada no “CUFF”. No tocante às lesões em si, avaliamos o tipo e o grau, a saber: sem lesão; lesões leves onde entendemos equimoses que foram classificadas conforme intensidade da lesão em +,++ ou +++; lesões moderadas onde entendemos hematomas, que conforme o grau foram de +,++,+++; lesões como escoriações, que se classificam em leves, moderadas e graves e que, conforme o grau da lesão, correspondem respectivamente a +, leve; ++, moderada e +++, grave; e perfurações. Quanto aos resultados obtidos, não foram observadas diferenças que pudessem correlacionar aparecimento de lesão e os parâmetros analisados segundo metodologia aplicada. Pelos resultados obtidos com a metodologia empregada, concluiu-se que as intubações endotraqueais em eqüinos provocaram lesões nas vias aéreas superiores, entre as quais constatamos: equimose, ulceração, hematomas e escoriação; o local lesado observado com maior freqüência foi a região da traquéia onde se posiciona o “cuff": a lesão encontrada com maior freqüência foi a equimose.