Nut allergy prevalence and differences between Asian-born children and Australian-born children of Asian descent: a state-wide survey of children at primary school entry in Victoria, Australia

BACKGROUND

Asian infants born in Australia are three times more likely to develop nut allergy than non-Asian infants, and rates of challenge-proven food allergy in infants have been found to be unexpectedly high in metropolitan Melbourne. To further investigate the risk factors for nut allergy, we assessed the whole-of-state prevalence distribution of parent-reported nut allergy in 5-year-old children entering school.

METHODS

Using the 2010 School Entrant Health Questionnaire administered to all 5-year-old children in Victoria, Australia, we assessed the prevalence of parent-reported nut allergy (tree nut and peanut) and whether this was altered by region of residence, socio-economic status, country of birth or history of migration. Prevalence was calculated as observed proportion with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Risk factors were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression and adjusted for appropriate confounders.

RESULTS

Parent-reported nut allergy prevalence was 3.1% (95% CI 2.9-3.2) amongst a cohort of nearly 60 000 children. It was more common amongst children of mothers with higher education and socio-economic index and less prevalent amongst children in regional Victoria than in Melbourne. While children born in Australia to Asian-born mothers (aOR 2.67, 95% CI 2.28-3.27) were more likely to have nut allergy than non-Asian children, children born in Asia who subsequently migrated to Australia were at decreased risk of nut allergy (aOR 0.1, 95% CI 0.03-0.31).

CONCLUSION

Migration from Asia after the early infant period appears protective for the development of nut allergy. Additionally, rural regions have lower rates of nut allergy than urban areas.

Cosmetic surgery prior to diagnosis of breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Cosmetic breast surgery is amongst the top five most commonly performed cosmetic surgical procedures. With breast cancer being the most common non-skin malignancy in women, the likelihood that a woman undergoing cosmetic breast surgery may have an occult breast cancer needs to be considered. Most of the available data pertaining to breast cancer diagnosis in the setting of cosmetic surgery are from studies of cosmetic breast surgery populations. We report on the prevalence of breast cancer as an incidental finding during cosmetic breast surgery in the context of women subsequently diagnosed with invasive breast cancer.

METHODS

The Bupa Health Foundation Health and Wellbeing after Breast Cancer Study is a prospective cohort study of 1684 women recruited within 12 months of their first diagnosis with invasive breast cancer. Participants completed an enrolment questionnaire and annual follow-up questionnaires for 5 years.

RESULTS

At the second follow-up, 1.5% of women reported having undergone cosmetic breast surgery prior to being diagnosed with breast cancer, 16 had undergone breast reduction and seven had augmentations. Invasive breast cancer was diagnosed at the time of a cosmetic breast procedure in two women, in both an augmentation and a reduction procedure, which is 8.7% (95% confidence interval 23.5% to +20.9%) of the women in our study reporting a cosmetic breast procedure prior to diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Although prior cosmetic breast surgery was reported by few women, breast cancer was diagnosed in two women during the procedure. Surgeons performing elective breast surgery need to understand and apply consistent, reliable breast cancer screening practices.

DHEA therapy for women: effect on sexual function and wellbeing

DHEA is increasingly available commercially as a supplement aimed at improving libido and wellbeing in postmenopausal women. However there is scant evidence to support the use of DHEA for this purpose, and safety data for DHEA therapy are lacking. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulphate DHEAS are the most abundant circulating sex steroid hormones in women, providing a large precursor reservoir for the intracellular production of androgens and oestrogens in non-reproductive tissues. Levels of DHEA and DHEAS decline with age. It has been proposed that restoring the circulating levels of these steroids to those found in young people may have anti-ageing effects and improve wellbeing and sexual function. However this is not supported by the published literature. We have reviewed the physiology of DHEA and DHEAS in women and the published literature pertaining to the use of DHEA therapy for libido and wellbeing in postmenopausal women. The literature was searched using Medline (Ovid) and Pub-Med for original studies. Overall, the interpretation of data from randomised controlled trials conducted in well women is limited by inadequate sample size and short treatment durations with inconsistent results for the outcomes of libido and wellbeing. Studies of DHEA in women with adrenal insufficiency, although indicating potential improvements in mood and libido, are also limited by their short treatment phase durations. In addition safety data for DHEA therapy are lacking. The potential value of DHEA therapy for women still requires exploration in adequately powered well-designed randomised placebo-controlled trials. The studies of DHEA therapy in women with adrenal insufficiency suggest that this group is the most likely to derive health benefits from DHEA supplementation.

