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Matloka M, Janowska S, Pankiewicz P, Kokhanovska S, Kos T, Hołuj M, Rutkowska-Wlodarczyk I, Abramski K, Janicka M, Jakubowski P, Świątkiewicz M, Welniak-Kaminska M, Hucz-Kalitowska J, Dera P, Bojarski L, Grieb P, Popik P, Wieczorek M, Pieczykolan J. A PDE10A inhibitor CPL500036 is a novel agent modulating striatal function devoid of most neuroleptic side-effects. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:999685. [PMID: 36438799 PMCID: PMC9681820 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.999685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is expressed almost exclusively in the striatum and its inhibition is suggested to offer potential treatment in disorders associated with basal ganglia. We evaluated the selectivity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, pharmacokinetics and potential adverse effects of a novel PDE10A inhibitor, CPL500036, in vivo. Methods: The potency of CPL500036 was demonstrated by microfluidic technology, and selectivity was investigated in a radioligand binding assay against 44 targets. Cardiotoxicity in vitro was evaluated in human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG)-potassium channel-overexpressing cells by the patch-clamp method and by assessing key parameters in 3D cardiac spheroids. Cytotoxicity was determined in H1299, HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. The Ames test was used for genotoxicity analyses. During in vivo studies, CPL500036 was administered by oral gavage. CPL500036 exposure were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and plasma protein binding was assessed. The bar test was employed to assess catalepsy. Prolactin and glucose levels in rat blood were measured by ELISAs and glucometers, respectively. Cardiovascular safety in vivo was investigated in dogs using a telemetry method. Results: CPL500036 inhibited PDE10A at an IC50 of 1 nM, and interacted only with the muscarinic M2 receptor as a negative allosteric modulator with an IC50 of 9.2 µM. Despite inhibiting hERG tail current at an IC25 of 3.2 μM, cardiovascular adverse effects were not observed in human cardiac 3D spheroids or in vivo. Cytotoxicity in vitro was observed only at > 60 μM and genotoxicity was not recorded during the Ames test. CPL500036 presented good bioavailability and penetration into the brain. CPL500036 elicited catalepsy at 0.6 mg/kg, but hyperprolactinemia or hyperglycemic effects were not observed in doses up to 3 mg/kg. Conclusion: CPL500036 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable PDE10A inhibitor with a good safety profile distinct from marketed antipsychotics. CPL500036 may be a compelling drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tomasz Kos
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Hołuj
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Maciej Świątkiewicz
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Paweł Grieb
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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2
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Mazur M, Bujak A, Matloka M, Janowska S, Gunerka P, Bojarski L, Stanczak A, Klejman A, Bednarek A, Lamparska-Przybysz M, Wieczorek M. Cell-based assay for low- and high-scale screening of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulators. Anal Biochem 2015; 475:56-67. [PMID: 25659657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is associated with many serious disorders, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease. The pivotal player is β-catenin, which avoids degradation after activation of the pathway and is translocated to the nucleus, where it interacts with TCF/LEF transcription factors and induces expression of genes involved in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. The identification of small molecules that may affect Wnt/β-catenin signaling remains an important target during the development of novel therapies. We used the TCF/LEF lentiviral vector and the Wnt-independent H1703 cell line to develop a luciferase reporter-based cell assay for screening of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulators. Following the optimization of cell density, concentration of activator, and stimulation time, the reporter system was validated by demonstrating its specific and dose-dependent response to several established modulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling such as Wnt3a, small interfering RNA (siRNA) against β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3), and β-catenin/TCF transcription complex inhibitors. Two pilot screens of inhibitors and activators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling identified potential novel modulators of this pathway. Our findings suggest that the H1703-7TFP assay constitutes a suitable model of low background and high sensitivity for the low- and high-scale screening of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mazur
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland; Department of Molecular Cancerogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Bujak
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Matloka
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Janowska
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
| | - Pawel Gunerka
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bojarski
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Stanczak
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
| | - Agata Klejman
