Therapeutic potential of probiotics in gut microbial homeostasis and Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and joint damage. Existing treatment options primarily focus on managing symptoms and slowing disease progression, often with side effects and limitations. The gut microbiome, a vast community of microorganisms present in the gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in health and disease. Recent research suggests a bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and RA, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic option. This review focuses on the interaction between the gut microbiome and RA development, by discussing how dysbiosis, an imbalance in gut bacteria, can contribute to RA through multiple mechanisms such as molecular mimicry, leaky gut, and metabolic dysregulation. Probiotics, live microorganisms with health benefits, are emerging as promising tools for managing RA. They can prevent the negative effects of dysbiosis by displacing harmful bacteria, producing anti-inflammatory metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), Directly influencing immune cells, and modifying host metabolism. animal and clinical studies demonstrate the potential of probiotics in improving RA symptoms and disease outcomes. However, further research is needed to optimize probiotic strains, dosages, and treatment protocols for personalized and effective management of RA. This review summarizes the current understanding of the gut microbiome and its role in RA and discusses future research directions. In addition to the established role of gut dysbiosis in RA, emerging strategies like fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, and postbiotics offer exciting possibilities. However, individual variations in gut composition necessitate personalized treatment plans. Long-term effects and clear regulations need to be established. Future research focusing on metagenomic analysis, combination therapies, and mechanistic understanding will unlock the full potential of gut microbiome modulation for effective RA management.

Prebiotics: Comprehensive analysis of sources, structural characteristics and mechanistic roles in disease regulation

Prebiotics are nondigestible components that comprise short-chain carbohydrates, primarily oligosaccharides, which are converted into beneficial compounds by probiotics. Various plant substances with prebiotic properties provide substantial health benefits and are used to prevent different diseases and for medical and clinical applications. Consuming prebiotics gives impeccable benefits since it aids in gut microbial balance. Prebiotic research is primarily concerned with the influence of intestinal disorders. The proposed review will describe recent data on the sources, structures, implementation of prebiotics and potential mechanisms in preventing and treating various disorders, with an emphasis on the gut microbiome. Prebiotics have a distinctive impact on the gastro intestine by explicitly encouraging the growth of probiotic organisms like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. This in turn augments the body's inherent ability to fend off harmful pathogens. Prebiotic carbohydrates may also provide other non-specific advantages due to their fermentation in the large intestine. Additional in vivo research is needed to fully comprehend the interactions between prebiotics and probiotics ingested by hosts to improve their nutritional and therapeutic benefits.