Amelioration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles-induced liver injury in mice: possible role of some antioxidants

This study investigates the efficacy of idebenone, carnosine and vitamin E in ameliorating some of the biochemical indices induced in the liver of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) intoxicated mice. Nano-anatase TiO2 (21 nm) was administered (150 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks followed by the aforementioned antioxidants either alone or in combination for 1 month. TiO2 NPs significantly increased serum liver function enzyme activities, liver coefficient and malondialdehyde levels in hepatic tissue. They also suppressed hepatic glutathione level and triggered an inflammatory response via the activation of macrophages and the enhancement of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels. Moreover, the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2, nuclear factor kappa B and Bax was up-regulated whereas that of Bcl-2 was down-regulated following TiO2 NPs. Additionally, these NPs effectively activated caspase-3 and caused liver DNA damage. Oral administration of idebenone (200mg/kg), carnosine (200mg/kg) and vitamin E (100mg/kg) alleviated the hazards of TiO2 NPs with the combination regimen showing a relatively higher effect. The histopathological examination reinforced these findings. In conclusion, oxidative stress could be regarded as a key player in TiO2 NPs-induced liver injury. The study also highlights the anti-inflammatory and the anti-apoptotic potentials of these antioxidants against the detrimental effects of TiO2 NPs.

Crosstalk between GSK-3, c-Fos, NFκB and TNF-α signaling pathways play an ambitious role in Chitosan Nanoparticles Cancer Therapy

Nanotechnology is a promising era of medicine for developing targeted drug delivery system. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) have attracted increasing attention for their wide applications as anticancer drugs. This article is concerned with the therapeutic index of chitosan nanoparticles against diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC was induced in rats via repeated DEN administration in a dose of 200 mg/kg BW IP, 2 weeks later rats received (2 ml/kg BW) CCl4 orally for 2 months followed by daily treatment with chitosan nanoparticles in an oral dose of 12 mg/kg for 1 month. Then the gene expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), (c-FOS), nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB) and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) were reported in rats sera and the correlation between GSK-3, C-Fos, NFƘB and TNF-α and liver tumorigenesis was investigated. The results elucidated that DEN significantly increased serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Marked increments in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NOx) levels along with a slight reduction of glutathione (GSH) level were evidenced in HCC. Liver injury triggered an inflammatory response by enhancing the mRNA gene expression of NFκB and TNF-α. DEN effectively activated apoptotic markers GSK-3 and c-FOS. Oral administration of CNPs alleviated the oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic hazards induced via DEN. The histopathological examination reinforced these results. The present study highlights the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic potentials of CNPs against DEN-induced HCC.

Potential antifibrotic and angiostatic impact of idebenone, carnosine and vitamin E in nano-sized titanium dioxide-induced liver injury

BACKGROUND/AIM

The present study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of individual and combined doses of idebenone, carnosine and vitamin E on ameliorating some of the biochemical indices of nano-sized titanium dioxide (n-TiO2) in mice liver.

METHODS

The in vitro cytotoxic effect of nano-sized anatase TiO2 (21 nm) on hepatic cell lines (HepG 2) was investigated. Additionally, n-TiO2 was orally administered (150 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks, followed by a daily intragastric gavage of the aforementioned antioxidants for 1 month.

RESULTS

n-TiO2 induced significant cytotoxicity in hepatic cell lines and elevated the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hepatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels. Meanwhile, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was significantly reduced. Moreover, RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that n-TiO2 significantly altered the mRNA and protein expressions of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) and Smad-2, as well as vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF). Histopathological examination of hepatic tissue reinforced these results.

CONCLUSION

Idebenone, carnosine and vitamin E ameliorated the deviated parameters with the combination regimen demonstrating the most pronounced effect. Oxidative stress, liver fibrosis and angiogenesis may be implicated in n-TiO2-induced liver toxicity.

