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Osés-Ruiz M, Cruz-Mireles N, Martin-Urdiroz M, Soanes DM, Eseola AB, Tang B, Derbyshire P, Nielsen M, Cheema J, Were V, Eisermann I, Kershaw MJ, Yan X, Valdovinos-Ponce G, Molinari C, Littlejohn GR, Valent B, Menke FLH, Talbot NJ. Appressorium-mediated plant infection by Magnaporthe oryzae is regulated by a Pmk1-dependent hierarchical transcriptional network. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1383-1397. [PMID: 34707224 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast is a devastating disease caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae that threatens rice production around the world. The fungus produces a specialized infection cell, called the appressorium, that enables penetration through the plant cell wall in response to surface signals from the rice leaf. The underlying biology of plant infection, including the regulation of appressorium formation, is not completely understood. Here we report the identification of a network of temporally coregulated transcription factors that act downstream of the Pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway to regulate gene expression during appressorium-mediated plant infection. We show that this tiered regulatory mechanism involves Pmk1-dependent phosphorylation of the Hox7 homeobox transcription factor, which regulates genes associated with induction of major physiological changes required for appressorium development-including cell-cycle control, autophagic cell death, turgor generation and melanin biosynthesis-as well as controlling a additional set of virulence-associated transcription factor-encoding genes. Pmk1-dependent phosphorylation of Mst12 then regulates gene functions involved in septin-dependent cytoskeletal re-organization, polarized exocytosis and effector gene expression, which are necessary for plant tissue invasion. Identification of this regulatory cascade provides new potential targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Osés-Ruiz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Vincent Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Iris Eisermann
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Guadalupe Valdovinos-Ponce
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Plant Pathology, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Camilla Molinari
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - George R Littlejohn
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drakes Circus, Plymouth, UK
| | - Barbara Valent
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Cruz-Mireles N, Eseola AB, Osés-Ruiz M, Ryder LS, Talbot NJ. From appressorium to transpressorium-Defining the morphogenetic basis of host cell invasion by the rice blast fungus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009779. [PMID: 34329369 PMCID: PMC8323886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Míriam Osés-Ruiz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren S. Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Eseola AB, Ryder LS, Osés-Ruiz M, Findlay K, Yan X, Cruz-Mireles N, Molinari C, Garduño-Rosales M, Talbot NJ. Investigating the cell and developmental biology of plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 154:103562. [PMID: 33882359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast disease, the most widespread and serious disease of cultivated rice. Live cell imaging and quantitative 4D image analysis have provided new insight into the mechanisms by which the fungus infects host cells and spreads rapidly in plant tissue. In this video review article, we apply live cell imaging approaches to understanding the cell and developmental biology of rice blast disease. To gain entry to host plants, M. oryzae develops a specialised infection structure called an appressorium, a unicellular dome-shaped cell which generates enormous turgor, translated into mechanical force to rupture the leaf cuticle. Appressorium development is induced by perception of the hydrophobic leaf surface and nutrient deprivation. Cargo-independent autophagy in the three-celled conidium, controlled by cell cycle regulation, is essential for appressorium morphogenesis. Appressorium maturation involves turgor generation and melanin pigment deposition in the appressorial cell wall. Once a threshold of turgor has been reached, this triggers re-polarisation which requires regulated generation of reactive oxygen species, to facilitate septin GTPase-dependent cytoskeletal re-organisation and re-polarisation of the appressorium to form a narrow, rigid penetration peg. Infection of host tissue requires a further morphogenetic transition to a pseudohyphal-type of growth within colonised rice cells. At the same time the fungus secretes an arsenal of effector proteins to suppress plant immunity. Many effectors are secreted into host cells directly, which involves a specific secretory pathway and a specialised structure called the biotrophic interfacial complex. Cell-to-cell spread of the fungus then requires development of a specialised structure, the transpressorium, that is used to traverse pit field sites, allowing the fungus to maintain host cell membrane integrity as new living plant cells are invaded. Thereafter, the fungus rapidly moves through plant tissue and host cells begin to die, as the fungus switches to necrotrophic growth and disease symptoms develop. These morphogenetic transitions are reviewed in the context of live cell imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Míriam Osés-Ruiz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Findlay
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Molinari
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Marisela Garduño-Rosales
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47UH, United Kingdom.
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Osés-Ruiz M, Talbot NJ. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 10:e1372067. [PMID: 29259729 PMCID: PMC5731507 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1372067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae forms a specialized infection structure called appressorium which uses a turgor-driven mechanical process to breach the leaf cuticle and gain entry into plant tissue. Appressorium development and plant infection are regulated by cell cycle progression and critically depend upon two, temporally separated S-phase checkpoints. Following conidial germination on the rice leaf surface, an S-phase checkpoint is essential for appressorium differentiation and operates through the DNA damage response pathway. By contrast, appressorium maturation and penetration peg development require S-progression that depends on turgor control. In this mini-review, we describe cellular mechanisms associated with cell cycle-dependent regulation of appressorium development and the potential operation of morphogenetic checkpoint control of plant infection.
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Osés-Ruiz M, Sakulkoo W, Littlejohn GR, Martin-Urdiroz M, Talbot NJ. Two independent S-phase checkpoints regulate appressorium-mediated plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E237-E244. [PMID: 28028232 PMCID: PMC5240714 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611307114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To cause rice blast disease, the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae develops a specialized infection structure called an appressorium. This dome-shaped, melanin-pigmented cell generates enormous turgor and applies physical force to rupture the rice leaf cuticle using a rigid penetration peg. Appressorium-mediated infection requires septin-dependent reorientation of the F-actin cytoskeleton at the base of the infection cell, which organizes polarity determinants necessary for plant cell invasion. Here, we show that plant infection by M. oryzae requires two independent S-phase cell-cycle checkpoints. Initial formation of appressoria on the rice leaf surface requires an S-phase checkpoint that acts through the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, involving the Cds1 kinase. By contrast, appressorium repolarization involves a novel, DDR-independent S-phase checkpoint, triggered by appressorium turgor generation and melanization. This second checkpoint specifically regulates septin-dependent, NADPH oxidase-regulated F-actin dynamics to organize the appressorium pore and facilitate entry of the fungus into host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Osés-Ruiz
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Wasin Sakulkoo
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Nicholas J Talbot
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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