- Laboratory of Animal Models, Nencki Institute, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Cancerogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Wieczorek
- Innovative Drugs R&D Department, Celon Pharma, 05-092 Lomianki/Kielpin, Poland
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Hokkanen S, Feldmann HM, Ding H, Jung CKE, Bojarski L, Renner-Müller I, Schüller U, Kretzschmar H, Wolf E, Herms J. Lack of Pur-alpha alters postnatal brain development and causes megalencephaly. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:473-84. [PMID: 22010047 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pur-alpha (Purα) plays an important role in a variety of cellular processes including transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation and oncogenic transformation. To better understand the role of Purα in the developing and mature brain, we generated Purα-deficient mice, which we were able to raise to the age of six months. Purα(-/-) mice were born with no obvious pathological condition. We obtained convincing evidence that lack of Purα prolongs the postnatal proliferation of neuronal precursor cells both in the hippocampus and in the cerebellum, however, without affecting the overall number of postmitotic neurons. Independent of these findings, we observed alterations in the expression and distribution of the dendritic protein MAP2, the translation of which has been proposed previously to be Purα-dependent. At the age of 2 weeks, Purα(-/-) mice generated a continuous tremor which persisted throughout lifetime. Finally, adult Purα(-/-) mice displayed a megalencephaly and histopathological findings including axonal swellings and hyperphosphorylation of neurofilaments. Our studies underline the importance of Purα in the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells during postnatal brain development and suggest a role for Purα in the regulation of the expression and cellular distribution of dendritic and axonal proteins. Since recent studies implicate a link between Purα and the fragile X tremor/ataxia syndrome, our Purα(-/-) mouse model will provide new opportunities for understanding the mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Hokkanen
- Center of Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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4
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Bojarski L, Pomorski P, Szybinska A, Drab M, Skibinska-Kijek A, Gruszczynska-Biegala J, Kuznicki J. Presenilin-dependent expression of STIM proteins and dysregulation of capacitative Ca2+ entry in familial Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1793:1050-7. [PMID: 19111578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin 1 (PS1), which are the major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), are involved in perturbations of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Attenuation of capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) is the most often observed alteration of Ca2+ homeostasis in cells bearing FAD PS1 mutations. However, molecular mechanisms underlying this CCE impairment remains elusive. We demonstrate that cellular levels of STIM1 and STIM2 proteins, which are key players in CCE, depend on presenilins. We found increased level of STIM1 and decreased level of STIM2 proteins in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking presenilins. Fura-2 ratiometric assays revealed that CCE is enhanced in these cells after Ca2+ stores depletion by thapsigargin treatment. In turn, overexpression of PS1 with FAD mutations in HEK293 cells led to an attenuation of CCE. Although, no changes in STIM protein levels were observed in these HEK293 cells, FAD mutations in endogenous PS1 in human B lymphocytes resulted in a decreased expression of STIM2 in parallel to an attenuation of CCE. Our experiments showing that knock-out of presenilins in MEF cells and FAD mutations in endogenous PS1 in lymphocytes affect both CCE and the cellular level of STIM proteins open new perspectives for studies on CCE in FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bojarski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Klejman ME, Gruszczynska-Biegala J, Skibinska-Kijek A, Wisniewska MB, Misztal K, Blazejczyk M, Bojarski L, Kuznicki J. Expression of STIM1 in brain and puncta-like co-localization of STIM1 and ORAI1 upon depletion of Ca(2+) store in neurons. Neurochem Int 2008; 54:49-55. [PMID: 19013491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that Store Operated Ca(2+) Entry (SOCE) in non-excitable cells is based on the interaction of ER calcium sensor STIM1 with the plasma membrane Ca(2+) channel protein ORAI1. However, despite physiological evidence for functional SOCE in neurons, its mechanism is not known. Using PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical methods we show that STIM1 protein is present in the mouse brain. The protein and mRNA levels of STIM1 are similar in the thalamus, the hippocampus, the cortex and the amygdala and the higher level is observed in the cerebellum. Immunohistochemistry of the cortex and the hippocampus of brain sections shows that STIM1 is present in cell bodies and dendrites of pyramidal neurons. In the cerebellum STIM1 is present in Purkinje and granule cells. The same immunostaining pattern is observed in cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons. Localization of YFP-STIM1 and ORAI1 changes from a dispersed pattern in untreated cortical neurons to puncta-like pattern in cells with a Ca(2+) store depleted by thapsigargin treatment. The YFP-STIM1(D76A) dominant positive mutant, which is active regardless of the Ca(2+) level in ER, concentrates as puncta even without depletion of the neuronal Ca(2+) store. Also, this mutant forces ORAI1 redistribution to form puncta-like staining. We suggest that in neurons, just as in non-excitable cells, the STIM1 and ORAI1 proteins are involved in SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika E Klejman