Probiotics as a Complementary Therapy in the Model of Cadmium Chloride Toxicity: Crosstalk of β-Catenin, BDNF, and StAR Signaling Pathways

Cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) is a ubiquitous environmental toxicant that causes a variety of disturbances in biological systems, including brain dysfunction and testicular tissue degeneration. On the other hand, it is supposed that beneficial properties of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus and Acidobacillus) are related to their capacity to adhere or bind different targets, thus leading to improved intestinal microbial balance and other benefits to the host. Bearing aforementioned in mind, the present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of probiotic supplementation against cadmium chloride-induced brain and testis toxicity in mice model. Animals received Lactobacillus and Acidobacillus either alone or added to folic acid for 1 week before CdCl2 intoxication in a dose of 20 mg/kg BW followed by probiotics (5 × 10⁹⁾ and/or folic acid (12 mg/kg) treatment for 3 weeks. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), butyrl choline esterase (BCHE), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were investigated. Finally, cadmium neurotoxicity was determined by estimating the gene expression of β-catenin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as estimating the alterations in testicular function by determining acid phosphatase level in addition to steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 17-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (17-β HSD) gene expression. Based on our results, we can conclude that exposure of mice to cadmium chloride resulted in a significant elevation in MDA, BCHE levels accompanied with a significant reduction in GSH and SOD activities compared to the control value. CdCl₂ also downregulated the gene expression of β-catenin and BDNF, as well as acid phosphatase level, in addition to StAR and 17-β HSD gene expression. These deviated parameters were significantly modulated in the co-treated animals with probiotics compared with the cadmium-treated group. In conclusion, Lactobacillus and folic acid in a mixture with cadmium acted beneficially to an organism, increasing the cadmium excretion in feces, and consequently increasing β-catenin and BDNF in brain tissue and StAR and 17-β HSD in testis and improving their functions. Histoarchitecture analysis confirmed these results.

Liposomal glutathione as a promising candidate for immunological rheumatoid arthritis therapy

Nano-medicine can passively accumulate in chronic inflammatory tissues via the enhanced permeability and retention phenomenon, or by being conjugated with a ligand that can bind to receptors over expressed by cells inside chronic inflammatory tissues, contributing to reduced systemic side-effects and increased efficacy. This article highlights the utilization of nanomedicine for potential treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis was induced in rat model via 2 weeks intradermal injection of pristane at the base of the tail in a daily dose of 150 μl. Susceptible rat strains developed severe arthritis with a sudden onset 3 weeks post pristane injection. Three weeks post pristane administration; rats were treated intravenously with glutathione or liposomal-glutathione in a dose of 5 mg/kg daily for 30 days. Concomitant supplementation with the aforementioned antioxidants effect on proinflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) was assessed. On the other hand, oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) compared with pristane treated group was also investigated. The results elucidated that glutathione and liposomal -glutathione significantly reduced rheumatoid factor, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein levels with the superiority of liposomal -glutathione in this side reflecting its pronounced effect as anti-rheumatoid agent.

C-reactive Protein Signaling and Chromosomal Abnormalities in Nanotoxicity Induced via Different Doses of TiO2 (80 nm) Boost Liver Function

The wide application of nanotechnology merits the need to clarify their nanotoxicity. In vivo studies have raised concerns about the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs), but there are limited data on chromosomal abnormalities induced in hepatic tissue. In this article, the toxicity of three IP doses of TiO₂ NPs (80 nm) (50, 250, and 500 mg/kg) through three time intervals (up to 7, 15, and 45 days) on liver tissue was assessed. Hepatic catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NOx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels varied with the administered dose and exposure time of TiO₂ NPs. As a result, TiO₂ NPs caused a statistically significant decrease in hepatic CAT and GSH activities and a significant alleviation in MDA and NOx levels (p < 0.05), suggesting that the liver exposed to these various doses of TiO₂ NPs suffered from severe oxidative stress. The extent of depletion of antioxidant enzymes and the elevation of MDA and NOx in the liver exposed to the highest dose and duration of TiO₂ NPs 500 mg for 45 days was the greatest, suggesting that the toxicity might be dose and time dependent. Further, C-reactive protein (CRP) as an inflammatory marker was also alleviated, in addition to the apparent chromosomal aberration and liver pathologies including necrotic and fibrotic hepatocytes after exposure to 250 and 500 mg/kg of TiO₂ NPs for 14 and 45 days that were deduced. Hence, nanotechnology-based industries are growing rapidly leading to large-scale production of engineered nanoparticles. They contribute to increased chances of human NPs exposure and health risk.

