Chitosan nanofibers encapsulating copper oxide nanoparticles: A new approach towards multifunctional ecological membranes with high antimicrobial and antioxidant efficiency

This paper focuses on the preparation of chitosan-based nanofibers embedding copper oxide nanoparticles to create multifunctional materials that meet the demands of contemporary applications. To this end, a mixture of chitosan, quaternized chitosan and poly (ethylene glycol) was used as polymeric matrix, considering their own contribution to the final material's properties and their ability to stabilize the copper oxide nanoparticles. An exhaustive investigation of the nanofibers was done in order to assess their composition and morphology (FTIR, 1H NMR, WXRD, TGA, SEM, TEM, POM, UV-vis) and to study their mechanical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, air and water permeability and ability for air filtration. It was shown that the copper oxide nanoparticles were anchored into the polymeric matrix via strong hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, which induced the improvement of the mechanical properties and antioxidant activity. The copper oxide nanoparticles favored the thinning of the fibers during electrospinning process and improved the antibacterial activity and dust filtration capacity. Besides, the fibers displayed air permeability and vapor water transmission rate similar to synthetic nanofibers, while being biodegradable. All these performances recommend the new materials for developing antibacterial eco-materials with good breathability to be used as hygienic textiles, masks, or air filters.

Mesoporous chitosan nanofibers loaded with norfloxacin and coated with phenylboronic acid perform as bioabsorbable active dressings to accelerate the healing of burn wounds

The paper reports new chitosan-based nanofibers, designed to address the healing of burn wounds. To this aim, mesoporous chitosan fiber mats were prepared by electrospinning using poly(ethylene oxide) as sacrificial additive, followed by loading with norfloxacin and coating with an antifungal agent via dynamic imine bonds. Dynamic vapor sorption experiment proved intra-fiber mesopores around 2.7 nm, and UV-vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy confirmed the norfloxacin embedding and the imination reaction. SEM, AFM and POM techniques displayed semicrystalline nanofibers with average diameter around 170 nm entangled into a non-woven mat. Their mesoporous nature favored a rapid adsorption of fluids up to 17 g/g, and a biodegradation rate fitting the wound healing rate, i.e. up to 30 % mass loss in media of pH characteristic to wound exudate and total degradation in that characteristic to normal dermis. The composite fibers released the NFX and 2FPBA in a controlled manner, and showed antimicrobial activity against gram positive, gram negative and fungal strains. They had no cytotoxic effect on normal human dermal fibroblasts, and showed biocompatibility on experimental rats. The investigation of wound healing ability on second/third-degree burn model in rats revealed wound closure and total restoration of the fully functional dermis and epidermis.

Biodegradable trimethyl chitosan nanofiber mats by electrospinning as bioabsorbable dressings for wound closure and healing

The paper aimed to prepare quaternary chitosan-based nanofibers as bioabsorbable wound dressings. To this aim, fully biodegradable chitosan/N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanofibers were designed and prepared via electrospinning, using poly(ethylene glycol) as sacrificial additive. The new biomaterials were structurally and morphologically characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and their properties required for wound dressings application were investigated and discussed in detail. Thus, the nanofiber behavior was investigated by swelling, dynamic vapor sorption, and in vitro biodegradation in media mimicking the wound exudate. The mechanical properties were analysed from the stress-strain curves, the bioadhesivity from the texture analysis and the mucoadhesivity from the Zeta potential and transmittance measurements. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against S. aureus and E. coli strains, and the biocompatibility was tested in vitro on normal human dermal fibroblasts, and in vivo on rats. The application of the fiber mats with the best balance of properties as dressings on deep burn wound models in rats showed wound closure and active healing, with fully restoration of epithelia. It was concluded that the combination of chitosan with TMC into nanofibers provides new potential bioabsorbable wound dressing, opening new perspectives in regenerative medicine.

Drug delivery based on a supramolecular chemistry approach by using chitosan hydrogels

Microbial infections are a serious healthcare related problem, causing several complications and even death. That is why, the development of new drug delivery systems with prolonged effect represents an interesting research topic. This study presents the synthesis and characterization of new hydrogels based on chitosan and three halogenated monoaldehydes. Further, the hydrogels were used as excipients for the development of drug delivery systems (DDS) by the incorporation of fluconazole, an antifungal drug. The systems were structurally characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, both methods revealing the formation of the imine linkages between chitosan and the aldehydes. The samples presented a high degree of ordering at supramolecular level, as demonstrated by WXRD and POM and a good water-uptake, reaching a maximum of 1.6 g/g. The obtained systems were biodegradable, loosing between 38 and 49 % from their initial mass in the presence of lysozyme in 21 days. The ability to release the antifungal drug in a sustained manner for seven days, along with the high values of the inhibition zone diameter, reaching a maximum of 64 mm against Candida parapsilosis for the chlorine containing sample, recommend these systems as promising materials for bioapplications.

Quaternized chitosan (nano)fibers: A journey from preparation to high performance applications

The industrial production of chitosan, initiated over 50 years ago, has transformed its application across diverse industries, agriculture, and medicine. To enhance its properties, numerous chitosan derivatives have been synthesized. The quaternization of chitosan has proven beneficial, as it not only enhances its properties but also imparts water solubility, expanding its potential for a wider range of applications. Specifically, the utilization of quaternized chitosan-based nanofibers has leveraged the synergistic benefits of quaternized chitosan (including hydrophilicity, bioadhesiveness, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hemostatic, and antiviral activities, as well as ionic conductivity) in combination with the distinctive characteristics of nanofibers (such as a high aspect ratio and 3D architecture). This combination has permitted numerous possibilities, spanning from wound dressings, air and water filters, drug delivery scaffolds, antimicrobial textiles, to energy storage systems and alkaline fuel cells. In this comprehensive review, we examine the preparation methods, properties, and applications of various composite fibers containing quaternized chitosan. The advantages and disadvantages of each method and composition are meticulously summarized, while relevant diagrams and figures illustrate the key findings.

