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Rodriguez JS, Bynum M, Laird C, Hart DB, Klise KA, Burkhardt J, Haxton T. Optimal sampling locations to reduce uncertainty in contamination extent in water distribution systems. J Infrastruct Syst 2021; 27:10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000628. [PMID: 36330233 PMCID: PMC9628260 DOI: 10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water utilities rely on samples collected from the distribution system to provide assurance of water quality. If a water contamination incident is suspected, samples can be used to determine the source and extent of contamination. By determining the extent of contamination, the percentage of the population exposed to contamination, or areas of the system unaffected can be identified. Using water distribution system models for this purpose poses a challenge because significant uncertainty exists in the contamination scenarios (e.g., injection location, amount, duration, customer demands, contaminant characteristics). This article outlines an optimization framework to identify strategic sampling locations in water distribution systems. The framework seeks to identify the best sampling locations to quickly determine the extent of the contamination while considering uncertainty with respect to the contamination scenarios. The optimization formulations presented here solve for multiple optimal sampling locations simultaneously and efficiently, even for large systems with a large uncertainty space. These features are demonstrated in two case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rodriguez
- Ph.D. Candidate, Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - M Bynum
- SMTS, R&D S&E, Computer Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123
| | - C Laird
- PMTS, R&D S&E, Computer Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, and Adjunct Assoc. Prof., Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
| | - D B Hart
- SMTS, R&D S&E, Computer Science, Sandia National Laboratories, Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123
| | - K A Klise
- PMTS, R&D S&E, Geosciences Engineering, Sandia National Laboratories, Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM, 87123
| | - J Burkhardt
- Environmental Engineer, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Martin Luther King Dr West, Cincinnati, OH, 45268
| | - T Haxton
- Environmental Engineer, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Martin Luther King Dr West, Cincinnati, OH, 45268
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