Neurodegenerative and Hepatorenal Disorders Induced Via Aluminum Chloride in Murine System: Impact of β-Secretase, MAPK, and KIM

Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) is commonly used in daily life; meanwhile, it is the potential etiology of various neurodegenerative as well as hepatorenal diseases. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the correlation between AlCl₃-induced biochemical alterations and the toxicity induced in various organs such as the brain, liver, and kidney. Male mice received AlCl₃ in an oral dose of 50 mg kg^-1 in addition to (50 mg) in drinking water for 2 weeks. Two weeks post-AlCl₃ intoxication, the brain, liver, and kidney biochemical indices were assessed via molecular and western blot analysis. The results are as follows: AlCl₃ intoxication induced a significant elevation in serum malondialdehyde in addition to a significant reduction in serum glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Brain β-secretase (tubulin-binding protein) and tau proteins which are responsible for the synthesis of β-amyloid protein that may interfere with neuronal communication in Alzheimer's disease (AD) were also upregulated; regarding hepatic function, AlCl₃ elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. Moreover, it upregulated hepatic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein expressions as well as renal kidney-inducible molecule-1 (KIM-1) which indicated the deleterious effect of AlCl₃ on these organs. These results were confirmed by histopathological investigations. So, we hypothesize that acute AlCl₃ administration is responsible for oxidative cell damage that interferes with brain function inducing β-amyloid accumulation, Alzheimer's disease, and neurodegenerative damage as well as hepatorenal injuries.

Hyssopus officinalis exerts hypoglycemic effects on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via modulating GSK-3β, C-fos, NF-κB, ABCA1 and ABGA1 gene expression

Objectives

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) is contributed to dual interactions between environmental factors and certain genetic factors. This impressed a great need for novel treatment strategy. Nevertheless, Hyssopus officinalis (H. officinalis) as a terrestrial herb is considered to be an important source of natural antioxidants, it could be assessed as an anti-hyperglycemic agent.

Methods

In the current study, HPLC identified the active constitutes of H. officinalis, including total polyphenols, and flavonoids. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced in male Wistar albino rats via a single ip dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (35 mg/kg BW). One week post diabetes induction, rats were administrated H. officinalis (500 mg/ kg BW) orally for one month. Molecular analysis was assessed to investigate the efficiency of H. officinalis on modulating ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1) genes, in addition to apoptotic biomarkers, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and cellular oncogene-fos (C-fos) genes. Furthermore, inflammatory biomarkers, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene expression were also assessed.

Results

H. officinalis alcoholic extract declared the presence of polyphenols as gallic acid and flavonoids as quercetin in addition to many active constituents. Apigenin-7-glucoside and Chlorgenic acid were the most common constituents in the extract. RT-PCR results declared a significant up-regulation in mRNA gene expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 upon H. officinalis treatment. Meanwhile, C-fos gene expression recorded a slight down-regulation. Gene expression of apoptotic biomarker GSK-3β demonstrated a significant down regulation as well as inflammatory biomarkers NF-κB and TNF-α.

Conclusion

From the data recorded, it could be concluded that H. officinalis exerts a great hypoglycemic potential via modulating C-fos, GSK-3β, NF-κB, TNF-α, ABCA1 and ABCG1 gene expression and signaling pathways and could be considered as an effective candidate for DMT2 treatment.

