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Al-Soudi A, Doorenspleet ME, Esveldt RE, Burgemeister LT, Hak AE, van den Born BJH, Tas SW, van Vollenhoven RF, Klarenbeek PL, de Vries N. IgG4:IgG RNA ratio differentiates active disease from remission in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a new disease activity marker? A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:43. [PMID: 30704507 PMCID: PMC6357433 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An important limitation in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is the lack of disease activity markers. Immunoglobulin G4-positive (IgG4+) B cells and plasma cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of GPA. We hypothesized that the presence of these cells in peripheral blood could serve as disease activity parameter in GPA. METHODS We included 35 proteinase 3-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-positive patients with GPA in a cross-sectional study. Active disease was defined as Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) ≥ 3 (n = 15), remission as BVAS of 0 (n = 17), and low disease activity (LDA) as BVAS of 1-2 and clinical remission (n = 3). Healthy subjects (n = 10), patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 24), and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 19) functioned as control subjects. An additional longitudinal study was performed in ten patients with GPA. Using a validated qPCR test, we measured the IgG4:IgG RNA ratio in all groups and compared the results with known biomarkers. RESULTS The median qPCR score was higher in active GPA (21.4; IQR 12.1-29.6) than in remission/LDA (3.3; IQR 1.6-5.6) (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.0001) and outperformed other known disease activity parameters in detecting activity. A cutoff qPCR score of 11.2% differentiated active disease from remission/LDA accurately (AUC 0.993). The qPCR test correlated well with the BVAS (Spearman r = 0.77, p < 0.0001). In the longitudinal study, a decrease in BVAS correlated with qPCR score reduction (paired t test, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The IgG4:IgG RNA ratio in GPA accurately distinguishes active disease from remission and correlates well with disease activity in these single-center studies. If these results are confirmed in larger longitudinal studies, this test might help to steer treatment decisions in patients with GPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Al-Soudi
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genome Analysis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. E. Doorenspleet
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. E. Esveldt
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genome Analysis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L. T. Burgemeister
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. E. Hak
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. J. H. van den Born
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. W. Tas
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. F. van Vollenhoven
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P. L. Klarenbeek
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N. de Vries
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology and Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center (ARC), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Doorenspleet ME, Westera L, Peters CP, Hakvoort TBM, Esveldt RE, Vogels E, van Kampen AHC, Baas F, Buskens C, Bemelman WA, D'Haens G, Ponsioen CY, Te Velde AA, de Vries N, van den Brink GR. Profoundly Expanded T-cell Clones in the Inflamed and Uninflamed Intestine of Patients With Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2017; 11:831-839. [PMID: 28158397 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM T cells are key players in the chronic intestinal inflammation that characterises Crohn's disease. Here we aim to map the intestinal T-cell receptor [TCR] repertoire in patients with Crohn's disease, using next-generation sequencing technology to examine the clonality of the T-cell compartment in relation to mucosal inflammation and response to therapy. METHODS Biopsies were taken from endoscopically inflamed and uninflamed ileum and colon of 19 patients with Crohn's disease. From this cohort, additional biopsies were taken after 8 weeks of remission induction therapy from eight responders and eight non-responders. Control biopsies from 11 patients without inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] were included. The TCRβ repertoire was analysed by next-generation sequencing of biopsy RNA. RESULTS Both in Crohn's disease patients and in non-IBD controls, a broad intestinal T-cell repertoire was found, with a considerable part consisting of expanded clones. Clones in Crohn's disease were more expanded [p = 0.008], with the largest clones representing up to as much as 58% of the total repertoire. There was a substantial overlap of the repertoire between inflamed and uninflamed tissue and between ileum and colon. Following therapy, responders showed larger changes in the T-cell repertoire than non-responders, although a considerable part of the repertoire remained unchanged in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The intestinal T-cell repertoire distribution in Crohn's disease is different from that in the normal gut, containing profoundly expanded T-cell clones that take up a large part of the repertoire. The T-cell repertoire is fairly stable regardless of endoscopic mucosal inflammation or response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Doorenspleet
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Westera
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C P Peters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T B M Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R E Esveldt
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Vogels