Antitumor Activity of PEGylated and TEGylated Phenothiazine Derivatives: Structure–Activity Relationship

The paper aims to investigate the antitumor activity of a series of phenothiazine derivatives in order to establish a structure–antitumor activity relationship. To this end, PEGylated and TEGylated phenothiazine have been functionalized with formyl units and further with sulfonamide units via dynamic imine bonds. Their antitumor activity was monitored in vitro against seven human tumors cell lines and a mouse one compared to a human normal cell line by MTS assay. In order to find the potential influence of different building blocks on antitumor activity, the antioxidant activity, the ability to inhibit farnesyltransferase and the capacity to bind amino acids relevant for tumor cell growth were investigated as well. It was established that different building blocks conferred different functionalities, inducing specific antitumor activity against the tumor cells.

Quaternized chitosan/chitosan nanofibrous mats: An approach toward bioactive materials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Chitosan based nanofibers are emerging biomaterials with a plethora of applications, especially in medicine and healthcare. Herein, binary quaternized chitosan/chitosan fibers are reported for the first time. Their preparation strategy consisted in the electrospinning of ternary chitosan/quaternized chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) solutions followed by the selective removal of poly(ethylene oxide). Their morphology and performances were systematically investigated and discussed in detail. It was found that the fibers had reversible water vapor adsorption/desorption and showed swelling degrees similar to commercial wound dressings. They presented good mechanical properties and the content of quaternized chitosan modulated their bioadhesion, mucoadhesion and biodegradation rate and conferred them strong antimicrobial activity. Tests on normal human fibroblasts confirmed their safely use in contact with tissues and the biocompatibility investigation on rats showed no harmful effect when subcutaneous implanted. All these proved the binary quaternized chitosan/chitosan fibers as bioactive materials suitable for tissue regeneration, wound healing and drug delivery systems.

Outstanding Sorption of Copper (II) Ions on Porous Phenothiazine-Imine-Chitosan Materials

The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of a solid-state material, prepared by crosslinking chitosan with a phenothiazine-based aldehyde, to remove copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions, in a fast and selective manner. The metal uptake experiments, including the retention, sensibility, and selectivity against eight different metal ions, were realized via batch adsorption studies. The capacity of the material to retain copper (II) ions was investigated by spectrophotometric measurements, using poly(ethyleneimine) complexation agent, which allowed detection in a concentration range of 5-500 µM. The forces driving the copper sorption were monitored using various methods, such as FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDAX technique, and optical polarized microscopy, and the adsorption kinetics were assessed by fitting the in vitro sorption data on different mathematical models. The phenothiazine-imine-chitosan material proved high ability to recover copper from aqueous media, reaching a maximum retention capacity of 4.394 g Cu (II)/g adsorbent when using a 0.5 M copper solution, which is an outstanding value compared to other chitosan-based materials reported in the literature to this date. It was concluded that the high ability of the studied xerogel to retain Cu (II) ions was the result of both physio- and chemo-sorption processes. This particular behavior was favored on one hand by the porous nature of the material and on the other hand by the presence of amine, hydroxyl, imine, and amide groups with the role of copper ligands.

Microporous Polymelamine Framework Functionalized with Re(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes for CO2 Absorption and Reduction

A mixture of polymeric complexes based on the reaction between Re(CO)₅Cl and the porous polymeric network coming from the coupling of melamine and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxaldehyde was obtained and characterized by FTIR, NMR, SEM, XPS, ICP, XRD, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The formed rhenium-based porous hybrid material reveals a noticeable capability of CO₂ absorption. The gas absorption amount measured at 295 K was close to 44 cm³/g at 1 atm. An interesting catalytic activity for CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) is observed, resulting in a turn over-number (TON) close to 6.3 under 80 min of test at -1.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl in a TBAPF₆ 0.1 M ACN solution. A possible use as filler in membranes or columns can be envisaged.

TEGylated Phenothiazine-Imine-Chitosan Materials as a Promising Framework for Mercury Recovery

This paper reports new solid materials based on TEGylated phenothiazine and chitosan, with a high capacity to recover mercury ions from aqueous solutions. They were prepared by hydrogelation of chitosan with a formyl derivative of TEGylated phenothiazine, followed by lyophilization. Their structural and supramolecular characterization was carried out by 1H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction and polarized light microscopy. Their morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and their photophysical behaviour was examined by UV/Vis and emission spectroscopy. Swelling evaluation in different aqueous media indicated the key role played by the supramolecular organization for their hydrolytic stability. Mercury recovery experiments and the analysis of the resulting materials by X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy showed a high ability of the studied materials to bind mercury ions by coordination with the sulfur atom of phenothiazine, imine linkage, and amine units of chitosan.

P-327 The impact of chronic endometritis disease on endometrial receptivity gene expression in women with repeated implantation failure

Study question

Does chronic endometritis (CE) have an impact on the expression of the genes involved in the embryo implantation?

Summary answer

The mRNA expression of genes involved in embryo implantation (HOXA10, HOXA11, BTEB1 and LIF) does not change in patients with and without CE.

What is known already

CE is an inflammatory disorder of the endometrium with a detrimental effect on embryo implantation and its prevalence in women with repeated implantation failure (RIF) is up to 30%. During the implantation window, the expression of some genes plays a key role in determining the success of embryo implantation. The homeobox genes HOXA10, HOXA11 and the basic transcriptional element binding protein 1 (BTEB1) gene are essential for endometrial cells growth regulation and for embryonic development and the leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has a role in the embryo–endometrium interaction.

Study design, size, duration

A single centre-prospective case-control study was conducted at the Women’s and Children’s Health Department at Padua University, on infertile women with RIF from June 2020 to November 2021. 29 women with RIF were prospectively enrolled.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

An endometrial biopsy using a Novak curette was performed for each patient and the obtained tissue samples were divided in two aliquots, one for immunohistochemistry for histological examination (endometrial dating and CE diagnosis) and one for RNA extraction and gene expression analysis that has been performed using RT-PCR. Sample of patients with and without CE were compared using non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test. A p-value <.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Main results and the role of chance

Enrolled women were divided in two groups according to the histological diagnosis of CE: 13 patients with CE, 16 without CE. In all samples, appropriate histological dating (WOI) was evaluated according to Noyes criteria. After the comparison of all investigated genes (HOXA10, HOXA11, BTEB1 and LIF), no significant difference in mRNA expression was detected between women with and without CE (p value >.05). In the literature, defective endometrial expression of HOXA10, HOXA11 and LIF genes has been associated with abnormal implantation and the reduced expression of BTEB1 gene results in subfertility and progesterone resistance. Although the negative role of CE in altering embryo implantation is known, our results suggest that the CE has no effect on the expression of HOXA10, HOXA11, BTEB1 and LIF genes. Probably the detrimental effect of CE on embryo implantation does not act through HOXA10, HOXA11, BTEB1 and LIF gene expression.

