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Castela E, Tulic MK, Rozières A, Bourrat E, Nicolas JF, Kanitakis J, Vabres P, Bessis D, Mazereeuw J, Morice-Picard F, Baty D, Berard F, Lacour JP, Passeron T, Chiaverini C. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex generalized severe induces a T helper 17 response and is improved by apremilast treatment. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:357-364. [PMID: 29932457 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermolysis bullosa simplex generalized severe (EBS-gen sev) is a genetic disorder caused by mutation in the KRT5 or KRT14 genes. Although it is usually considered a mechanical disease, recent data argue for additional inflammatory mechanisms. OBJECTIVES To assess the inflammation in the skin of patients with EBS-gen sev. METHODS A first immunohistochemical retrospective study was performed on frozen skin samples from 17 patients with EBS-gen sev. A second multicentre prospective study was conducted on 10 patients with severe EBS-gen sev. Blister fluid and epidermis were processed for immunochemical analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cytokine expression was analysed in blister fluid and compared with that in controls. RESULTS Histological analysis showed a constant dermal perivascular CD4+ lymphocyte infiltrate in skin biopsies of both blister (n = 17) and rubbed skin (n = 5), an epidermal infiltration of neutrophils and eosinophils in 70% of cases, and increased immunostaining for CXCL9 and CXCL10 in blistering skin. High levels of T helper 17 cytokines were detected in lesional skin. Three adult patients with EBS-gen sev were treated with apremilast, with a dramatic improvement of skin blistering and good tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the importance of inflammation in patients with EBS-gen sev and underlines the key role for T helper 17 cells in its pathogenesis. In addition, this study provides promising new therapeutic approaches for this disabling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castela
- Department of Dermatology, CHU de Nice, Hôpital Archet 2, 151 Route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06202 Nice CEDEX 2, France.,INSERM U1111-CIRI851, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - M K Tulic
- INSERM U1065, Team 12, C3M, Nice, France
| | - A Rozières
- INSERM U1111-CIRI851, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - E Bourrat
- MAGEC, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - J-F Nicolas
- INSERM U1111-CIRI851, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - J Kanitakis
- Department of Dermatology , Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Pathology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - P Vabres
- Department of Dermatology, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - D Bessis
- Department of Dermatology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - D Baty
- Scottish Molecular Genetics Consortium, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, U.K
| | - F Berard
- Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - J-P Lacour
- Department of Dermatology, CHU de Nice, Hôpital Archet 2, 151 Route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06202 Nice CEDEX 2, France.,CREBHN, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - T Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU de Nice, Hôpital Archet 2, 151 Route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06202 Nice CEDEX 2, France.,INSERM U1065, Team 12, C3M, Nice, France
| | - C Chiaverini
- Department of Dermatology, CHU de Nice, Hôpital Archet 2, 151 Route de Saint Antoine de Ginestière, 06202 Nice CEDEX 2, France.,CREBHN, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
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Boyer J, Saint-Paul MC, Dadone B, Patouraux S, Vivinus MH, Ouvrier D, Michiels JF, Piche T, Tulic MK. Inflammatory cell distribution in colon mucosa as a new tool for diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome: A promising pilot study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28975689 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are no histological criteria to diagnose irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our aims were (i) to examine the distribution of inflammatory cells in the colon of healthy and IBS subjects and (ii) to find histological diagnosis criteria for IBS. METHODS Colonic biopsies were taken from four distinct regions of the colon from 20 controls (HC) and 11 patients with IBS (4 with constipation (IBS-C) and 7 with diarrhea (IBS-D) and embedded in paraffin. Macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes were immunostained and positive cells counted. KEY RESULTS In both HC and IBS patients, global cellularity decreased from the cecum to the rectum (P < .01) which is attributed to reduced number of macrophages (P < .05) and eosinophils (P < .001) but not T cells. Mast cells were reduced in IBS (P < .05) but not in HC, particularly in IBS-D (P < .05). Results showed higher number of macrophages in the left colon of IBS subjects than HC (P < .05). CONCLUSION & INFERENCES Here we report a decreasing gradient of immune cells from the cecum to the rectum of the human colon. Although global cellularity cannot be used to distinguish between IBS and HC, closer analysis of macrophages and mast cells may be useful markers to confirm IBS histologically and to differentiate between IBS-C and IBS-D when clinical presentation alternates between constipation and diarrhoea. This pilot study remains to be confirmed with greater number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boyer
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - M-C Saint-Paul
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - B Dadone
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - S Patouraux
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - M-H Vivinus
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie CHU de Nice Hôpital de l'Archet 1, Nice, France
| | - D Ouvrier