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Bojarski L, Pomorski P, Herms J, Kuznicki J. P4-212: Presenilin 1-related disturbances of calcium signaling in B cells isolated from polish patients suffering from familial Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bojarski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Jochen Herms
- Department of Neuropathology; Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat; Munich Germany
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology; Warsaw Poland
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology; Warsaw Poland
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7
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Jozwiak K, Krzysko K, Bojarski L, Gacia M, Filipek S. Molecular Models of the Interface between Anterior Pharynx-Defective Protein 1 (APH-1) and Presenilin Involving GxxxG Motifs. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:627-34. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Winiarska M, Bil J, Wilczek E, Wilczynski GM, Lekka M, Engelberts PJ, Mackus WJM, Gorska E, Bojarski L, Stoklosa T, Nowis D, Kurzaj Z, Makowski M, Glodkowska E, Issat T, Mrowka P, Lasek W, Dabrowska-Iwanicka A, Basak GW, Wasik M, Warzocha K, Sinski M, Gaciong Z, Jakobisiak M, Parren PWHI, Golab J. Statins impair antitumor effects of rituximab by inducing conformational changes of CD20. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e64. [PMID: 18366248 PMCID: PMC2270297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rituximab is used in the treatment of CD20+ B cell lymphomas and other B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Its clinical efficacy might be further improved by combinations with other drugs such as statins that inhibit cholesterol synthesis and show promising antilymphoma effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of statins on rituximab-induced killing of B cell lymphomas. METHODS AND FINDINGS Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was assessed by MTT and Alamar blue assays as well as trypan blue staining, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was assessed by a 51Cr release assay. Statins were found to significantly decrease rituximab-mediated CDC and ADCC of B cell lymphoma cells. Incubation of B cell lymphoma cells with statins decreased CD20 immunostaining in flow cytometry studies but did not affect total cellular levels of CD20 as measured with RT-PCR and Western blotting. Similar effects are exerted by other cholesterol-depleting agents (methyl-beta-cyclodextrin and berberine), but not filipin III, indicating that the presence of plasma membrane cholesterol and not lipid rafts is required for rituximab-mediated CDC. Immunofluorescence microscopy using double staining with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against a conformational epitope and a linear cytoplasmic epitope revealed that CD20 is present in the plasma membrane in comparable amounts in control and statin-treated cells. Atomic force microscopy and limited proteolysis indicated that statins, through cholesterol depletion, induce conformational changes in CD20 that result in impaired binding of anti-CD20 mAb. An in vivo reduction of cholesterol induced by short-term treatment of five patients with hypercholesterolemia with atorvastatin resulted in reduced anti-CD20 binding to freshly isolated B cells. CONCLUSIONS Statins were shown to interfere with both detection of CD20 and antilymphoma activity of rituximab. These studies have significant clinical implications, as impaired binding of mAbs to conformational epitopes of CD20 elicited by statins could delay diagnosis, postpone effective treatment, or impair anti-lymphoma activity of rituximab.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/drug effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antigens, CD20/chemistry
- Antigens, CD20/drug effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/antagonists & inhibitors
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cholesterol/pharmacology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Hypercholesterolemia/blood
- Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy
- Lovastatin/pharmacology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Membrane Microdomains/drug effects
- Protein Conformation/drug effects
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Bil
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Wilczek
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz M Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systemic Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Lekka
- Department of Applied Spectroscopy, The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Elzbieta Gorska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bojarski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stoklosa
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Kurzaj
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Makowski
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eliza Glodkowska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Issat
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Mrowka
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Witold Lasek
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dabrowska-Iwanicka