DNA damage and genetic aberration induced via different sized silver nanoparticles: Therapeutic approaches of Casimiroa edulis and Glycosmis pentaphylla leaves extracts

Potential of Casimiroa edulis and Glycosmis pentaphylla leaves extracts were investigated against the effect of two different particle sizes of silver nanoparticles induced toxicity in mice. Mice received silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (100 mg/kg) with 20 and 100 nm for four weeks followed by daily oral dose of extracts (500 mg/kg) for three weeks. C. edulis leaves identified fourteen phenolic compounds while, G. pentaphylla leaves identified, twelve phenolic compounds. Additionally, biochemical, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and histopathological investigations were carried out, revealed that liver function activities, lipid profile, hydrogen peroxide, and C-reactive protein were significantly elevate post AgNPs exposure. While, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferases, and glutathione peroxidase significantly reduce. A marked amelioration in all detected biomarkers, improved histopathological changes and repair DNA damage after treated with C. edulis and G. pentaphylla leaves extracts. These extracts are used for the first time as promising candidate therapeutic agents against toxicity induced by AgNPs. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The potential applications of AgNPs make it necessary to investigate the possible toxicity associated with release of free silver ions in the biological system. AgNPs of varying particle sizes had toxic effects as evidenced by alterations in some cellular biochemical parameters, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and histopathological indices on mice. Casimiroa edulis and Glycosmis pentaphylla leaves extracts are used for the first time as promising candidate therapeutic, where they are able to ameliorate the toxicity induced via AgNPs and record vacillate percentage of improvement in the selected biomarkers, as a result of the bioactive secondary metabolites especially flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds.

Crosslink among phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A signaling pathways post liposomal galactomannan hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

Liposomal drug-delivery systems (LDDs) provide a promising opportunity to precisely target organs, improve drug bioavailability and reduce systemic toxicity. On the other hand, PI₃K/Akt signaling pathways control various intracellular functions including apoptosis, invasion and cell growth. Hyper activation of PI3K and Akt is detected in some types of cancer that posses defect in PTEN. Tracking the crosstalk between PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT 5A signaling pathways, in cancer could result in identifying new therapeutic agents. The current study, identified an over view on PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A networks, in addition to their biological roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the current study galactomannan was extracted from Caesalpinia gilliesii seeds then loaded in liposomes. Liposomes were prepared employing phosphatidyl choline and different concentrations of cholesterol. HCC was then induced in Wistar albino rats followed by liposomal galactomannan (700 ± 100 nm) treatment. Liver enzymes as well as antioxidants were assessed and PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A gene expression were investigated. The prepared vesicles revealed entrapment efficiencies ranging from 23.55 to 69.17%, and negative zeta potential values. The optimum formulation revealed spherical morphology as well as diffusion controlled in vitro release pattern. Liposomal galactomannan elucidated a significant reduction in liver enzymes and MDA as well as PI3K/Akt, PTEN and STAT 5A gene expression. A significant elevation in GST and GSH were deduced. In conclusion, Liposomal galactomannan revealed a promising candidate for HCC therapy.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells mitigate caspase-3 and 8-hydroxy proline induced via β-adrenergic agonist in pulmonary injured rats

Estimating the ability of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) to alleviate pulmonary injury induced via isoproterenol (ISP). ISP was injected in a dose of (100 mg/kg, subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 h). One month post BM-MSCs transplantation by intravenous injection, pulmonary oxidative stress was assessed, and Western blot analyses and histopathological investigations were conducted. Compared with the normal control group, BM-MSCs transplantation significantly decreased the expression of pulmonary anti-oxidative stress marker. Western blot analysis revealed that ISP significantly reduced the protein expression of the anti-oxidative stress marker nuclear related factor-2 (Nrf2). However, the apoptotic marker (caspase-3) and collagen content marker (8-hydroxyproline) were markedly elevated. These biochemical markers were confirmed by histopathological investigations. Finally, it was demonstrated that BM-MSCs transplantation showed a superior effect in improving pulmonary function through alleviating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and collagen content.

Ubiquitous toxicity of Mercuric Chloride in target tissues and organs: Impact of Ubidecarenone and liposomal-Ubidecarenone STAT 5A/ PTEN /PI3K/AKT signaling pathways

BACKGROUND

Mercuric chloride (HgCl3) is categorized as class II B hazardous metal that is present in many occupational and environmental conditions. In the meantime, Hg exists in the environment in such an abundant manner, it is virtually impossible for humans to avoid exposure to different forms of Hg. In addition to environmental exposure, individuals may be exposed to Hg from dental amalgams, medicinal treatments and dietary sources. Nevertheless, Liposomal drug delivery system is a promising era in the field of Nano-medicine and have the advantageous of increasing drug bioavailability and retention phenomena in addition to targeting organ for all mentioned the present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that messenger RNA gene expression of Signal transducer and activator of transcription- 5 A (STAT-5A), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphoinositol kinase (PI3K) and alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT) can trigger HgCl3 induced nephrotoxicity post Ubidecarenone and liposomal Ubidecarenone therapy.