- Service de Gastroentérologie, CHU de Nice, Hôpital de l'Archet 2, Nice, France
| | - J-F Michiels
- Laboratoire d'anatomopathologie (LCAP) CHU de Nice Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - T Piche
- Service de Gastroentérologie, CHU de Nice, Hôpital de l'Archet 2, Nice, France
| | - M K Tulic
- Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M Team 12), INSERM U1065, Nice, France.,International Inflammation Network (in-FLAME) of the World Universities Network
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3
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Tulic MK, Piche T, Verhasselt V. Lung-gut cross-talk: evidence, mechanisms and implications for the mucosal inflammatory diseases. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:519-28. [PMID: 26892389 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system (including airway, intestinal, oral and cervical epithelium) is an integrated network of tissues, cells and effector molecules that protect the host from environmental insults and infections at mucous membrane surfaces. Dysregulation of immunity at mucosal surfaces is thought to be responsible for the alarming global increase in mucosal inflammatory diseases such as those affecting the gastrointestinal (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome) and respiratory (asthma, allergy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder) system. Although immune regulation has been well-studied in isolated mucosal sites, the extent of the immune interaction between anatomically distant mucosal sites has been mostly circumstantial and the focus of much debate. With novel technology and more precise tools to examine histological and functional changes in tissues, today there is increased appreciation of the 'common mucosal immunological system' originally proposed by Bienenstock nearly 40 years ago. Evidence is amounting which shows that stimulation of one mucosal compartment can directly and significantly impact distant mucosal site, however the mechanisms are unknown. Today, we are only beginning to understand the complexity of relationships and communications that exist between different mucosal compartments. A holistic approach to studying the mucosal immune system as an integrated global organ is imperative for future advances in understanding mucosal immunology and for future treatment of chronic diseases. In this review, we particularly focus on the latest evidence and the mechanisms operational in driving the lung-gut cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Tulic
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, EA 6302 Tolérance Immunitaire, Nice, France.,The International Inflammation 'in-FLAME' Network, Worldwide Universities Network, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - T Piche
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, EA 6302 Tolérance Immunitaire, Nice, France.,Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hôpital de l'Archet 2, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - V Verhasselt
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, EA 6302 Tolérance Immunitaire, Nice, France.,The International Inflammation 'in-FLAME' Network, Worldwide Universities Network, Perth, WA, Australia
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West CE, Rydén P, Lundin D, Engstrand L, Tulic MK, Prescott SL. Gut microbiome and innate immune response patterns in IgE-associated eczema. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:1419-29. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. West
- International Inflammation Network (in-FLAME) of the World Universities Network; Umeå Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - P. Rydén
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - D. Lundin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology; Science for Life Laboratory; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences; Science for Life Laboratory; Stockholm Sweden
| | - L. Engstrand
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology; Science for Life Laboratory; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - M. K. Tulic
- International Inflammation Network (in-FLAME) of the World Universities Network; Umeå Sweden
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis; Nice France
| | - S. L. Prescott
- International Inflammation Network (in-FLAME) of the World Universities Network; Umeå Sweden
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Perth Australia
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5
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Vivinus-Nébot M, Frin-Mathy G, Bzioueche H, Dainese R, Bernard G, Anty R, Filippi J, Saint-Paul MC, Tulic MK, Verhasselt V, Hébuterne X, Piche T. Functional bowel symptoms in quiescent inflammatory bowel diseases: role of epithelial barrier disruption and low-grade inflammation. Gut 2014; 63:744-52. [PMID: 23878165 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of colonic barrier defects and low-grade inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). DESIGN Caecal biopsies were collected from 51 IBS, 49 quiescent IBD (31 Crohn's disease (CD) and 18 ulcerative colitis (UC)) patients and 27 controls. IBS was assessed using the Rome III criteria and the IBS severity score. Epithelial barrier integrity was evaluated by determining the paracellular permeability of biopsies mounted in Ussing chambers and the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, α-catenin and occludin). Low-grade inflammation was evaluated by counting cells, including intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), eosinophils and mast cells, and by determining the mRNA and protein expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in biopsies and culture supernatants. RESULTS IBS-like symptoms were present in 35.4 and 38% of CD and UC patients, respectively. Paracellular permeability was significantly increased in both quiescent IBD with IBS-like symptoms and IBS compared with quiescent IBD without IBS-like symptoms (p<0.01, respectively) or controls (p<0.01, respectively). Significantly lower expression of ZO-1 and α-catenin was detected in IBS and quiescent IBD with IBS-like symptoms. IELs and TNF-α were significantly increased in quiescent IBD with IBS-like symptoms, but not in IBS. CONCLUSIONS In quiescent IBD, IBS-like symptoms related to persistent subclinical inflammation associated with increased colonic paracellular permeability. A persistent increase in TNF-α in colonic mucosa may contribute to the epithelial barrier defects associated with abdominal pain in quiescent IBD, but not in IBS. Optimisation of anti-inflammatory therapy may be considered in quiescent IBD with IBS-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vivinus-Nébot
