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Madsen J, Ducker RE, Al Jaf O, Cartron ML, Alswieleh AM, Smith CH, Hunter CN, Armes SP, Leggett GJ. Fabrication of microstructured binary polymer brush "corrals" with integral pH sensing for studies of proton transport in model membrane systems. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2238-2251. [PMID: 29719697 PMCID: PMC5897877 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04424k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary brush structures consisting of poly(cysteine methacrylate) (PCysMA) "corrals" enclosed within poly(oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) "walls" are fabricated simply and efficiently using a two-step photochemical process. First, the C-Cl bonds of 4-(chloromethyl)phenylsilane monolayers are selectively converted into carboxylic acid groups by patterned exposure to UV light through a mask and POEGMA is grown from unmodified chlorinated regions by surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP). Incorporation of a ratiometric fluorescent pH indicator, Nile Blue 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl carbamate (NBC), into the polymer brushes facilitates assessment of local changes in pH using a confocal laser scanning microscope with spectral resolution capability. Moreover, the dye label acts as a radical spin trap, enabling removal of halogen end-groups from the brushes via in situ dye addition during the polymerisation process. Second, an initiator is attached to the carboxylic acid-functionalised regions formed by UV photolysis in the patterning step, enabling growth of PCysMA brushes by ATRP. Transfer of the system to THF, a poor solvent for PCysMA, causes collapse of the PCysMA brushes. At the interface between the collapsed brush and solvent, selective derivatisation of amine groups is achieved by reaction with excess glutaraldehyde, facilitating attachment of aminobutyl(nitrile triacetic acid) (NTA). The PCysMA brush collapse is reversed on transfer to water, leaving it fully expanded but only functionalized at the brush-water interface. Following complexation of NTA with Ni2+, attachment of histidine-tagged proteorhodopsin and lipid deposition, light-activated transport of protons into the brush structure is demonstrated by measuring the ratiometric response of NBC in the POEGMA walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Madsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - R E Ducker
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - O Al Jaf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - M L Cartron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
| | | | - C H Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - C N Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
| | - S P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - G J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
- Krebs Institute for Mechanistic Biology , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
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Bao P, Cartron ML, Sheikh KH, Johnson BRG, Hunter CN, Evans SD. Controlling transmembrane protein concentration and orientation in supported lipid bilayers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:4250-4253. [PMID: 28361139 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trans-membrane protein - proteorhodopsin (pR) has been incorporated into supported lipid bilayers (SLB). In-plane electric fields have been used to manipulate the orientation and concentration of these proteins, within the SLB, through electrophoresis leading to a 25-fold increase concentration of pR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bao
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - M L Cartron
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - K H Sheikh
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B R G Johnson
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - C N Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, S10 2TH, UK
| | - S D Evans
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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