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Alencar RM, Sepulveda CCP, Martinez-Villegas L, Bahia AC, Santana RA, de Souza IB, D'Elia GMA, Duarte APM, de Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Secundino NFC, Pimenta PFP, Koerich LB. Unravelling the genome of the brackish water malaria vector Anopheles aquasalis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20472. [PMID: 37993652 PMCID: PMC10665375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe public health problem in several developing tropical and subtropical countries. Anopheles aquasalis is the primary coastal malaria vector in Central and South America and the Caribbean Islands, and it has the peculiar feature of living in water with large changes in salinity. Recent research has recognised An. aquasalis as an important model for studying the interactions of murine and human Plasmodium parasites. This study presents the complete genome of An. aquasalis and offers insights into its evolution and physiology. The genome is similar in size and gene content to other Neotropical anophelines, with 162 Mb and 12,446 protein-coding genes. There are 1387 single-copy orthologs at the Diptera level (eg. An. gambiae, An. darlingi and Drosophila melanogaster). An. aquasalis diverged from An. darlingi, the primary malaria vector in inland South America, nearly 20 million years ago. Proteins related to ion transport and metabolism belong to the most abundant gene families with 660 genes. We identified gene families relevant to osmosis control (e.g., aquaporins, vacuolar-ATPases, Na+/K+-ATPases, and carbonic anhydrases). Evolutionary analysis suggests that all osmotic regulation genes are under strong purifying selection. We also observed low copy number variation in insecticide resistance and immunity-related genes for all known classical pathways. The data provided by this study offers candidate genes for further studies of parasite-vector interactions and for studies on how anophelines of brackish water deal with the high fluctuation in water salinity. We also established data and insights supporting An. aquasalis as an emerging Neotropical malaria vector model for genetic and molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Maciel Alencar
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
| | - Cesar Camilo Prado Sepulveda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Martinez-Villegas
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30.190-009, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30.190-009, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Bahia
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Insetos e Parasitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21.941-170, Brazil
| | - Rosa Amélia Santana
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.027-070, Brazil
| | - Igor Belém de Souza
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
| | - Gigliola Mayara Ayres D'Elia
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Marques Duarte
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Guimarães de Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.027-070, Brazil
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States of America
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
| | - Nágila Francinete Costa Secundino
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30.190-009, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30.190-009, Brazil
| | - Paulo Filemon Paolucci Pimenta
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69.040-000, Brazil.
- Instituto de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30.190-009, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 30.190-009, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Barbosa Koerich
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil.
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Martinez-Villegas L, Assis-Geraldo J, Koerich LB, Collier TC, Lee Y, Main BJ, Rodrigues NB, Orfano AS, Pires ACAM, Campolina TB, Nacif-Pimenta R, Baia-da-Silva DC, Duarte APM, Bahia AC, Rios-Velásquez CM, Lacerda MVG, Monteiro WM, Lanzaro GC, Secundino NFC, Pimenta PFP. Characterization of the complete mitogenome of Anopheles aquasalis, and phylogenetic divergences among Anopheles from diverse geographic zones. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219523. [PMID: 31479460 PMCID: PMC6720026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole mitogenome sequences (mtDNA) have been exploited for insect ecology studies, using them as molecular markers to reconstruct phylogenies, or to infer phylogeographic relationships and gene flow. Recent Anopheles phylogenomic studies have provided information regarding the time of deep lineage divergences within the genus. Here we report the complete 15,393 bp mtDNA sequences of Anopheles aquasalis, a Neotropical human malaria vector. When comparing its structure and base composition with other relevant and available anopheline mitogenomes, high similarity and conserved genomic features were observed. Furthermore, 22 mtDNA sequences comprising anopheline and Dipteran sibling species were analyzed to reconstruct phylogenies and estimate dates of divergence between taxa. Phylogenetic analysis using complete mtDNA sequences suggests that A. aquasalis diverged from the Anopheles albitarsis complex ~28 million years ago (MYA), and ~38 MYA from Anopheles darlingi. Bayesian analysis suggests that the most recent ancestor of Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles + Cellia was extant ~83 MYA, corroborating current estimates of ~79–100 MYA. Additional sampling and publication of African, Asian, and North American anopheline mitogenomes would improve the resolution of the Anopheles phylogeny and clarify early continental dispersal routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Martinez-Villegas
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Assis-Geraldo
- Biosystems Informatics and Genomics Group, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B Koerich
- Laboratory of Physiology of Haematophagous Insects, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Travis C Collier
- Daniel K. Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC), United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley J Main
- Davis Arbovirus Research and Training, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nilton B Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Orfano
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana C A M Pires
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais B Campolina
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Nacif-Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Djane C Baia-da-Silva
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Duarte
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Ana C Bahia
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcus V G Lacerda
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Institute Leonidas and Maria Deane, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nagila F C Secundino
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo F P Pimenta
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Institute René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Institute of Clinical Research Borborema, Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Graduation Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Foundation of Tropical Medicine Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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