- Department of Lymphoproliferative Disease, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz W Basak
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Diseases, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Wasik
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Sinski
- Department of Internal Diseases, Hypertension and Vascular Disease, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Gaciong
- Department of Internal Diseases, Hypertension and Vascular Disease, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Jakobisiak
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, the Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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9
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Bojarski L, Lewandowicz A, Blazejczyk M, Sobczak A, Kuznicki J, Wojda U. Biochemical properties of endogenous presenilin 1 and presenilin 2 in cultured human B-lymphocytes. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 45:1273-6. [PMID: 17663636 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2007.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presenilin 1 (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2) are membranous proteins involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. The development of specific therapies targeted at PS1 or PS2 requires the determination of biochemical properties of presenilins. Hence, in this study we analyzed the hydrophobic and ionic properties of endogenous presenilins. METHODS Lysates of immortalized human B-lymphocytes were used as a source of endogenous presenilins. The presence of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPSO) detergent in lysates favored preservation of PS1 and PS2 native protein complexes. We compared Kyte-Doolittle hydropathicity profiles and hydrophobic interactions of PS1 and PS2 with phenyl-agarose. We also compared the ionic properties of presenilins using anion-exchange chromatography. RESULTS The hydropathicity profiles of PS1 and PS2 revealed similarly located hydrophobic regions and more hydrophobic region in the C-terminal fragment of PS2. However, both PS1 and PS2 under physiological conditions showed no interactions with phenyl-agarose. Despite similar predicted isoelectric points, PS1 and PS2 exhibited different ionic behavior during anion-exchange chromatography. CONCLUSIONS The different than expected hydrophobic and ionic behavior of PS1 and PS2 may be caused by interactions with other proteins present in complexes formed by endogenous presenilins. The observed difference in ionic properties of PS1 and PS2 can be further explained assuming that PS1 and PS2 form complexes with different sets of proteins. The composition of such variegated PS1 and PS2 complexes can be explored using a proteomic approach. The difference in PS1 and PS2 ionic behavior can be used for purification of endogenous PS1 from PS2, which has not yet been achieved by any other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bojarski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Bojarski L, Herms J, Kuznicki J. Calcium dysregulation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:621-33. [PMID: 18035450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of adult dementia. Its pathological hallmarks are synaptic degeneration, deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, leading to neuronal loss. A few hypotheses have been proposed to explain AD pathogenesis. The beta-amyloid (Abeta) and hyperphosphorylated tau hypotheses suggest that these proteins are the main players in AD development. Another hypothesis proposes that the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis may be a key factor in accelerating other pathological changes. Although Abeta and tau have been extensively studied, recently published data provide a growing body of evidence supporting the critical role of calcium signalling in AD. For example, presenilins, which are mutated in familial cases of AD, were demonstrated to form low conductance calcium channels in the ER and elevated cytosolic calcium concentration increases amyloid generation. Moreover, memantine, an antagonist of the NMDA-calcium channel receptor, has been found to have a beneficial effect for AD patients offering novel possibilities for a calcium signalling targeted therapy of AD. This review underscores the growing importance of calcium ions in AD development and focuses on the relevant aspects of calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bojarski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Dobrowolska A, Bojarski L, Staczek P. [Molecular methods and techniques used in diagnosis and epidemiology of infections caused by pathogenic fungi]. Wiad Parazytol 2002; 48:241-55. [PMID: 16888969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we reviewed the latest literature on molecular techniques used in diagnosis and epidemiology of infections caused by pathogenic fungi. Traditional methods used for the identification and typing of medically relevant fungi include morphological and biochemical analysis. These methods are time-consuming and base on phenotypic features what makes them unreliable. We described the usefulness in mycological studies of fast and very sensitive molecular methods which rely on PCR and hybridization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Dobrowolska
- Zakład Genetyki Drobnoustrojów, Instytut Mikrobiologii i Immunologii, Uniwersytet Lódzki, ul. Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lódź
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