Limitations, reasons for caution

This is a non-randomized observational study with a limited number of patients. Further studies are needed to confirm our data with immunohistochemistry evaluation to define the protein expression levels of the investigated genes.

Wider implications of the findings

Understanding the pathogenic mechanism of CE on endometrial receptivity is crucial for identifying markers that best correlate with possible implantation failure and for identifying the appropriate therapy to treat the disease and restore the embryo implantation capacity.

Trial registration number

not applicable

Self-Healing Chitosan Hydrogels: Preparation and Rheological Characterization

The paper aims at the preparation of chitosan self-healing hydrogels, designed as carriers for local drug delivery by parenteral administration. To this aim, 30 hydrogels were prepared using chitosan and pyridoxal 5-phosphate (P5P), the active form of vitamin B6 as precursors, by varying the ratio of glucosamine units and aldehyde on the one hand and the water content on the other hand. The driving forces of hydrogelation were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, and polarized light microscopy (POM) measurements. NMR technique was also used to investigate the stability of hydrogels over time, and their morphological particularities were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Degradability of the hydrogels was studied in media of four different pH, and preliminary self-healing ability was visually established by injection through a syringe needle. In-depth rheological investigation was conducted in order to monitor the storage and loss moduli, linear viscoelastic regime, and structural recovery capacity. It was concluded that chitosan crosslinking with pyridoxal 5-phosphate is a suitable route to reach self-healing hydrogels with a good balance of mechanical properties/structural recovery, good stability over time, and degradability controlled by pH.

Chitosan crosslinking with a vanillin isomer toward self-healing hydrogels with antifungal activity

The purpose of the study was to develop new antimicrobial hydrogels from natural resources that may promote wound healing and prevent bacterial skin infection. The new hydrogels were synthesized by crosslinking chitosan with a vanillin isomer, 5-methoxysalicylaldehyde, by a friendly and easy method. To characterize these hydrogels, their structural and morphological properties were explored by FTIR, ¹H NMR, SEM, POM, and TGA. In view of the targeted application, swelling behavior, biodegradability, antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility were investigated in vitro. Structural and morphological studies confirmed the formation of new hydrogels via the imination reaction concomitant with the supramolecular organization. The hydrogels were highly porous with the average pore diameter around 80 μm, and a swelling rate controlled by the crosslinking density and medium pH. The hydrogels showed a progressive weight loss in the presence of lysozyme up to 35%, during 21 days of testing. They proved non-cytotoxic effect on Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts using MTS test and powerful antifungal activity against Candida Albicans, as determined by disk diffusion assay. All these properties indicate the new hydrogels as a promising option for the treatment of various skin lesions.

Fluorescent chitosan-BODIPY macromolecular chemosensors for detection and removal of Hg2+ and Fe3+ ions

The detection of heavy metals, such as Hg²⁺ and Fe³⁺, is of great significance. In this work, fluorescent small-molecule BODIPY (BY-3) bearing CC group was synthesized firstly. And then, the chitosan-based polymer sensor CY-1 was synthesized through the spontaneous NH₂/C≡C click reaction. The synthesized CY-1 can effectively bind and recognize Hg²⁺/Hg⁺ by the -C=N groups formed in the click reaction. Moreover, the macromolecular sensors CS-1 and CS-2 were synthesized by incorporating another recognition sites to CY-1. These synthesized macromolecular sensors can not only recognize Hg²⁺/Hg⁺, but also effectively recognize Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺. All of them exhibited significant quenching effect, visible to the naked eye under UV irradiation. The detection limit of CY-1 for Hg²⁺ was 1.51 × 10^-6 mol/L, and the detection limit of CS-2 for Fe³⁺ was 2.30 × 10^-6 mol/L. The BODIPY-chitosan sensors synthesized in this work have the functions of removing heavy metal ions besides the identifying ability. The maximum adsorption capacity of 1 g chitosan to Hg²⁺ was 108 mg as the best one. This article provides a new method to prepare macromolecular sensors for the detection and removal of heavy metal ions. As a useful natural polymer, chitosan's application scope was enlarged.

Iminoboronate-chitooligosaccharides hydrogels with strong antimicrobial activity for biomedical applications

The paper reports hydrogels prepared from chitooligosaccharides with different polymerization degrees (14 to 51), by crosslinking with 2-formylphenylboronicacid in three molar ratios of their functionalities. The structural, morphological and supramolecular characterization confirmed a hydrogelation mechanism based on self-assembling of newly formed imine units and porous morphology. Rheological measurements confirmed the formation of thixotropic hydrogels, and swelling tests indicated mass equilibrium swelling values up to 25 in water and 9 in phosphate buffer saline. The monitoring of enzymatic degradability demonstrated the enhancing of biodegradation rate as long as the polymerization degrees of the oligomers decreased, the mass loss increasing from 16% to 43%. In vivo and ex-vivo biocompatibility investigation on experimental mice showed no cytotoxic effect, and in vitro antimicrobial tests revealed remarkable antimicrobial properties on nine strains, with a maximum inhibition diameter of 49 mm on Aspergilius brasiliensis and very good results on Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium crysogenum and different Candida species.