METHODS

HgCl3 toxicity was induced in rats via a dose of 5 mg/kg BW for one week followed by Ubidecarenone and liposomal Ubidecarenone therapy in a dose of 10 & 3 mg/kg BW for one month, respectively. Then kidney function tests, Glutathione and gene expression for PI3K, AKT, PTEN and STAT-5A was investigated.

RESULTS

HgCl3 intoxication significantly up regulated PI3K, AKT, PTEN and STAT-5A signaling pathways meanwhile, Ubidecarenone and liposomal- Ubidecarenone treatment significantly reduced PI3K, AKT, PTEN and STAT-5A gene expression post HgCl3 intoxication with the liposomal regimen revealing the most significant impact. Furthermore, renal toxicity was confirmed via monitoring urea and creatinine which were modulated post Ubidecarenone and liposomal-Ubidecarenone treatment. Wide evidence declared that mercuric S-conjugates of small endogenous thiols (such as Hcy, NAC and Cys) are probably the main transportable forms of Hg²⁺ to the kidneys thus reduced glutathione was investigated which reflected a significant down regulation post Hgcl3 toxicity.

CONCLUSION

liposomal drug delivery system including liposomal-Ubidecarenone can be considered as a prospective candidate for treating HgCl3 renal toxicity via modulating STAT-5A, PTEN, PI3K and AKT signaling pathways and via increasing retention time, bioavailability, shielding from macrophage recognition and targeting organs.

Modulation of Cyp450, ALS1 and COX-2 signaling pathways induced by Candida albicans infection via novel antifungal agents

Although, fluconazole is widely used in clinical treatment as an antifungal drug, it recorded potential problems as resistance and intracellular accumulation. Female albino mice were injected with single ip dose of Candida albicans (1.5 × 10⁶ CFU). Three weeks post treatment with fluconazole and two novel synthesized compounds [(2-(4-(Pyridin-2-yl) aminosulfonylphenylamino)-6-(naphthalen-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl) pyridine-3carbonitrile) and (2-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl) aminosulfonylphenylamino)-6-(naphthalen-2-yl)-4-(pyridine-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile) (13b & 14b, respectively)] in both low and high doses (50 mg/kg & 200 mg/kg), liver function and vaginal inflammation were assessed. Candida albicans significantly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and butrylcholinesterase (BCHE) as well as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA). Molecular analysis confirmed a significant up-regulation in mRNA gene expression of Agglutinin-like sequence (ALS1), hepatic cytochrome p450 (Cyp450). Vaginal COX-2 gene expression was also elevated. Nevertheless, a significant down-regulation was apparent in mice treated with the aforementioned compounds. Meanwhile, administration of 14b in a high dose noticeably down-regulated the altered parameters expression showing a significant effect in comparison to animals treated with the variable doses of the tested compounds. Histopathological finding confirmed the obtained results. The current work investigated the efficiency of new synthetic pyrimidine derivatives 14bas anti-microbial agents and recommended to be improved and evaluated as a novel antifungal drug to overcome the emergence of resistance problem.

Antimicrobial activity and acetylcholinestrase inhibition of novel synthesized pyrimidine derivatives versus Candida albicans trafficking to brain and kidney

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The current study interested by treatment of Candida albicans in case of invading the fungi into brain and kidney.

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Investigating novel synthesized compounds as antifungal agents then determining their efficiency and safety margin.

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Assessment molecular biochemical parameters specific for inflammation.

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Comparing their antifungal effect to Diflucan in case of invading the fungi to kidney and brain tissue.