- Department of Immunology, Pole of Biology, Hôpital Archet 1, CHU de Nice, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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Macchiaverni P, Rekima A, Turfkruyer M, Mascarell L, Airouche S, Moingeon P, Adel-Patient K, Condino-Neto A, Annesi-Maesano I, Prescott SL, Tulic MK, Verhasselt V. Respiratory allergen from house dust mite is present in human milk and primes for allergic sensitization in a mouse model of asthma. Allergy 2014; 69:395-8. [PMID: 24329931 DOI: 10.1111/all.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify environmental risk and protective factors in early life for the prevention of allergy. Our study demonstrates the presence of respiratory allergen from house dust mite, Der p 1, in human breast milk. Der p 1 in milk is immunoreactive, present in similar amounts as dietary egg antigen, and can be found in breast milk from diverse regions of the world. In a mouse model of asthma, oral exposure to Der p through breast milk strongly promotes sensitization rather than protect the progeny as we reported with egg antigen. These data highlight that antigen administration to the neonate through the oral route may contribute to child allergic sensitization and have important implications for the design of studies assessing early oral antigen exposure for allergic disease prevention. The up-to-now unknown worldwide presence of respiratory allergen in maternal milk allows new interpretation and design of environmental control epidemiological studies for allergic disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Macchiaverni
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. Rekima
- University Nice Sophia Antipolis; TIM; Nice France
| | | | - L. Mascarell
- Research and Development; Stallergenes SA; Antony France
| | - S. Airouche
- Research and Development; Stallergenes SA; Antony France
| | - P. Moingeon
- Research and Development; Stallergenes SA; Antony France
| | - K. Adel-Patient
- INRA; UR496 Immuno-Allergie Alimentaire; CEA/IBiTeC-S/SPI; CEA de Saclay; F-91191 Gif sur Yvette cedex; Paris France
| | - A. Condino-Neto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - I. Annesi-Maesano
- EPAR UMR-S 707 INSERM; Paris France
- EPAR UMR-S 707 UPMC Paris6; Medical School Saint-Antoine Paris; Paris France
| | - S. L. Prescott
- School of Pediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia
- The International Inflammation ‘in-FLAME’ Network; Worldwide Universities Network (WUN); Perth Australia
| | - M. K. Tulic
- University Nice Sophia Antipolis; TIM; Nice France
- The International Inflammation ‘in-FLAME’ Network; Worldwide Universities Network (WUN); Perth Australia
| | - V. Verhasselt
- University Nice Sophia Antipolis; TIM; Nice France
- The International Inflammation ‘in-FLAME’ Network; Worldwide Universities Network (WUN); Perth Australia
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7
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D'Vaz N, Meldrum SJ, Dunstan JA, Lee-Pullen TF, Metcalfe J, Holt BJ, Serralha M, Tulic MK, Mori TA, Prescott SL. Fish oil supplementation in early infancy modulates developing infant immune responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1206-16. [PMID: 22805468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal fish oil supplementation during pregnancy has been associated with altered infant immune responses and a reduced risk of infant sensitization and eczema. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of early postnatal fish oil supplementation on infant cellular immune function at 6 months of age in the context of allergic disease. METHODS In a double-blind randomized controlled trial (ACTRN12606000281594), 420 infants of high atopic risk received fish oil [containing 280 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 110 mg eicosapentanoic acid (EPA)] or control oil daily from birth to 6 months. One hundred and twenty infants had blood collected at 6 months of age. Fatty acid levels, induced cytokine responses, T cell subsets and monocyte HLA-DR expression were assessed at 6 months of age. Infant allergies were assessed at 6 and 12 months of age. RESULTS DHA and EPA levels were significantly higher in the fish oil group and erythrocyte arachidonic acid (AA) levels were lower (all P < 0.05). Infants in the fish oil group had significantly lower IL-13 responses (P = 0.036) to house dust mite (HDM) and higher IFNγ (P = 0.035) and TNF (P = 0.017) responses to phytohaemaglutinin (PHA). Infants with relatively high DHA levels had lower Th2 responses to allergens including lower IL-13 to β-lactoglobulin (BLG) (P = 0.020), and lower IL-5 to BLG (P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Postnatal fish oil supplementation increased infant n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and associated with lowered allergen-specific Th2 responses and elevated polyclonal Th1 responses. Our results add to existing evidence of n-3 PUFA having immunomodulatory properties that are potentially allergy-protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D'Vaz
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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8