Imination of Microporous Chitosan Fibers-A Route to Biomaterials with "On Demand" Antimicrobial Activity and Biodegradation for Wound Dressings

Microporous chitosan nanofibers functionalized with different amounts of an antimicrobial agent via imine linkage were prepared by a three-step procedure including the electrospinning of a chitosan/PEO blend, PEO removal and acid condensation reaction in a heterogeneous system with 2-formylphenylboronic acid. The fibers’ characterization was undertaken keeping in mind their application to wound healing. Thus, by FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, it was confirmed the successful imination of the fibers and the conversion degree of the amine groups of chitosan into imine units. The fiber morphology in terms of fiber diameter, crystallinity, inter- and intra-fiber porosity and strength of intermolecular forces was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, polarized light microscopy, water vapor sorption and thermogravimetric analysis. The swelling ability was estimated in water and phosphate buffer by calculating the mass equilibrium swelling. The fiber biodegradation was explored in five media of different pH, corresponding to different stages of wound healing and the antimicrobial activity against the opportunistic pathogens inflicting wound infection was investigated according to standard tests. The biocompatibility and bioadhesivity were studied on normal human dermal fibroblast cells by direct contact procedure. The dynamic character of the imine linkage of the functionalized fibers was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the functionalization of the chitosan microporous nanofibers with antimicrobial agents via imine linkage is a great route towards bio-absorbable wound dressings with “on demand” antimicrobial properties and biodegradation rate matching the healing stages.

Chitosan-bodipy macromolecular fluorescent probes prepared by click reactions for highly sensitive and selective recognition of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

Chitosan-based probes were prepared and they could identify 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNH). CC bonds formed in a click reaction act as recognizing sites for DNH.

Amphiphilic chitosan-g-poly(trimethylene carbonate) - A new approach for biomaterials design

The paper presents the synthesis and characterization of poly(trimethylene carbonate) grafted chitosan as a new water soluble biopolymer suitable for in vivo applications. The synthesis was performed via ring-opening polymerization of 1,3-dioxan-2-one (trimethylene carbonate) (TMC) monomer, initiated by the functional groups of chitosan in the presence of toluene as solvent/swelling agent. By varying the molar ratio between the glucosamine units of chitosan and TMC, a series of chitosan derivatives with different content of poly(trimethylene carbonate) chains was synthetized. The structural characterization of the polymers was realized by FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy and their solubility was assessed in water and in organic solvents as well. The biocompatibility was investigated by MTS assay on Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts, and the biodegradability was evaluated in lysozyme buffer solution. Further, the surface properties of the polymer films were analyzed by polarized optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and water-to-air contact angle measurements. It was established that, by 5% substitution of chitosan with poly(trimethylene carbonate) chains having an average polymerization degree of 7, a water soluble polymer can be attained. Compared to the pristine chitosan, it has improved biocompatibility in solution and moderate wettability and higher biodegradability rate in solid state, pointing its suitability for in vivo applications.

P–401 Frozen-thawed embryo-transfer adjuvant therapy: one size DOES NOT fit all

Study question

Does adjuvant therapy after frozen-thawed embryo-transfer (FRET) with CardioAspirin and Prednisone enhance clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and live birth rate (LBR)?

Summary answer

Adjuvant therapy enhanced CPR and LBR in study-group. A significant correlation was found confronting blastocyst FRET in study-group versus controls.

What is known already

Embryo implantation is a rate-limiting step of FRET cycles. It’s a complex process resulting from a balance between inflammation pathways and maternal immune tolerance. Low-dose aspirin unlocks Prostaglandin-F2 synthesis by Cyclooxygenase–1, thus increasing uterine vascular permeability and attachment reaction while reducing vasoconstriction. Pregnancy results from a balance between helper and regulatory T-cells (Treg), the latter protect the embryo from maternal immune attack. Treg cells’ immunosuppressive function is pivotal in pregnancy establishment. Prednisone increases the proportion of Treg cells thus inhibiting inflammation. Many therapy schedules for implantation enhancement are currently used worldwide, although there is no consistent shared evidence.

Study design, size, duration

Retrospective cohort-control study including 237 subjects who underwent FRET after artificial endometrial-preparation from January 2018 to March 2020. Estrogenic stimulation was either oral or transdermic. The study-group received luteal support (vaginal Progesterone 600 mg/die) and adjuvant therapy (CardioAspirin and Prednisone 25–5 mg); the control-group received luteal support only. Pregnancy test (PT) was scheduled 10–14 days post-transfer (blastocysts or cleavage stage embryos). Second PT and ultrasound were performed 7 days later if the first was positive.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Patients referred to Padua University Hospital’s Human Reproduction Pathophysiology Unit. Exclusion criteria: >50/<18 years, fresh embryo-transfer cycles, oocyte-thawing cycles, natural/natural-modified cycles. Male factor was the prevalent fertility issue. Single embryo-transfer was performed in both groups. Mean endometrial thickness was 9 mm trilaminar in both groups. Statistical analysis were carried out using JMP Pro 14 software. Categorical variables were analyzed using Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate.

Main results and the role of chance

In the study-group, 87 subjects were given luteal support and adjuvant therapy, while in the control-group, 150 subjects received luteal support only. Groups were homogeneous for age, number of embryos transferred, endometrial thickness, endometrial features (trilaminarity) and fertilization tecniques (108 IVF/ 127 ICSI). CPR and LBR were significantly higher in the study-group. CPR was 31.4% in study-group versus 14.8% in controls (p = 0.002), LBR was 27.4% in study-group versus 11.6% in controls (p = 0.002). Since heterogeneity between groups was found regarding the type of embryo transferred (55.3% cleavage-stage versus 44.7% blastocyst, p < 0.01), the groups were split analyzed basing upon the type if embryo transferred. In the cleavage-stage FRET condition no relevant correlation was found between groups. However in blastocyst-FRET group CPR (34.5% study-group versus 18% controls, p = 0.04) and LBR (30.9% study-group versus 12% controls, p = 0.017) were significantly higher in the study-group, thus showing that adjuvant therapy could improve CPR and LBR.

Limitations, reasons for caution

Limited sample size negatively impacts the study’s power. It would be appropriate to expand the sample to obtain more reliable results.

Wider implications of the findings: Although no unanimous consent exists for tout-court adjuvant therapy administration, scientific literature shows that such therapy can help patients with repeated implantation failures or anti-nuclear-antibodies positivity. Assuming that a single-therapy-regimen could perfectly fit all patients is not realistic. We have to move towards patient-tailored adjuvant therapy thinking.

Trial registration number

Not applicable

P–680 Thyroid function in euthyroid women during controlled ovarian stimulation (COH): does the TSH fluctuations have an impact on IVF outcomes?

Study question

TSH blood levels play a role in terms of ovarian stimulation and pregnancy? Do we need to treat patients with TSH out of range?