The expedient fungi Candida albicans (C. albicans) is able to thrive in many host niches including blood stream, skin, mucosal surfaces, and different body organs. Herein, the assessment of novel synthesized pyrimidine derivatives as anti fungal agent was investigated. Female albino mice were injected intraperitoneally by C. albicans (1.5 × 10⁶ CFU). infected Mice then subjected to treatment with two different doses which was low (50 mg/kg) and high one (200 mg/kg) of diflucan in addition to the newly synthestic compounds (2-(4- (Pyridine- 2- yl) aminosulfonyle phenylamino) - 6 -(naphthalene-2- yl)-4-(pyridine-2- yl) n - 3 carbonitril) and (2-(4-(Pyrimidine-2- yl) aminosulfonyle phenylamino)- 6 -(naphthalene-2- yl)- 4 -(pyridine-2- yl) pyridine-3- carbonitril) donated as (C1 & C2, respectively). Three weeks later gene expression of renal alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression were assessed as well as serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity in both kidney and brain tissues. Furthermore, acetylcholinestrase activity was assessed. Candida albicans significantly elevated serum MDA. On the other hand, C. albicans injection revealed a significantly reduction in total antioxidant capacity in kidney as well as in brain tissue. Furthermore, acetylcholine assessment declared a significant elevation. All biochemical parametersۥ upset were modulated upon new synthesized compounds treatment. Molecular analyses declared a significant down - regulation in renal α -smooth muscle actin gene expression in addition to, a significant down- regulation in COX-2 protein expression. From data recorded, it could be concluded that, C2 in a dose 200 mg ∕kg noticeably declared a significant effect comparing with the other treated groups revealing its promising effect as anti-fungal agent.

Alleviation of doxorubicin adverse effects via loading into various drug-delivery systems: a comparative study

Aim: Drug resistance is still a significant barrier to effective hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Address the issue of doxorubicin resistance and inter-receptor crosstalk various doxorubicin formulations were investigated. Methods: Hepatocellular carcinoma was carried out using 3-methylechloroanthrene. Animals were then treated with doxorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin, titanium-loaded doxorubicin (TiO2-Dox), lactoferrin-doxorubicin and PEGylated doxorubicin. Biochemical and molecular analyses were assessed. Results: Results have declared a significant alternation of both sodium and potassium concentrations upon 3-methylechloroanthrene administration. Arginase-I and α-L-Fucodinase tumor biomarkers were significantly elevated. C-myc, Hprt-1 and EGFR gene expression were over-expressed. Treatment with the aforementioned treatment regimens significantly modulated all measured parameters. Conclusion: TiO2-Dox, doxorubicin-lactoferrin and PEGylated doxorubicin could be a promising regimen in hepatocellular carcinoma and overcoming the problem of drug resistance.

Mitigation of apoptosis-mediated neurotoxicity induced by silver nanoparticles via rutaceae nutraceuticals: P53 activation and Bax/Bcl-2 regulation

Rapid progress in nano-scales and nanostructure extremely altered the way of diagnosing or preventing numerous diseases. One of the most important nano-medicines used in cancer treatment and diagnosis is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Regardless of their extensive utilization, their prospective neurotoxicity wasn't studied yet. Herein, male Swiss Albino mice were intoxicated via two Nano-scales of AgNPs; (20 nm and 100 nm) for one month (100 mg/kg) then treated by leaves extracts of both Casimiroa edulis (C. edulis) and Glycosmis pentaphylla (G. pentaphylla), in addition to, mucilage and protein, the separated compounds from C. edulis fruits and seeds respectively in a dose of (500 mg/kg). Molecular, Biochemical and histopathological examinations were then conducted. Data recorded showed a significant elevation in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and reduction in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) level post AgNPs intoxication. The oxidative stress occurred was modulated upon treatment regimens. Protein expression of C-reactive protein (CRP) showed a significant elevation and Molecular analysis recorded a significant up-regulation in the expression of both Bax and caspace-3 genes upon AgNPs intoxication in both particles size. On the contrary, both Bcl2 and P53 gene expression were shown to be significantly reduced. Treatment by C. edulis, G. pentaphylla, protein and mucilage extracts revealed modulation in apoptotic and pro-apoptotic biomarkers. Histopathological examination confirmed the obtained results. AgNPs exposure could induce neurotoxicity, genetic alternation and oxidative stress; the targeted extracts could be considered as a promising candidate in modulating apoptosis and neurotoxicity induced by AgNPs.