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H C van Kampen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherland
| | - F Baas
- Laboratory for Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Buskens
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W A Bemelman
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Y Ponsioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N de Vries
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Doorenspleet ME, Klarenbeek PL, de Hair MJH, van Schaik BDC, Esveldt REE, van Kampen AHC, Gerlag DM, Musters A, Baas F, Tak PP, de Vries N. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue harbours dominant B-cell and plasma-cell clones associated with autoreactivity. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:756-62. [PMID: 23606709 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify potential autoreactive B-cell and plasma-cell clones by quantitatively analysing the complete human B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoire in synovium and peripheral blood in early and established rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The BCR repertoire was screened in synovium and blood of six patients with early RA (ERA) (<6 months) and six with established RA (ESRA) (>20 months). In two patients, the repertoires in different joints were compared. Repertoires were analysed by next-generation sequencing from mRNA, generating >10 000 BCR heavy-chain sequence reads per sample. For each clone, the degree of expansion was calculated as the percentage of the total number of reads encoding the specific clonal sequence. Clones with a frequency ≥ 0.5% were considered dominant. RESULTS Multiple dominant clones were found in inflamed synovium but hardly any in blood. Within an individual patient, the same dominant clones were detected in different joints. The majority of the synovial clones were class-switched; however, the fraction of clones that expressed IgM was higher in ESRA than ERA patients. Dominant synovial clones showed autoreactive features: in ERA in particular the clones were enriched for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene segment V4-34 (IGHV4-34) and showed longer CDR3 lengths. Dominant synovial clones that did not encode IGHV4-34 also had longer CDR3s than peripheral blood. CONCLUSIONS In RA, the synovium forms a niche where expanded--potentially autoreactive--B cells and plasma cells reside. The inflamed target tissue, especially in the earliest phase of disease, seems to be the most promising compartment for studying autoreactive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Doorenspleet
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Klarenbeek PL, Remmerswaal EBM, ten Berge IJM, Doorenspleet ME, van Schaik BDC, Esveldt REE, Koch SD, ten Brinke A, van Kampen AHC, Bemelman FJ, Tak PP, Baas F, de Vries N, van Lier RAW. Deep sequencing of antiviral T-cell responses to HCMV and EBV in humans reveals a stable repertoire that is maintained for many years. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002889. [PMID: 23028307 PMCID: PMC3460621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell responses against latent viruses can cover considerable portions of the CD8+ T-cell compartment for many decades, yet their initiation and maintenance remains poorly characterized in humans. A key question is whether the clonal repertoire that is raised during the initial antiviral response can be maintained over these long periods. To investigate this we combined next-generation sequencing of the T-cell receptor repertoire with tetramer-sorting to identify, quantify and longitudinally follow virus-specific clones within the CD8+ T-cell compartment. Using this approach we studied primary infections of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) in renal transplant recipients. For both viruses we found that nearly all virus-specific CD8+ T-cell clones that appeared during the early phase of infection were maintained at high frequencies during the 5-year follow-up and hardly any new anti-viral clones appeared. Both in transplant recipients and in healthy carriers the clones specific for these latent viruses were highly dominant within the CD8+ T-cell receptor Vβ repertoire. These findings suggest that the initial antiviral response in humans is maintained in a stable fashion without signs of contraction or changes of the clonal repertoire. Several viruses have found ways to evade the human immune system and cause latent infections. Examples include HIV and herpes-viruses. Most humans carry these herpes-viruses. The human immune system mounts continuous responses against these viruses to prevent them from causing disease. If this balance is disturbed, these viruses can cause extensive pathology. We do not know how the immune response against these viruses evolves over time. Understanding this response might help to understand why the immune system does not clear these viruses and might help in preventive and therapeutic strategies. Here we used a new technology that allowed us to track virus specific immune cells (CD8+ T cells) over time in a quantitative manner. When we used this technology to study the evolution of latent responses against herpes-viruses (from infection until 5 years later) we found that immune responses were very rigid and did not evolve over time. Collectively our data shows that – for these herpes-viruses – the initial immune response is maintained despite the fact that this does not result in clearance of the virus. Therefore, if a virus survives the initial response, it will not be cleared in the future. This is an important consideration in understanding latent infection and for vaccination-design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. L. Klarenbeek
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E. B. M. Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I. J. M. ten Berge
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M. E. Doorenspleet
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B. D. C. van Schaik