Summary answer

Euthyroid patients with negative autoantibodies during COS should not be treated even if basal TSH is higher than 2.5 U/L

What is known already

Abnormal thyroid function is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, being essential during embryo implantation and early pregnancy. TSH receptors can be found in endometrial and ovarian tissues and during controlled ovarian stimulation TSH levels suffer modifications because of hyperestrogenemia. Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as a TSH level greater than 4.5 mIU/L with normal FT4 levels. It is controversial whether or not to use first-trimester pregnancy and infertility thresholds for upper limit of 2.5 mIU/L TSH. However, neither American Thyroid Association nor the American Society Reproductive Medicine recommendations have clearly defined how infertile patients need to be treated.

Study design, size, duration

Between April 2016 and December 2019, we performed a retrospective observational study at the University Hospital of Padua, including patients who underwent IVF/ICSI treatments. We included patients with idiopathic or tubal infertility or with poor ovarian reserve, in presence of basal TSH≤ 4,5 U/L and negative anti-TPO Ab and anti-Tg Ab. Exclusion criteria were severe male factor, TSH<0,2 or > 4,5 U/L, BMI higher than 30, oncologic patients, uterine disease.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

We enrolled a total of 389 patients. We checked TSH blood levels on the day before starting stimulation (T0). We divided our patients according to TSH level < 2,5U/L (group A) or ≥ 2,5U/L (group B). We then checked TSH on the day of hCG trigger (ThCG). Delta TSH (ThCG-T0) was calculated and correlated to endometrial thickness, number of occytes retrieved, embryos obtained and frozen, Clinical Pregnancy Rate (CPR) and Live Birth Rate (LBR).

Main results and the role of chance

Group A (251) and group B (138) were homogeneous for age, body mass index, AMH levels, antral follicular count. Short ovarian stimulation cycle with GnRH antagonist and long cycle with GnRH agonist proportions were similar in both groups. Also, FSH recombinant and hMG gonadotropin use and total amount were similar for the two groups. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of endometrial thickness, follicles greater than 14 mm as medium diameter, number of oocytes retrieved, number of mature oocytes (MII), embryos obtained, number of embryos cryopreserved, CPR and LBR. However, when considering the Delta TSH, we found possible correlations in group A. In particular, the number of oocytes retrieved was higher in Delta TSH positive (3.4±2.2) rather than in Delta negative women (2.6±1.7) with a p value of 0.002. Moreover, mature oocytes (MII) were retrieved more frequently in Delta TSH positive (5.7±3.8) rather than in Delta negative women (4.5±3) with a p value of 0.008. Group B Delta TSH did not show any possible statistically significant correlations.

Limitations, reasons for caution

This is a retrospective study and results must be confirmed on a well-designed randomized controlled study. Moreover, since we use strict eligibility criteria, we enrolled few patients. Correlations must be considered with caution since the role of TSH is under study, especially when considering LBR outcome.

Wider implications of the findings: Our results are congruent with previous studies. In particular, we suggest not to treat patients with TSH levels on range (between 0.2mIU/L and 4.5 mIU/L). TSH increase during COS in euthyroid patients could be interpreted as a positive physiological response and it is associate with better COS outcomes.

Trial registration number

N/A

Chitosan based macromolecular probes for the selective detection and removal of Fe3+ ion

Chitosan has been widely used due to its biodegradable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly properties. Modification of chitosan attracts much attention as promising methods to detect and remove organic and inorganic pollutants. In this work, chitosan-based macromolecular probes were designed and synthesized. The probes can detect Fe³⁺ in the presence of other metal ions. The detection mechanism is investigated as well. The probe's fluorescence quenching upon the addition of Fe³⁺ ion could be ascribed to the complexation between the electron-deficient ion Fe³⁺ and "C=N" (electron-rich group) of fluorescent chitosan probes. What's more, the obtained fluorescent macromolecular probes can be used for the removal of Fe³⁺ in solution. The probes could adsorb the Fe³⁺ in solution and the removal efficiency can reach as high as 62.0% while the removal efficiency of original chitosan is only 16.0%. The probes have good selective detection for Fe³⁺ and the detection limit reaches 1.2 μM.

A Theoretical Model for Release Dynamics of an Antifungal Agent Covalently Bonded to the Chitosan

The aim of the study was to create a mathematical model useful for monitoring the release of bioactive aldehydes covalently bonded to the chitosan by reversible imine linkage, considered as a polymer-drug system. For this purpose, two hydrogels were prepared by the acid condensation reaction of chitosan with the antifungal 2-formyl-phenyl-boronic acid and their particularities; influencing the release of the antifungal aldehyde by shifting the imination equilibrium to the reagents was considered, i.e., the supramolecular nature of the hydrogels was highlighted by polarized light microscopy, while scanning electron microscopy showed their microporous morphology. Furthermore, the in vitro fungicidal activity was investigated on two fungal strains and the in vitro release curves of the antifungal aldehyde triggered by the pH stimulus were drawn. The theoretical model was developed starting from the hypothesis that the imine-chitosan system, both structurally and functionally, can be assimilated, from a mathematical point of view, with a multifractal object, and its dynamics were analyzed in the framework of the Scale Relativity Theory. Thus, through Riccati-type gauges, two synchronous dynamics, one in the scale space, associated with the fungicidal activity, and the other in the usual space, associated with the antifungal aldehyde release, become operational. Their synchronicity, reducible to the isomorphism of two SL(2R)-type groups, implies, by means of its joint invariant functions, bioactive aldehyde compound release dynamics in the form of "kink-antikink pairs" dynamics of a multifractal type. Finally, the theoretical model was validated through the experimental data.

Hyaluronic acid in vulvar and vaginal administration: evidence from a literature systematic review

Vulvovaginal pathology impairs the quality of life of both women in menopause and those who are not. Different therapies have been proposed, mainly related to estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women. However, some contraindications limit its use, and different moisturizers or lubricants have been tested. Hyaluronic acid is a promising and widely used vaginal medical treatment with a moisturizing action and appears to provide a solution. For this reason, we performed a systematic review of the literature. We searched for original articles without date restriction until 30 April 2020. We included all clinical trials which administered local hyaluronic acid in the vulva or vagina. Only English studies and those performed in humans were eligible. Seventeen original studies were included in the review (from randomized controlled trials to longitudinal studies). Hyaluronic acid was generally found to be effective in improving vulvovaginal symptoms (dyspareunia, itching, burning, dryness) and signs (bleeding, atrophy, vaginal pH). In conclusion, hyaluronic acid has the properties to be an efficient moisturizer for women suffering from vulvovaginal atrophy who have contraindications for estrogen therapy and for vulvovaginal signs and symptoms affecting sexual well-being. However, a well-designed randomized controlled trial is needed in order to clarify its efficacy and safety profile.