Titanium dioxide nanostructure-loaded Adriamycin surmounts resistance in breast cancer therapy: ABCA/P53/C-myc crosstalk

Aim: To clarify the alternation of gene expression responsible for resistance of Adriamycin (ADR) in rats, in addition to investigation of a novel promising drug-delivery system using titanium dioxide nanoparticles loaded with ADR (TiO2-ADR). Method: Breast cancer was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats, followed by treatment with ADR (5 mg/kg) or TiO2-ADR (2 mg/kg) for 1 month. Results: Significant improvements in both zinc and calcium levels were observed with TiO2-ADR treatment. Gene expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter membrane proteins (ABCA1 & ABCG1), P53 and Jak-2 showed a significant reduction and overexpression of the C-myc in breast cancer-induced rats. TiO2-ADR demonstrated a notable ability to upregulate these genes. Conclusion: TiO2-ADR could be a promising drug-delivery system for breast cancer therapy.

Amelioration of autophagy and inflammatory signaling pathways via α-lipoic acid, burdock and bee pollen versus lipopolysaccharide-induced insulin resistance in murine model

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has previously been implicated in insulin resistance by generating an innate immune response and activating inflammatory cascades. Many studies have discovered a relationship between high levels of serum LPS and the advancement of diabetic microvascular problems, indicating that LPS may play a role in the control of critical signaling pathways connected to insulin resistance. The current study focused on signaling pathways linked to insulin resistance and explored probable mechanisms of LPS-induced insulin resistance in a murine model. It next looked at the effects of burdock, bee pollen, and -lipoic acid on LPS-induced inflammation and autoimmune defects in rats. LPS intoxication was induced via ip injection for one week in a dose of 10 mg/kg followed by α-lipoic acid, Burdock and bee pollen in an oral treatment for one month. Following that, biochemical and molecular studies were performed. The RNA expression of the regulating genes STAT5A and PTEN was measured. In addition, ATF-4 and CHOP as autophagy biomarkers were also subjected to mRNA quantification. The results demonstrated a considerable improvement in the -lipoic acid, Burdock, and bee pollen treated groups via modifying oxidative stress indicators as well as molecular ones. Furthermore, glucose concentration in serum and α-amylase were also improved upon treatment with the superiority of α-lipoic acid for modulating all estimated parameters. In conclusion: the results declared in the current study suggested that α-lipoic acid could regulate insulin resistance signaling pathways induced by LPS intoxication.

Resveratrol-based nano-formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for ovarian carcinoma: autophagy stimulation and SIRT-1/Beclin/MMP-9/P53/AKT signaling

Background

Resveratrol (RVS) is a stilbene derivative polyphenolic compound extensively recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-aging properties, along with its enormous promise in carcinoma treatment. Unfortunately, the oral supplementation of RVS possesses physicochemical and pharmacokinetic constraints that hinder its effects, necessitating the development of suitable administration strategies to improve its effectiveness. As a result, the current study evaluates the use of resveratrol nano-formulations in ovarian cancer therapy. Ovarian cancer was induced in rats using (35 mg/kg BW) 20-Methyl cholanthrene (20-MC) followed by resveratrol and resveratrol nano-formulations therapy for one month.

Results

20-MC highlighted a noticeable alleviation in autophagy (ATF) biomarkers SIRT-1 and Beclin, inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers MMP-9, P53 and AKT in addition to oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers TAC and NOX and ovarian cancer tumor biomarker CA-125.

Conclusions

Resveratrol and resveratrol nano-formulations modulated autophagy, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers with the upper effect for resveratrol nano-formulations in competing 20-MC-induced ovarian cancer.