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D'Vaz N, Meldrum SJ, Dunstan JA, Martino D, McCarthy S, Metcalfe J, Tulic MK, Mori TA, Prescott SL. Postnatal fish oil supplementation in high-risk infants to prevent allergy: randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2012; 130:674-82. [PMID: 22945403 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Relative deficiency of dietary omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) has been implicated in the rising allergy prevalence in Westernized countries. Fish oil supplementation may provide an intervention strategy for primary allergy prevention. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of fish oil n-3 PUFA supplementation from birth to 6 months of age on infant allergic disease. METHODS In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, 420 infants at high atopic risk received a daily supplement of fish oil containing 280 mg docosahexaenoic acid and 110 mg eicosapentaenoic acid or a control (olive oil), from birth to age 6 months. PUFA levels were measured in 6-month-old infants' erythrocytes and plasma and their mothers' breast milk. Eczema, food allergy, asthma and sensitization were assessed in 323 infants for whom clinical follow-up was completed at 12 months of age. RESULTS At 6 months of age, infant docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid levels were significantly higher (both P < .05) and erythrocyte arachidonic acid levels were lower (P = .003) in the fish oil group. Although n-3 PUFA levels at 6 months were associated with lower risk of eczema (P = .033) and recurrent wheeze (P = .027), the association with eczema was not significant after multiple comparisons and there was no effect of the intervention per se on the primary study outcomes. Specifically, between-group comparisons revealed no differences in the occurrence of allergic outcomes including sensitization, eczema, asthma, or food allergy. CONCLUSIONS Postnatal fish oil supplementation improved infant n-3 status but did not prevent childhood allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D'Vaz
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health Research (SPACH), Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Western Australia, PO Box D184, Perth, Western Australia, 6001 Australia
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9
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Dunstan JA, West C, McCarthy S, Metcalfe J, Meldrum S, Oddy WH, Tulic MK, D'Vaz N, Prescott SL. The relationship between maternal folate status in pregnancy, cord blood folate levels, and allergic outcomes in early childhood. Allergy 2012; 67:50-7. [PMID: 21923665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary changes may epigenetically modify fetal gene expression during critical periods of development to potentially influence disease susceptibility. This study examined whether maternal and/or fetal folate status in pregnancy is associated with infant allergic outcomes. METHODS Pregnant women (n=628) were recruited in the last trimester of pregnancy. Folate status determined by both food frequency questionnaires and folate levels in maternal and cord blood serum was examined in relation to infant allergic outcomes at 1 year of age (n=484). RESULTS Infants who developed allergic disease (namely eczema) did not show any differences in cord blood or maternal folate levels compared with children without disease. Although maternal folate intake from foods was also not different, folate derived from supplements was higher (P=0.017) in children with subsequent eczema. Furthermore, infants exposed to >500 μg folic acid/day as a supplement in utero were more likely to develop eczema than those taking <200 μg/day (OR [odds ratio] =1.85; 95% CI 1.14-3.02; P=0.013), remaining significant after adjustment for maternal allergy and other confounders. There was a nonlinear relationship between cord blood folate and sensitization, with folate levels <50 nmol/l (OR=3.02; 95% CI 1.16-7.87; P=0.024) and >75 nmol/l (OR=3.59; 95% CI 1.40-9.20; P=0.008) associated with greater sensitization risk than levels between 50 and 75 nmol/l. CONCLUSION Fetal levels between 50 and 75 nmol/l appeared optimal for minimizing sensitization. While folate taken as a supplement in higher doses during the third trimester was associated with eczema, there was no effect on other allergic outcomes including sensitization. Further studies are needed to determine the significance of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Dunstan
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Tulic
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; University of Western Australia; Perth; Australia
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11
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Joubert P, Lajoie-Kadoch S, Wellemans V, Létuvé S, Tulic MK, Halayko AJ, Hamid Q. Expression and regulation of CCL15 by human airway smooth muscle cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:85-94. [PMID: 22092970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural cells are an important reservoir of chemokines that coordinate the influx of various immune cells to the lungs of asthmatics. Airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) are an important source of these chemokines. CCL15 is a recently described chemo-attractant for neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. OBJECTIVE To determine the production and the regulation of CCL15 by ASMC and to investigate its production in asthmatic airways. METHODS Human ASMC were obtained from main bronchial airway segments of patients with mild, moderate and severe asthma. To induce chemokine production, cells were incubated with IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α or IFN-γ in presence or absence of dexamethasone, mithramycin A (SP-1 inhibitor) or the IKK-2 inhibitor, AS602868. CCL15 mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. Immunoreactive CCL15 was detected by immuno-fluorescence and CCL15 protein concentration in the supernatant was measured using ELISA. RESULTS CCL15 is constitutively expressed in human ASMC and is strongly up-regulated by TNF-α. This up-regulation is inhibited by dexamethasone, mithramycin A and AS602868. TNF-α-induced CCL15 levels can be synergistically enhanced by the presence of IFN-γ, at both the transcriptional and translation level. This synergism is NF-κB-dependent. Asthmatic biopsies demonstrated higher expression of CCL15 compared with non-asthmatic controls. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results show that ASMC are a potent source of CCL15 in the airways and may directly participate in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to asthmatic airways. Targeting the production of CCL15 by ASMC might reduce the inflammatory response within the airways of asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Joubert