A RACOG sponsored pilot study of a quality assurance program regarding management of labour by provincial Fellows. Royal Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists

OBJECTIVE

To develop an effective and practical self-administered obstetric audit program for use by clinicians within their own practice.

SETTING

The private and public practices of specialists in provincial practice.

SAMPLE

Two periods of 3 months in each Fellow's practice, separated by a period of 3 months to allow for data review, resulting in the review of management of 6708 singleton births.

METHODS

All provincial Fellows in active practice in Australia in early 1998 were invited to take part in a voluntary 'quality cycle' obstetric practice audit. The data from the first 3 month period was fed back to participating Fellows for review before a second 3-month audit period was undertaken.

RESULTS

One hundred and twenty provincial Fellows were invited to take part; 62 registered for the study, 58 commenced the project, and 52 completed the entire cycle. 60.1% of the 6708 women studied laboured spontaneously, 25.8% had labour induced, and 14.1% had elective Caesarean sections. 87.8% of the 5759 women who laboured gave birth vaginally. There was little change in the incidence of intervention in labour between the first and second study periods.

CONCLUSIONS

It is possible to design a worthwhile self-administered clinical audit in obstetric practice with which specialists in full-time practice can cope and which provides useful personalised feedback for the specialist.

A randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention during pregnancy

This study was a randomized controlled trial of a smoking cessation intervention for pregnant smokers. Women who reported smoking at their first antenatal visit and satisfied the inclusion criteria were asked to participate in the trial. Analysis was restricted to 393 evaluable women in the control group (received usual antenatal care) and 339 women to the study group (received usual antenatal care plus the intervention). The primary hypotheses were that the intervention would result in a higher proportion of quitters and that the mean birth-weight of babies born to women receiving the intervention would be greater than that of babies born to women in the control group. The outcome measures were smoking status based on self-report combined with a urinary cotinine level of <115 ng/mL, and birth-weight. There was no significant difference in quit rate between women receiving the intervention and women in the control group (11.9% versus 9.8% p=0.41). Babies born to women receiving the intervention were on average 84 g heavier than babies born to controls (p=0.04). The factors that contribute to the lack of a significant increase in smoking cessation in the intervention group and the possible explanation for the changes in birth-weight are discussed.

"A survey of antenatal clinic staff: some perceived barriers to the promotion of smoking cessation in pregnancy"

Antenatal clinic staff were surveyed for their attitudes to smoking in pregnancy in 1993 and again in 1996 to monitor the effect of a randomised controlled trial of a smoking intervention conducted in the clinic over the period. Descriptive analysis showed that staff believe smoking in pregnancy is an important health risk for both mother and baby, quitting smoking is difficult, counselling is only moderately successful, they lack the skill to counsel smokers and there is little time to do so. The lack of structural support within clinic administration, the lack of a comprehensive hospital policy on smoking and unclear public health messages, were also identified as barriers to reducing the prevalence of smoking.

Women who spontaneously quit smoking in early pregnancy

Spontaneous quitters are prepregnancy smokers who quit by the time of their first antenatal visit. We recruited 192 self-declared spontaneous quitters and 407 smokers at their first visit to the antenatal clinic at the Royal Women's Hospital during April, 1994-May, 1995. Spontaneous quitters made up 23% of prepregnancy smokers. Information about self-declared quitters and smokers was collected by self-completed questionnaires. Urine samples collected at the first visit and in late pregnancy were assayed for cotinine to validate smoking status. A cut-off urinary concentration of > or = 653 nmol/L cotinine was used to determine active smoking. At the first visit, 20% of the self-declared spontaneous quitters were smoking and by late pregnancy, regardless of their initial biochemically verified status, 27% were smoking. Spontaneous quitters were different from women who said they were still smoking at their first antenatal visit, in a range of demographic variables and measures of addictive behaviour.