Fluorescent multi-component polymer sensors for the sensitive and selective detection of Hg2+/Hg+ ions via dual mode fluorescence and colorimetry

Fluorescent multi-component polymers, which are sensitive and selective to Hg2+/Hg+ through fluorescence and colorimetry, were synthesized by the Heck coupling reaction.

Hydrogels Based on Imino-Chitosan Amphiphiles as a Matrix for Drug Delivery Systems

This paper reports new formulations based on chitosan, citral, and diclofenac sodium salt (DCF). The central idea was to encapsulate an anionic drug into a polycationic hydrogel matrix in order to increase the intermolecular forces between them and thus to ensure slower drug release, while citral was used as a penetration enhancer to assure efficient delivery of the drug. Hydrogels without drug were also synthesized and used as a reference. The structure, morphology, and supramolecular architecture of the drug delivery systems were evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, polarized optical microscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The drug release kinetics was monitored in vitro by UV-VIS spectroscopy, in physiological conditions, while the enzymatic and hydrolytic degradability of the hydrogels were evaluated in the presence of lysozyme and phosphate buffer saline (PBS), at 37 °C. All of the data revealed that the anionic DCF was strongly anchored into the polycationic matrix and the drug was slowly released over 7 days. Moreover, the release rate can be controlled by simple variation of the molar ratio between the polycationic chitosan and lipophilic citral.

[Orbital mantle cell lymphoma succesfully treated by Bcl-2 inhibitor: Report of a case]

Lymphoma is the most common orbital malignancy in adults. Among the types of lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma is a particularly aggressive form, often discovered through systemic involvement, with a dismal prognosis due to frequent recurrences. It is secondary to a t (11 ; 14) (q13; q32) chromosomal translocation resulting in an anti-apoptotic signal via overexpression of Bcl-2. Treatment is based on R-CHOP poly-chemotherapy. We describe the case of a patient with an orbital recurrence of mantle cell lymphoma successfully treated with oral Bcl-2 inhibitor monotherapy. A 58-year-old man who was treated with R-CHOP 8 years ago for mantle cell lymphoma, in remission for 5 years, presented with progressive decreased visual acuity in the left eye, along with binocular diplopia. Clinical examination revealed a decrease in visual acuity in the left eye to 1/20 Parinaud 20 and a relative afferent pupillary defect on the left. External examination revealed a left cranial nerve VI palsy, 2mm of painless proptosis, and hypesthesia of the left V1 territory, leading to a diagnosis of left orbital apex syndrome. The disc and macular OCT were normal. The visual field showed enlargement of the left blind spot. An emergency CT scan and MRI revealed an apical extraconal tissue mass infiltrating the medial rectus muscle, extending to the superior orbital fissure, optic canal and left cavernous sinus, hyperintense on T2 weighted images and isointense on T1. The morphological appearance was strongly suggestive of an infiltrative lymphomatous process. An 18 FDG PET-scan identified the orbital lesion as well as enhancing lesions in the axilla and colon; given the clinical features and test results, the diagnosis of recurrent mantle cell lymphoma was made without biopsy. Treatment with Venetoclax (Bcl-2 inhibitor) was initiated. At one month of treatment, the orbital apex syndrome had entirely resolved, with visual acuity increased to 8/10 Parinaud 4 and a metabolic return to normal on PET scan. The PET scanner and clinical examination at 3 months were entirely normal. At the one-year follow-up visit, the patient was still on Venetoclax, the clinical examination was unchanged, and the PET-scan still showed a complete metabolic response.

Water soluble PEGylated phenothiazines as valuable building blocks for bio-materials

The paper reports a series of three new PEGylated phenothiazine derivatives which keep the potential of valuable building blocks for preparing eco-materials addressed to a large realm of fields, from bio-medicine to opto-electronics. They were synthetized by connecting the hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) to the hydrophobic phenothiazine via an ether, ester, or amide linking group. The successful synthesis of the targeted polymers and their purity were demonstrated by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy methods. Their capacity to self-assembly in water was studied by DLS and UV-vis techniques and the particularities of the formed aggregates were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, POM and UV light microscopy. The biocompatibility was assessed on normal human dermal fibroblasts and human cervical cancer cells. The synthetized compounds showed the formation of luminescent aggregates and proved excellent biocompatibility on normal cells. In addition, a concentration dependent cytotoxicity against HeLa cancer cells was noticed for the PEGylated phenothiazine containing an ester unit.

Phenothiazine-chitosan based eco-adsorbents: A special design for mercury removal and fast naked eye detection

The aim of the paper was to investigate the ability of an eco-friendly luminescent xerogel prepared by chitosan crosslinking with a phenothiazine luminogen to detect and remove heavy metals. Its ability to give a divergent morphological and optical response towards fifteen environmental relevant metals was investigated by naked eye and UV lamp, fluorescence spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A distinct response was noted for mercury, consisting in the transformation of the xerogel into a rubber-like material accompanied by the red shifting of the color of emitted light from yellow-green to greenish-yellow domain. The particularities of the metals anchoring into the xerogel were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The morphological changes and the metal uptake were analyzed by SEM-EDAX, swelling and gravimetric methods. It was concluded that mercury has a superior affinity towards this heteroatoms rich system, leading to a secondary crosslinking. This directed a great absorption capacity of 1673 mg/g and a specific morphological response for mercury ion concentrations up to 0.001 ppm.