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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13
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Abstract
Airway remodelling refers to changes in the airway structure and includes subepithelial fibrosis, increased smooth muscle mass, submucosal gland enlargement, neovascularisation and epithelial alterations. Remodelling is observed in response to chronic injury and is seen not only in asthma but in all airway diseases. Remodelling is associated with more severe airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma; however, the clinical significance of this is still a matter of debate. Research should be pursued to better understand the accurate implication of airway remodelling in disease and its therapeutic modulation. To allow research in this field, accurate and standardised methods should be utilised to measure airway alterations in disease and following therapy. The standard detection of structural alterations is through direct analyses of airway tissues obtained during a post mortem, surgically or by flexible bronchoscopy. To avoid invasive techniques, other tools have been developed to indirectly measure remodelling, including induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, blood and urine analyses, physiological and radiological assessments, as well as in vitro techniques. Although of great interest, the exact significance of airway remodelling measurements gained through such indirect techniques is uncertain and further research is needed. Despite their invasive nature, direct methods should be favoured to adequately measure airway remodelling in disease and its modulation by therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bergeron
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St Urbain Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H2X 2P2
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14
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Fiset PO, Tulic MK, Skrablin PSA, Grover SM, Létuvé S, Mazer BD, Hamid Q. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 down-regulates toll-like receptor-4 expression of a monocytic cell line. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:158-65. [PMID: 16433852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), part of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, is an important bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Our previous studies have indicated reduced expression of TLR4 and reduced responsiveness to LPS in nasal mucosa of atopic adults compared with non-atopic adults. IL-4 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), which are increased in atopic patients, may have a role in modulating TLR4. OBJECTIVE To examine direct effects of IL-4 and STAT6 on TLR4 expression of U-937 monocytic cells. METHODS LPS responsiveness, under different conditions of U-937 cells was measured by nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation of transcription. TLR4 mRNA was quantified by real-time PCR and TLR4 surface expression was measured by flow cytometry. The promoter and 4.3 kb of the upstream region of TLR4 were cloned into a plasmid vector and transiently transfected into U-937 cells. Transfected cells were incubated with IL-4 and transcriptional activity was assayed by the luciferase assay. STAT6 was transfected to evaluate overexpression of this transcription factor. Cells were also incubated with Tyrphostin AG490 to inhibit tyrosine kinases. RESULTS NF-kappaB activation by LPS was inhibited by IL-4 pre-incubation but not when IL-4 was added at the same time as LPS. TLR4 mRNA expression was inhibited by IL-4 as early as 6 h but the effect was lost by 24 h. Surface expression of TLR4 was inhibited by IL-4 at 12 and 24 h, but returned to baseline at 48 h. IL-4 inhibited activity of the TLR4 promoter as early as 6 h, but, like the mRNA, these effects were transient. STAT6 overexpression enhanced the inhibition of the TLR4 promoter and prolonged it. Inhibition of TLR4 by IL-4 was abolished by pre-incubation with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor Tyrphostin AG490. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that IL-4, through STAT6, can modulate TLR4 expression and suggests that Th2 cytokines can impact on the LPS responsiveness of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Fiset
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
Asthma was originally described as an inflammatory disease that predominantly involves the central airways. Pathological and physiological evidence reported during the past few years suggests that the inflammatory process extends beyond the central airways to the peripheral airways and the lung parenchyma. The small airways are capable of producing T-helper-2 cytokines, as well as chemokines, and they have recently been recognized as a predominant site of airflow obstruction in asthmatic persons. The inflammation at this distal site has been described as more severe than large airway inflammation. These findings are of great clinical significance, and highlight the need to consider the peripheral airways as a target in any therapeutic strategy for treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Tulic
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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