Retour d’expérience sur la prise en charge de myocardite aiguë dite « Kawasaki-like » associée à la COVID-19 : respect du bon usage et de la juste prescription des immunoglobulines intraveineuses

Contexte

La maladie de Kawasaki (MK) est une vascularite fébrile aiguë multisystémique infantile nécessitant une prise en charge urgente. Le traitement recommandé est l’administration précoce d’immunoglobulines intraveineuses (IgIV), renouvelée à 72 heures si besoin. Depuis la pandémie de COVID-19, une émergence de patients atteints de myocardites aiguës dites « Kawasaki-like » (mKL), ne présentant pas tous les critères de MK, a été constatée par les services de cardiologie et réanimation médicale cardiaque adulte. En l’absence de recommandations officielles, il a été statué de traiter ces patients comme des patients atteints de MK.

Objectifs

L’objectif de ce travail a été d’évaluer l’utilisation d’IgIV dans cette indication urgente, en accord avec le comité des médicaments dérivés du sang (MDS), dans un contexte de forte tension d’approvisionnement des IgIV.

Patients et méthodes

Une étude rétrospective monocentrique observationnelle a été réalisée d’avril 2020 à avril 2021. Tous les patients ayant reçu sur la période au moins une cure d’IgIV pour une myocardite aiguë associée à la COVID-19 ont été inclus. Le statut de mKL associée à la COVID-19 était définie par une myocardite aiguë avec sérologie COVID positive et/ou un antécédent de RT-PCR positive. Les données clinico-biologiques et d’administration des IgIV ont été analysées à partir du logiciel de gestion et traçabilité des MDS et du dossier patient informatisé.

Résultats

Vingt-huit patients ont été inclus dans l’étude. L’âge médian était de 29 ans, 15 patients (58 %) présentaient un IMC supérieur à 25 kg/m² et 10 des comorbidités (hypertension artérielle, diabète). Le statut COVID a été déterminé par sérologie pour 21 patients (81 %) et par antécédent de RT-PCR pour 5 patients (19 %). Le délai moyen d’apparition de myocardite après une infection COVID était de 21 jours. Des symptômes cardiaques (FEVG < 30 %, douleur thoracique) et extracardiaques (syndrome pseudo-grippal, signes cutanéomuqueux) étaient observés. Le temps d’hospitalisation moyen en soins intensifs était de 15 jours avec un support hémodynamique pour 50 % des patients. Dans 68 % des cas (n = 19), l’initiation d’IgIV a été faite en période de garde. La réévaluation des indications a permis l’arrêt des IgIV pour 2 patients (myocardite non virale ; absence d’infection COVID). Finalement, 93 % des patients (n = 25) ont reçu une administration unique de 2 g/kg d’IgIV.

Discussion/conclusion

Les patients présentant une mKL sont jeunes avec peu de comorbidités. Le délai d’apparition est variable et les symptômes peu spécifiques (COVID, vascularite). La définition stricte de critères d’administration des IgIV et la réévaluation des indications ont permis une allocation juste et pertinente des IgIV, malgré le caractère urgent de prise en charge dans un contexte de pénurie. La mKL étant encore mal connue, une étude comparative sur l’efficacité et la place des IgIV pour les patients atteints de myocardite aiguë associée au COVID-19 complètera cette première analyse.

[Consumption of narcotics, substances assimilated to narcotics and psychotropic drugs in health establishments: Profile of a hospital from France and a hospital from Quebec]

OBJECTIVES

The objective was to describe the trends in the consumption of narcotic drugs, substances related to narcotic drugs (SAS) and psychotropic drugs between a French hospital and a Quebec hospital between 2013 and 2017.

METHODS

This is a retrospective descriptive study. The consumption data was obtained from the pharmacy management software and was extracted by financial year (January 1st, 2013 to December 31st, 2017 for the French hospital and April 1st, 2013 to March 31st, 2018 for the Quebec hospital). For each drug considered to be narcotics, SAS and psychotropic drugs in France or subject to the legislation on designated substances in Quebec, we identified the quantities consumed from 2013 to 2017. The data werepresented according to the following therapeutic classes: opioids (N02A), other analgesics (N02B), anxiolytics (N05B), hypnotics and sedatives (N05C), general anesthetics (N01A), psychostimulants (N06B), androgens (G03B) and antagonists peripheral opioid receptors (A06A). The data were expressed as a defined daily dose (DDJ) for 1000 patient-days (PDs).

RESULTS

In the French hospital, the consumption of narcotics, SAS and psychotropic drugs varied from 676 to 560 DDJ per 1000 PDs between 2013 and 2017. While it varied from 1019 to 756 DDJ per 1000 PDs between 2013 and 2017 in the Quebec hospital. In 2017, the most widely used therapeutic classes in French hospitals were, in decreasing order, anxiolytics (211 DDJ per 1000 PDs) (i.e. alprazolam), opioids (205 DDJ per 1000 PDs) (i.e. tramadol, morphine injectable) and hypnotics and sedatives (64 DDJ per 1000 PDs) (i.e. midazolam injectable). In Quebec hospitals, the three therapeutic classes the most used in 2017 were, in decreasing order, opioids (314 DDJ per 1000 PDs) (i.e. hydromorphone injectable, morphine injectable), anxiolytics (221 DDJ per 1000 PDs) (i.e. clobazam) and hypnotics and sedatives (108 DDJ per 1000 PDs) (i.e. midazolam injectable).

