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Valderrama V, Sánchez P, Delso M, Díaz-Dosque M, Escobar A, Budini M, Catalán M, Vivar R, López-Muñoz R, Jara JA, Molina-Berríos A. Gallic acid triphenylphosphonium derivatives TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 inhibit mitochondrial function in Candida albicans exerting antifungal and antibiofilm effects. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxad316. [PMID: 38148145 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of gallic acid derivatives TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 and their effects on mitochondrial function on two Candida albicans reference strains (ATCC 90029 and ATCC 10231). METHODS AND RESULTS First, we determined minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a microdilution assay. Both compounds exerted antifungal effects, and their MICs ranged from 3.9 to 13 µM, with no statistically significant differences between them (P > 0.05, t-test). These concentrations served as references for following assays. Subsequently, we measured oxygen consumption with a Clark electrode. Our observations revealed that both drugs inhibited oxygen consumption in both strains with TPP+-C12 exerting a more pronounced inhibitory effect. We then employed flow cytometry with TMRE as a probe to assess mitochondrial membrane potential. For each strain assayed, the compounds induced a decay in transmembrane potential by 75%-90% compared to the control condition (P < 0.05, ANOVA). Then, we measured ATP levels using a commercial kit. TPP+-C12 showed a 50% decrease of ATP content (P < 0.05 ANOVA), while TPP+-C10 exhibited a less pronounced effect. Finally, we assessed the antibiofilm effect using the MTT reduction assay. Both compounds were effective, but TPP+-C12 displayed a greater potency, requiring a lower concentration to inhibit 50% of biofilms viability (P < 0.05, t-test). CONCLUSIONS Derivatives of gallic acid linked to a TPP+ group exert antifungal and antibiofilm activity through impairment of mitochondrial function in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Valderrama
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Paula Sánchez
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Macarena Delso
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Mario Díaz-Dosque
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
- Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - José A Jara
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
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