CRISPR-Cas9 genome and long non-coding RNAs as a novel diagnostic index for prostate cancer therapy via liposomal-coated compounds

CRISPR/Cas9 is a recently discovered genomic editing technique that altered scientist's sight in studying genes function. Cas9 is controlled via guide (g) RNAs, which match the DNA targeted in cleavage to modify the respective gene. The development in prostate cancer (PC) modeling directed not only to novel resources for recognizing the signaling pathways overriding prostate cell carcinoma, but it has also created a vast reservoir for complementary tools to examine therapies counteracting this type of cancer. Various cultured somatic rat models for prostate cancer have been developed that nearly mimic human prostate cancer. Nano-medicine can passively target cancer cells via increasing bioavailability and conjugation via specific legend, contributing to reduced systemic side-effects and increased efficacy. This article highlights liposomal loaded Nano-medicine as a potential treatment for prostate cancer and clarifies the CRISPR/Cas9 variation accompanied with prostate cancer. PC is induced experimentally in western rat model via ethinyl estradiol for 4 weeks and SC. dose of 3, 2'- dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl estradiol (DAE) (50mg/kg) followed by treatment via targeted liposomal-coated compounds such as liposomal dexamethasone (DXM), liposomal doxorubicin (DOX) and liposomal Turmeric (TUR) (3mg/kg IP) for four weeks in a comparative study to their non-targeted analogue dexamethasone, doxorubicin and Turmeric. 3, 2'- dimethyl-4-aminobiphenylestradiol elicit prostate cancer in western rats within 5 months. Simultaneous supplementations with these liposomal compounds influence on prostate cancer; tumor markers were investigated via prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Nitric oxide (NOX) and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Several long non-coding RNAs were reported to be deregulated in prostate cell carcinoma, including MALAT1. On the other hand, gene expression of apoptotic biomarkers focal adhesion kinase (AKT-1), phosphatidylinistol kinase (PI3K) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was also investigated and further confirming these results via histopathological examination. Liposomal loaded dexamethasone; doxorubicin and Turmeric can be considered as promising therapeutic agents for prostate cancer via modulating CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and long non coding gene MALAT1.

Titanium nanostructure mitigating doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in rats via regulating major autophagy signaling pathways

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a powerful antineoplastic FDA-approved anthracycline-derived antibiotic and is considered as the most suitable intervention for solid tumors and hematological cancers therapy. However, its therapeutic application is highly limited due to acute and chronic renal, hematological and testicular toxicity. Oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in germ cells as well as low sperm count, motility and disturbing steroidogenesis are the principal machineries of DOX-induced testicular toxicity. Nevertheless, the comprehensive molecular pathways responsible for DOX-induced testicular damage are not yet fully understood. The current study aims to clarify the role of autophagy and apoptotic signaling pathways in testicular toxicity induced by DOX in the rat model. The study also investigates the potential role of both titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NP) loaded with DOX and Lactoferrin in combination with DOX in mitigating testicular toxicity induced by DOX the standard antitumor drug. In the present study, male Wister albino rats were intoxicated with a total cumulative dose of DOX (18 mg/kg) via intra-peritoneal injection and served as positive control group. The other two groups administered either TiO2NP-DOX or lactoferrin-DOX. Furthermore, biochemical and molecular analyses were then performed. DOX intoxication induced testicular toxicity, revealing mineral imbalance as indicated by an increase in both calcium and magnesium concentrations. Administration of either TiO2NP-DOX or lactoferrin-DOX resulted in a significant modulation of disrupted mineral concentrations, with TiO2NP-DOX showing superiority in modulating both magnesium and calcium concentrations. Acid Phosphatase level significantly increased upon DOX-induced testicular damage. Molecular analysis of EGFR and K-RAS gene expression showed significant overexpression, while p53 and JAK-2 gene expression was significantly reduced post-DOX intoxication. Protein expression of both AKT and PI3K significantly increased upon DOX administration. Results showed a remarkable modulation of all disrupted gene and protein expressions upon treatment with TiO2NP-DOX or Lactoferrin-DOX with the superiority of TiO2NP-DOX in modulating these parameters. In conclusion, TiO2NP-DOX could be a promising drug delivery system to improve bioavailability and drug release, as well as reducing DOX's adverse effects particularly on testicular function.