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. E. E. Esveldt
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S. D. Koch
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A. ten Brinke
- Sanquin Research at CLB and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A. H. C. van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F. J. Bemelman
- Renal Transplant Unit, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P. P. Tak
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F. Baas
- Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N. de Vries
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. A. W. van Lier
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Sanquin Research at CLB and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Doorenspleet ME, Klarenbeek PL, Boumans MJ, Thurlings RM, Esveldt RE, van Schaik BD, van Kampen AH, Gerlag DM, Baas F, Tak PP, Plenge RM, de Vries N. Disruption of dominant B cell/plasma cell clones in rheumatoid arthritis synovium by rituximab correlates with treatment response. Ann Rheum Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201234.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Klarenbeek PL, de Hair MJH, Doorenspleet ME, van Schaik BDC, Esveldt REE, van de Sande MGH, Cantaert T, Gerlag DM, Baeten D, van Kampen AHC, Baas F, Tak PP, de Vries N. Inflamed target tissue provides a specific niche for highly expanded T-cell clones in early human autoimmune disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71:1088-93. [PMID: 22294635 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To profile quantitatively the T-cell repertoire in multiple joints and peripheral blood of patients with recent onset (early) or established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using a novel next-generation sequencing protocol to identify potential autoreactive clones. METHODS Synovium of patients with recent onset (early) RA (<6 months) (n=6) or established RA (>18 months) (n=6) was screened for T-cell clones by sequencing over 10 000 T-cell receptors (TCR) per sample. T cells from paired blood samples were analysed for comparison. From two patients synovial T cells were obtained from multiple inflamed joints. The degree of expansion of each individual clone was based on its unique CDR3 sequence frequency within a sample. Clones with a frequency of over 0.5% were considered to be highly expanded clones (HEC). RESULTS In early RA synovium, the T-cell repertoire was dominated by 35 HEC (median, range 2-70) accounting for 56% of the TCR sequenced. The clonal dominance in the synovium was patient specific and significantly greater than in established RA (median of 11 HEC (range 5-24) in established RA synovium accounting for 9.8% of T cells; p<0.01). 34% (range 28-40%) of the most expanded T-cell clones were shared between different joints in the same patients, compared with only 4% (range 0-8%) between synovium and blood (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS In RA, a systemic autoimmune disease, the inflamed synovium forms a niche for specific expanded T-cell clones, especially in early disease. This suggests that, at least in RA, autoreactive T cells should be addressed specifically in the inflamed tissue, preferably in the early phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Klarenbeek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/ University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Doorenspleet ME, de Hair MJ, Herenius MM, Klarenbeek PL, Wijbrandts CA, van de Sande MG, van Schaik BD, Esveldt RE, Singh JK, van Kampen AH, Gerlag DM, Baas F, Tak PP, de Vries N. In rheumatoid arthritis highly expanded B cell clones can be found in the early synovitis stage. Ann Rheum Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.149005.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Klarenbeek PL, Doorenspleet ME, de Hair MJ, Herenius MM, van Schaik BDC, Wijbrandts CA, van de Sande MG, Esveldt RE, van Kampen AHC, Baas F, Tak PP, de Vries N. The T cell receptor repertoire in synovial tissue of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is dominated by highly expanded clones, which is not the case in established RA. Ann Rheum Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.149096.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Klarenbeek PL, de Hair MJ, Doorenspleet ME, Alivernini S, van Schaik BDC, van de Sande MG, Berger FH, van Kampen AHC, Gerlag DM, Baas F, Tak PP, de Vries N. T- and B cell clones circulate between synovial tissue and lymph node in early stages of rheumatoid arthritis (RA): elucidating the role of lymph nodes in RA. Ann Rheum Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.148999.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Alivernini S, Klarenbeek PL, Bosello SL, Doorenspleet ME, van Schaik BD, Esveldt RE, van Kampen AH, Baas F, Tak PP, Ferraccioli G, de Vries N. B cell receptor repertoire analysis in clinically involved and uninvolved skin of systemic sclerosis patients treated with CD20 depletion therapy: baseline and follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.149005.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Klarenbeek PL, Doorenspleet ME, van Schaik BDC, Herenius MM, Jakobs ME, Cantaert T, Baeten DLP, van Kampen AHC, Baas F, Tak PP, de Vries N. Complete T and B cell receptor repertoire analysis in rheumatoid arthritis using high throughput sequencing. Ann Rheum Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.129619p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Klarenbeek PL, Tak PP, Doorenspleet ME, van Schaik BDC, Wensveen FM, Gottschal L, Jakobs ME, Derks IAM, Eldering E, van Kampen AHC, Baas F, de Vries N. High throughput sequencing (HTS) provides full repertoire analysis of the B and T cell receptors in humans and mice, both in blood and synovial tissue. Ann Rheum Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2010.129619o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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