New formulations based on salicyl-imine-chitosan hydrogels for prolonged drug release

The objective of this paper was to investigate the new formulations based on salicyl-imine-chitosan hydrogels as potential controlled drug release systems. They were prepared by in situ hydrogelation of chitosan with salicylaldehyde in the presence of diclofenac sodium salt (DCF) as model drug. FTIR, X-ray Spectroscopy, POM and SEM techniques were used to confirm the structural, supramolecular and morphological particularities of the formulations. Swelling test, in vitro enzymatic biodegradation and release profile were investigated in similar conditions mimicking the in vivo environment, and the release mechanism was assessed by fitting into five mathematical models. It was established that the formulations have the capacity to release DCF in a sustained manner for 10 days rate, the drug release rate being correlated to the crosslinking density and hydrogelation speed. The biodegradation occurred in three main stages, reaching a mass loss of 48% after 21 days. In order to be used in the biomedical field, the in vivo biocompatibility of the formulations was investigated on experimental rats. After 7 days of subcutaneous implantation, no influence on the hematologic profile, liver, kidney or immune defence capacity were observed, suggesting these formulations as valuable materials for biomedical devices.

Polyvinyl alcohol boric acid - A promising tool for the development of sustained release drug delivery systems

The paper deals with the design and investigation of the morphology, in vitro drug release and biocompatibility of some new formulations based on polyvinyl alcohol boric acid (PVAB) and diclofenac sodium salt (DCF), with the aim to explore the ability of PVAB to act as a matrix for controlled drug delivery systems. A series of three formulations was obtained by mixing the drug and the polymeric matrix in different mass ratios, with high drug content from 10% w/w to 30% w/w. Their structural and supramolecular characterization, performed by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, revealed important physical interactions between the drug and the polymeric matrix. The morphological data, obtained by X-ray diffraction, polarized optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of the drug into the PVAB polymeric matrix, as micrometric polycrystals with a mean diameter in the range 10-15 μm, depending on the drug/polymer ratio. The investigation of their surface peculiarities indicated highly hydrophilic surfaces with a water to air contact angle between 29.9 and 41.4 deg and a surface free energy of 45.6-54.2 N/m². The in vitro release kinetics was monitored by UV-VIS spectroscopy and the cytotoxic effect was investigated in vitro on fibroblasts and HeLa cells. The PVAB proved excellent cytocompatibility, a relative cell viability of the fibroblasts higher than 90% being recorded for concentrations of PVAB up to 7.5% w/v. The drug has been strongly anchored into the electron deficient PVAB matrix, fact which led to its prolonged release up to 5 days. These findings recommend PVAB as a versatile tool for the development of sustained release drug delivery systems with real chances to cross the gap from theory to applications.

Fluorescent Porous Silica Microspheres for Highly and Selectively Detecting Hg2+ and Pb2+ Ions and Imaging in Living Cells

In this work, SiO₂ microspheres were first prepared by a conventional Stöber method and then etched by NaOH solution to obtain porous ones. By tuning the degree of etching, specific surface area of SiO₂ microspheres could be controlled. Then, small fluorescent molecules are synthesized and incorporated onto the surface and/or pores of the SiO₂ via layer-by-layer reaction to obtain fluorescent microspheres, namely, SiO₂-NH₂-BODIPY (SiNBB), SiO₂-NH₂-BODIPY-indole-benzothiazole (SiNBIT), and SiO₂-NH₂-BODIPY-indole-benzoxazole (SiNBIO). The as-prepared microspheres SiNBB exhibit highly sensitive and selective recognition ability for Hg²⁺ and Pb²⁺. When SiNBB encounters Hg²⁺ and Pb²⁺, the fluorescence intensity of SiNBB is increased up to fivefold. SiNBIT and SiNBIO are solely sensitive to Hg²⁺, and both have a single high sensitivity to recognize Hg²⁺. The adsorption efficiency of Hg²⁺ by the three fluorescent microspheres SiNBB, SiNBIT, and SiNBIO reached 2.91, 0.99, and 0.98 g/g of microspheres, respectively. Experimental results of A549 cells and zebrafish indicate that the fluorescent microspheres are permeable to cell membranes and organisms. The distribution of Hg²⁺ in the brain of zebrafish was obtained by the fluorescence confocal imaging technique, and Hg²⁺ was successfully detected in A549 cells and zebrafish.

Is corifollitropin alfa effective in controlled ovarian stimulation among all poor ovarian responders? A retrospective comparative study

Several studies have compared the effectiveness of corifollitropin alfa versus daily gonadotropins in poor ovarian responders (PORs) undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation (COS), showing conflicting results in terms of IVF outcomes. Given the heterogeneity of patients included in the classification of POR according to 'Bologna criteria', the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of corifollitropin alfa in two different categories of POR distinguished according to patients' antral follicle count (AFC). We retrospectively evaluated 104 infertile POR, split into two groups according to AFC (Group A ≤ 5; Group B > 5) and subgroups according to the ovarian stimulation regimen (corifollitropin alfa plus daily gonadotropins (Subgroup 1) versus daily gonadotropins alone (Subgroup 2)). Outcome measures were total oocytes, MII oocytes, total embryos, follicular output rate (FORT), implantation rate (IR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), miscarriage rate (MR), and live birth rate (LBR). Subgroup A1 experienced a lower number of total oocytes, MII oocytes, total embryos, and FORT (p < .05) in comparison to Subgroup A2, while no difference was found when comparing Subgroups B1 and B2. No difference was found between subgroups even in terms of IR, CPR, MR, and LBR. In conclusion, corifollitropin alfa may be as effective as daily gonadotropins in POR with AFC > 5 undergoing COS, while it might be inferior to daily gonadotropins in POR with AFC ≤ 5.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of an Alternant Poly(fluorene-oxadiazole). Synthesis, Properties, and White Light-Emitting Devices

An alternant poly(dihexyl fluorene-co diphenyl oxadiazole) has been synthetized by microwave-assisted oxidative polymerization. The structure has been confirmed by ¹H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. Gel permeation chromatography indicated high molecular weight and low polydispersity index. DFT calculations suggested a complete separation of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, which were located on fluorene and oxadiazole moiety, respectively. X-ray diffraction, polarized light microscopy, and atomic force microscopy indicated the polymer tendency to stack into a layered morphology with a more compact structure for the films prepared by spin coating. Furthermore, UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies indicated the formation of H-aggregates which played a key role in photoluminescence quenching in solid state. Nevertheless, the good charge mobility gained due to the orbital overlapping in H-aggregates led to excellent electroluminescence, which enabled the development of white OLED devices with outstanding stability.