CONCLUSION

This study notes a decrease in the consumption of opioids and other substances in both the French and Quebec establishments between 2013-2017. More work is needed to better describe the differences observed between the profile of each establishment. This is why monitoring consumption trends, therapeutic indications and preventive measures are essential.

[Retrospective cohort study of rituximab biosimilar (Rixathon®) adverse events in adult hematology and pediatric nephrology]

The purpose of this study was to describe rituximab biosimilar safety in adult hematology and pediatric nephrology units. Adverse events were classified using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) classification. Fifty adult patients were enrolled for a total of 126 cures and 11 pediatric patients for a total of 24 biosimilar cures. Among adults, three infusion-related reactions of biosimilar occurred : a bronchospasm, a reaction at the injection site and emesis. Among children, infusion-related reactions were: a bronchospasm, an injection site reaction, an emesis, and diarrhea. For adults, the most common adverse events included neutropenia (13.5 %) with 9 severe grade 3/4 cases, anemia (8.7 %), grade 1 thrombocytopenia (6.3 %), asthenia (2.4 %), infection (2.4 %), and chills (1.6 %). For children, a case of severe grade 4 neutropenia, a fever and conjunctivitis were observed. Results of this study show a confident safety profile of rituximab biosimilar in adults and children in «real life».

[Compliance of nursing professional practices related to drug preparation and administration: A cross-sectional and longitudinal descriptive study]

OBJECTIVES

Evaluate the compliance of practices of nursing professionals related to the preparation and administration of drugs in 2018. Discuss the evolution of compliance practices from 2014 to 2018.

METHODS

Prospective transversal observational study. Based on an observation grid with 55 compliance criteria, we conducted direct observation of medication doses prepared and administered by nursing professionals. For each compliance criterion, the auditor could indicate whether the practice was compliant, non-compliant or not applicable. A convenience target of 250 observations has been set.

RESULTS

A total of 252 doses of drugs were observed between March 1, 2018 and April 29, 2018. Drug doses were observed by day (52 %), evening (30 %) or night (18 %) mainly nurses (80 %) working on regular shifts (94 %). Just over half of the doses required preparation by a nurse (58 %) and almost half of the doses were administered parenterally (48 %). In 2018, the observed compliance rate of the drug circuit ranged from 25.0 % to 86.3 %.

CONCLUSION

This descriptive study shows a compliance rate of practices of nursing professionals related to the preparation and administration of drugs, which varies from 25.0 % to 86.3 % by observed stage of the drug circuit. 2018. The study identified 15 action actions for continuous improvement.

Drug shortages in Canada: Data for 2016-2017 and perspectives on the problem

OBJECTIVES

Many signs point to the growing importance of drug shortages in Canada and around the world. Although drug shortages affect clinicians and patients every day, there is a paucity of literature describing the specific problems experienced and their clinical consequences. To describe the drug shortage situation in Canada in 2016-2017 and to discuss this issue in the Canadian context.

METHODS

This retrospective study was based on data from one Canadian wholesaler (McKesson Canada) and the official Drug Shortages Canada website.

RESULTS

From August 31, 2016, to September 4, 2017, the McKesson database showed 583 drug shortages, averaging 160 (standard deviation [SD] 180) days, and the drug shortage website showed 2,129 shortages, averaging 118 (SD 113) days. Of these shortages, 26% in the McKesson database and 14% at the official drug shortage website were for parenteral products. In both the McKesson database and the Canadian drug shortage database, the leading drug classes with shortages were central nervous system drugs (26.4% and 31.8%, respectively), cardiovascular drugs (12.0% and 21.9%), anti-infective agents (11.2% and 8.5%), gastrointestinal drugs (7.9% and 6.2%) and antineoplastic agents (7.4% and 5.1%).

CONCLUSIONS

This descriptive study highlights the high number of shortages in Canada in 2016-2017. The new federal regulation requiring declaration of drug shortages should lead to better monitoring of this problem at the national level. Although the causes of shortages are often identified, manufacturers and regulators are frequently unable to address or effectively prevent drug shortages.

[A comparative cost analysis of single-use versus reusable fiberoptic bronchoscopes: Is single-use fiberscope worth it?]

OBJECTIVE

To present a minimization-cost analysis to compare reusable and single-use fiberscopes in a French health institution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The amortization cost assessment has been achieved over a period of five years, and took into account the acquisition and maintenance costs, as well as the costs related to disinfection of reusable fiberscopes. The cost of single-use fiberscopes was calculated according to its acquisition and elimination costs. Finally, we compared the costs of single-use vs. reusable use during nights, weekends and days off to estimate the additional cost of the referencing of single-use fiberscopes for theses specific periods.

RESULTS

The total cost of reusable fiberscopes was 62,511 € including VAT over 5 years whereas the cost of single-use fiberscope was 79,200 € including VAT over 5 years. The total cost of single-use fiberscopes if utilized during nights, weekends and days off was estimated to 19,800 € including VAT over 5 years, with an estimated activity at 15 intubations per year. Conversely, the cost of the utilization of reusable fiberscopes during nights, weekends and days off was estimate to 13,075 € including VAT over 5 years.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that the utilization costs of single use and reusable fiberscopes are very close. But because of the benefits of single-use fiberscopes and according to current recommendations, we consider to acquire single-use fiberscope especially for emergencies such as difficult tracheal intubation and for restrictive periods (nights, weekends and day off).