[Anatomical description of the retro-caruncular approach and its application in oculoplastics: A cadaveric study]

PURPOSE

To describe the anatomical landmarks of the retro-caruncular approach and its clinical applications based on a cadaveric study.

PATIENTS AND METHOD

A dissection of 8 orbits providing from 4 fresh cadavers was carried out at the anatomical laboratory of the University Hospital of Nice, France between October 2018 and January 2019.

RESULTS

Main anatomical relationships encountered are anteriorly the Duverney-Horner muscle and the lacrimal sac, posteriorly the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, superiorly the pulley of the superior oblique muscle, inferiorly the lacrimonasal duct and the tendon of the inferior oblique muscle. The retro-caruncular approach allows a safe surgical access behind the lacrimal sac and Duverney-Horner muscle. Many oculoplastic surgical procedures can be performed through this approach: dacryocystorhinostomy, medial orbital fractures repair, "médial" orbital "décompression", biopsy of medial and extraconal tumours, medial periosteal fixation in third-nerve palsy.

CONCLUSION

The retro-caruncular approach is a safe procedure avoiding skin incision. It allows a wide surgical space even if it is reduced compared to a more conventional skin route. It requires a great anatomical knowledge and a longer surgical learning curve.

Fluorescent chitosan hydrogel for highly and selectively sensing of p-nitrophenol and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol

Nitroaromatic compounds, especially 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol, have strong biological toxicity and explosive risks, so the detection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol exhibit importantly practical and scientific significance. In this work, three fluorescence functionalized chitosan CNS 3, CNS 4 and CNS 5 were prepared using chitosan as matrix. When 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and/or p-nitrophenol (4-NP) was present in spot, these fluorescent chitosan sensors produced notable fluorescence quenching. It renders the chitosan sensing ability to detect TNP and 4-NP selectively and sensitively. The sensing mechanism is investigated as well. When introduced electron-rich moieties to the fluorescent chitosan, the sensitive detecting ability could be obtained. Excellent recognition ability could reach as low as 0.28 μM. The fluorescence fictionalization cause slight influence to the gel performance of chitosan.

Drug delivery systems based on biocompatible imino-chitosan hydrogels for local anticancer therapy

A series of drug delivery systems were prepared by chitosan hydrogelation with citral in the presence of an antineoplastic drug: 5-fluorouracil. The dynamic covalent chemistry of the imine linkage allowed the obtaining of supramolecular tridimensional architectures in which the drug has been homogenously dispersed. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) and polarized light microscopy (POM) measurements were used in order to follow the hydrogelation and drug encapsulation processes. The ability of the prepared systems to release the drug has been investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy using a calibration curve and by fitting the results with different mathematic models. To mimic the behavior of the hydrogel matrix in bio-environmental conditions in view of applications, their enzymatic degradability was monitored in the presence of lysozyme. The in vivo side effects of the systems, in terms of their influence on the blood elements, biochemical and immune parameters were monitored on white Swiss mice by intraperitoneal administration of the injectable obtained hydrogels. All the characteristics of the obtained systems, such as micro-porous morphology, uniform drug encapsulation, enzymatic degradability, lack of side effects, other than the one of the drug itself, along with their ability to release the drug in a sustained manner proved that these material meet the requirements for the development of drug delivery systems, making them suitable for being applied in intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Nitrosalicyl-imine-chitosan hydrogels based drug delivery systems for long term sustained release in local therapy

The paper focuses on the synthesis and characterization of new drug delivery systems for local therapy. They were prepared by in situ hydrogelation of chitosan biopolymer with nitrosalicylaldehyde in the presence of a model drug, varying the crosslinking density. The structural, supramolecular and morphological characteristics of the systems were studied by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and, POM and SEM microscopy. In vitro release of the drug has been explored in simulated physiological conditions and in vivo release was investigated by the somatic pain model on rats. Information on the biodegradation of the systems was gain by simulating experiments of enzymatic degradation. The systems were biodegradable and showed a prolonged drug release, assuring an in vivo efficient therapeutic effect over 5 days, with no systemic toxicity. All these findings demonstrated that the new hydrogels based on nitrosalicyl-imine-chitosan provides a practical approach for sustained drug delivery for local chemotherapy.

Dynamic constitutional chemistry towards efficient nonviral vectors

Dynamic constitutional chemistry has been used to design nonviral vectors for gene transfection. Their design has been thought in order to fulfill ab initio the main requirements for gene therapy. As building blocks were used hyperbranched PEI as hydrophilic part and benzentrialdehyde and a diamine linear siloxane as hydrophobic part, connected through reversible imine linkages. The obtaining of the envisaged structures has been confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The dynamic synthesized amphiphiles proved to be able to self-assemble in nano-sized spherical entities as was demonstrated by TEM and DLS, characterized by a narrow dimensional polydispersity. Agarose gel electrophoresis proved the ability of the synthesized compounds to bind DNA, while TEM revealed the spherical morphology of the formed polyplexes. As a proof of the concept, the nonviral vectors promoted an efficient transfection on HeLa cells, demonstrating that dynamic constitutional chemistry can be an important tool in the development of this domain.

The influence of thyroid autoimmunity on embryo quality in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology

The influence of thyroid autoimmunity in assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcome in euthyroid women is still controversial. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated embryo quality in 123 euthyroid women undergoing ART with or without thyroid autoantibodies (TAA). Embryo quality was assessed in 119 embryos of 29 infertile patients with TAA and in 394 embryos of 94 infertile patients without TAA. Our results showed not statistically significant differences in age, body mass index, anti-Müllerian hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine levels between cases and controls. Thyroid stimulating hormone was within the normal range, but significantly higher in TAA patients compared with the controls (2.4 ± 0.8 vs. 2 ± 0.9 mIU/L, respectively, p < .01). The number of oocytes picked up and fertilized was comparable between the two groups. Embryo quality was significantly impaired in women with at least one autoantibody (p < .001). Implantation rate, pregnancy rate, and ongoing pregnancy rate were comparable in the two groups. These results suggest a negative impact of thyroid autoimmunity in embryo quality in women undergoing ART even when thyroid function is normal.